En el presente estudio se busca determinar que el liderazgo del comando técnico si influye en el desarrollo formativo de la división de menores de los clubes profesionales de lima en el 2019. Para cumplir con el objetivo y medir las variables de investigación se utilizaron dos herramientas, las cuales fueron: entrevistas a entrenadores expertos en el desarrollo formativo y encuestas tipo Likert a los jugadores que conforman los equipos profesionales en Lima (Club Alianza Lima, Club Deportivo Municipal, Club Sporting Cristal, Club Universitario de Deportes y Club Deportivo Universidad San Martín de Porres), se probó y fue validad para su aplicación en el contexto peruano. Para la construcción de dichas herramientas se orientaron en las dos dimensiones el Liderazgo Transformacional y el Liderazgo Transaccional y las cuatro dimensiones del desarrollo formativo que son: Aspecto Táctico, Aspecto Físico, Aspecto Psicológico y Aspecto Social. La población estuvo constituida por jugadores de las divisiones menores de los cinco clubes profesionales de Lima, cuya muestra fue de 286 deportistas, pertenecientes al género masculino y las edades oscilan entre los 13 a 15 años. Una vez recopilado los datos se procedió a analizarlo a través del programa IBM SPSS Stadistics, donde se obtuvo como coeficiente de Pearson de 0.366 que demuestra la relación positiva de estas dos variables. A pesar de este resultado, también se obtuvo que dicha relación es débil por lo que se brindara algunas recomendaciones para que los clubes puedan tomar en cuenta. / The present study seeks to determine the technical leadership to influence the formative development of the junior level in 2019. To meet the objective and measure the research variables, two tools are used: The Academy Clubs of the Alianza Lima, Municipal Sports Club, Sporting Cristal Club, University Sports Club and Sports Club San Martín de Porres University), was tested and was valuable for its application in the Peruvian context. For the construction of these materials, can be oriented in the two dimensions, the Transformational Leadership and Leadership, the Transactional and the four forms of Formative Development, which are: Tactical Aspect, Physical Aspect, Psychological Aspect and Social Aspect. The population was constituted by the players of the junior levels of the five professionals clubs of Lima, whose sample was of 286 athletes, those of masculine gender and the ages oscillate between the 13 to 15 years. Once the data was collected, it was analyzed through the IBM SPSS Stadistics program, where a Pearson coefficient of 0.366 was obtained, demonstrating the positive relationship of these two variables. Despite this result, that relationship was also obtained. / Tesis

Formal assessment in education focuses on summative assessment in the form of grade allocation. This has limitations on the learning process for students. Formative assessment should also be incorporated into learning as an integral part as it offers many benefits. Reflective learning in the form of self-assessment is central to the process of formative assessment. Students, however, tend not to engage in the process of self-assessment. This skill can be developed by educators in an educational setting, but educators tend not to create an environment in which students can self-assess. The study explored students’ perceptions of the self-assessment process once they had been exposed to it over a period of time in a facilitated environment. This encouraged them to engage in the process and develop the skill of self-assessment. The research method was exploratory in nature and was conducted by means of a design experiment in which students were encouraged to self-assess on three occasions during the 2012 academic year. Data was then collected from the students by means of a structured survey. The results of this study indicated that students tended not to self-assess if not encouraged to do so. However, once given the opportunity to do so in an environment which supported it, students were positive about the process of self-assessment. They believed that it would improve their overall academic performance and indicated that they would continue to apply self-assessment to their studies in future. This study concluded that students were positive about self-assessment and that they applied it accurately and in a meaningful manner to their studies in an environment which supported it. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmchunu2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

This study aimed to investigate whether there was evidence of variation in the quality of School-Based Assessment (SBA), with specific reference to Grade 9 mathematics. Assessment has been a prime focal point for educational reform in recent years. In the South African context, there are common external assessments carried out below Grade 12. However, assessments are placed entirely in the hands of individual teachers. Moderation and monitoring as quality assurance mechanisms are also conducted internally at varying degrees, which raises the issues regarding the validity, reliability, and credibility of SBA tasks. Learner achievement in mathematics had recently been a debated issue in national and international assessments. Furthermore, South Africa's Grade 9 learners have been performing below the expected levels in mathematics as compared to the rest of the world. A qualitative research approach was used within a case study research design. Purposeful sampling was employed, and five schools with 15 participants were selected. The data were collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, observations and field notes, and were triangulated by document analysis in order to make the findings and conclusions more reliable. This study revealed that there is a varying degree in the quality of mathematics SBA tasks, and a lack of knowledge about quality assurance mechanisms. In addition, the study revealed that the participating teachers lacked knowledge on how to develop high quality SBA tasks. This study followed Scheeren's input-process-output model (2004), which was further adapted to provide an opportunity to identify enhancing or impeding issues associated with the quality of SBA and learner achievement at Grade 9 level. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / MEd / Unrestricted

Für die Beschreibung der formativen Verfestigung wird das viskoplastische Materialmodell nach Chaboche/Rousselier durch eine nichtquadratische Fließfunktion erweitert. Diese wird durch die Verallgemeinerung der Gleichung der Pascalschen Schnecke auf den Raum der effektiven Deviatorspannungen erhalten. Der Nachweis der thermodynamischen Konsistenz des modifizierten Materialmodells wird erbracht. Die Modellierung der Ausrichtung der Fließfläche beim Wechsel der Belastungsrichtung oder einer fortgesetzten inelastischen Beanspruchung erfolgt auf der Basis experimenteller Beobachtungen. Wie die durchgeführten Berechnungsbeispiele belegen, können mit dem erweiterten Material-modell Experimente zur stationären zyklischen Beanspruchung, insbesondere auch die formativen Veränderungen der Fließfläche bei proportionalen und nichtproportionalen Belastungen, gut wiedergegeben werden. / For the description of the distortional hardening the viscoplastic material model according to Chaboche/Rousselier is extended by a non-quadratic yield function. This function is obtained by the generalisation of the equation of Pascal’s snail on the space of the effective deviatoric stresses. The verification of the thermodynamical consistency of the modified model is provided. The reorientation of the yield surface, which is observed experimentally in case of a change of a loading direction or a continued inelastic load, has been modelled. The examples demonstrate, that the experiments concerning stationary cyclic behaviour are well approximated, particularly with regard to the distortional hardening of the yield surface during proportional and non-proportional load.

Användbarheten hos ett API kan vara en viktig faktor för en slutanvändares produktivitet, eller framgången en mjukvaruprodukt. Det finns ingen enskild definition av, eller metod för att uppnå användbarhet. Många riktlinjer kan vara teoretiska och svårapplicerade. Detta arbete sammanfattar definitioner av och utvärderingsmetoder för användbarhet. En av dessa metoder anpassas och används för en formativ utvärdering som del av utvecklingsprocessen av ett nytt API för röstchatt i webben. API:et specificeras och implementeras i en första version som utvärderas med testanvändare för att hitta användbarhetsproblem. Förbättringsförslag för API:ets vidareutveckling ges baserat på funna problem. Avslutningsvis diskuteras utvärderingsmetoderna utifrån resurserna som krävs för genomförande. / The usability of an API can be an important factor for the productivity of end users, or the success of a software product. There is no single definition of, or method to achieve, usability. Many guidelines can be theoretical and difficult to apply. This paper summarises usability definitions and evaluation methods. One of these methods is adapted and used for a formative evaluation as part of the development process of a new API for web based voice chat. The API is specified and implemented in a first version which is evaluated with test users to find usability problems. Improvement proposals for the further development of the API are given based on found problems. In closing, the evaluation methods are discussed based on the resources required for execution.

Why this thesis is needed. This thesis is motivated by the falling school results of Swedish 15-year-olds, a lack of IT tools in Swedish schools and a call for turning the theory on formative assessment into practice. Previous research that is used in the thesis. This thesis mainly builds on the research done by John Hattie which is presented in his book Visible Learning from 2009, Wiliam & Thompson's research on effective formative assessment from 2007, Pachler et al. research on formative e-assessment from 2010 and Panadero & Jonsson's research on scoring rubrics from 2013. Research question. What key aspects should be taken into consideration when designing and implementing an IT tool based on scoring rubrics which aims to support formative assessment according to the key strategies for effective formative assessment as identified by Wiliam & Thompson (2007)? Method. To answer this question I chose a qualitative approach of parallel paper prototyping where I iteratively exposed the design and my ideas during focus groups to teachers, a headmaster, employees at The Swedish National Agency for Education and high school students, followed by an evaluation of the key topics that surfaced during the focus groups. Results. The results consist of eight key aspects to take into consideration when designing and implementing such a tool. Discussion and future research. Finally I discuss the implications of my findings and present directions for future research which include the construction of the tool, further investigation of the key aspects identified in this study, identification of additional key aspects and more. / Varför denna avhandling behövs. Denna avhandling motiveras av de fallande skolresultaten hos svenska 15-åringar, en brist på IT-verktyg i svenska skolor och ett rop efter att vända forskning inom formativ bedömning till praktik. Tidigare forskning som används. Denna avhandling bygger i huvudsak på forskningen av John Hattie som presenteras i hans bok Visible Learning från 2009, William & Thompsons forskning på effektiv formativ bedömning från 2007, Pachler et al. forskning på formativ e-bedömning från 2010 och Panadero & Jonssons forskning på betygsmatriser från 2013. Forskningsfråga. Vilka nyckelaspekter ska tas i åtanke vid utveckling av ett IT-verktyg baserat på betygsmatriser som stödjer formativ bedömning enligt de fem nyckelstrategierna för effektiv formativ bedömning som formulerats av Wiliam & Thompson (2007)? Metod. För att besvara denna fråga valdes en kvalitativ metod där parallell pappersprototypning användes under ett antal iterationer av fokusgrupper under vilka designen och tidigare diskussionpunkter diskuterades med lärare, en rektor, anställda vid Skolverket samt gymnasiestudenter. Fokusgrupperna följdes upp med en utvärdering av de största diskussionpunkterna som dök upp. Resultat. Resultaten består av åtta nyckelaspekter att ha i åtanke vid utveckling av ett sådant verktyg. Diskussion och framtida forskning. Slutligen diskuteras implikationerna av resultaten och direktioner för framtida forskning framförs. Dessa direktioner inkluderar utveckling av verktyget, vidare utredning av de nyckelaspekter som hittats i denna avhandling, identifikation av ytterligare nyckelaspekter och mer.

In face of the climate crisis, educational responses aim at raising awareness, fostering knowledge, and encouraging theengagement of the general public. Climate change education plays an important role in the necessary individual andsocietal transformations. Playful and game-based educational approaches are increasingly used. They hold the promiseto overcome the challenges and limits of mainstream approaches. This thesis explores the case of Climate Fresk, arecently created game-based workshop, based on the latest IPCC report, which pledges to push the world into transitionby providing a better understanding and fostering action and engagement to its participants. The present researchconsists of a formative evaluation of Climate Fresk in Sweden. A framework of successful game-based approaches forclimate change education was established and guided the evaluation of Climate Fresk. After defining the intendedoutcomes of the workshops, through a focus group and interviews with the Climate Fresk facilitators, an evaluation ofthe extent to which these outcomes were achieved was carried out by interviewing thirty participants. Twoquestionnaires were used: one for the participants who had just taken part in a workshop; another for players severalmonths after their participation. The results confirmed the integration of the game-based climate change educationfeatures of the framework to a large extent. The intended outcomes, as formulated by the facilitators, about climateunderstanding, thinking skills, attitudes, emotions, engagement, were achieved to a certain degree. Increasedunderstanding of climate change and system thinking was gained for a large majority of the participants. The findingsshow that there is scope for improvement. The data collected from the players who participated several months agoshow that Climate Fresk does not solidly lead to engagement and action. Recommendations are proposed for theClimate Fresk facilitators and organisers to enhance the impact of the workshop on its participants, while fostering Climate Fresk’s capacity for change.

This study aimed to investigate the role of classroom formative assessment practice in geography. Although geography enjoys a good pass rate percentage in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) examinations, the concern remains about the average and the number of distinctions produced annually. A Framework for Learning-Oriented Assessment was used as a conceptual framework which guided this study. Research questions that guided this study aimed at investigating the possible role of classroom formative strategies or techniques on learner performance in geography, the extent to which School-Based Assessment (SBA) is used as a formative tool, the provision of feedback and the learners’ role in geography assessment. The qualitative data was collected through structured interviews, document analysis and observation involving six FET phase geography teachers from three different schools in Tshwane West District (D15). The findings of this study indicated that the participating Geography teachers in the FET phase were committed to using differential assessment practices in their classroom to improve their learners’ results. Though, their main focus was on summative assessment, and little attention was given to the formative assessment practice. It was against this background that this study recommended that Geography teachers should be formally trained/workshopped on assessment strategies. Secondly, there is a need to infuse SBA effectively as a formative assessment aspect of the curriculum in order to improve learner performance. Lastly, to further research the significance of assessment for learning in the South African context to strengthen the education system. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria 2020. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / MEd / Unrestricted

Under många år har formativ bedömning blivit ett begrepp som används flitigt i undervisningsdiskussioner. Detta för att resultatet utav arbetsmetoden varit så positivt. Man har sett att man genom att uppmärksamma elever på deras kunskapsnivå kan lägga upp en mer individuell strategi för hur de ska nå sitt slutmål. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur gymnasielärare idag använder formativ bedömning som metod i sin undervisning. Mer specifikt rör denna studie de insatser som genomförts i undervisningsområdet linjära ekvationssystem. Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning som genomförts med hjälp av en enkät som låtit lärare återge sin personliga uppfattning om deras insats, upptäckter samt tankar om framtida utveckling. Resultatet visar att lärare i den svenska gymnasieskolan besitter kunskaper för att implementera formativ bedömning som metod i sin undervisning. De använder i stor utsträckning olika IKT-verktyg för att stärka elevernas utveckling, men även formativa metoder som kamratbedömning, tester under lektionstid, samt värderingsmatriser. De svårigheter lärarna upptäckt med dessa metoder är att de elever som har svårt i arbetet med linjära ekvationssystem framförallt har bristfälliga kunskaper inom aritmetik och förståelse för likhetstecknets betydelse. Lärarna visar tecken på en vilja att utveckla sitt arbete med formativ bedömning. De anser att de vill ha mer fortbildning på området och dessutom arbeta närmare sina kollegor. Det är också tydligt att de är medvetna om att de själva har en stor roll i att denna utveckling äger rum. / For many years, formative assessment has become a term used extensively in teaching discussions. Mostly because the achieved results have been so positive while using this method. It has been shown that by determining students’, and drawing attention to students’, level of knowledge, one can lay down a more individual strategy for how the students will reach their final goals. The purpose of this study is to investigate how upper secondary school teachers implement formative assessment as a method in their teaching. More specifically, this study relates to the efforts undertaken in the field of teaching linear equations. This is a quantitative study conducted using a survey that allowed teachers to present their own views of their personal perceptions of their efforts, discoveries, and thoughts about future development in the work with formative assessment. The result show that teachers in Swedish upper secondary schools have the knowledge to implement formative assessment as a method of teaching. They use a wide range of ICT tools to enhance student development, but also formative methods such as peer assessment, classroom testing, and evaluation charts. The difficulties they discovered by using these methods are that the students who struggle in the field of linear equations have inadequate knowledge of the arithmetic rules and an insufficient understanding of the meaning of the equal sign. The teachers show signs of a willingness to further develop their work in formative assessment. They believe that they in the future will need more education in the field and, moreover, more cooperation with their colleagues. It is also clear that they are aware of the fact that they themselves play a major role in the progress of this development.

This thesis aims to examine how individual teachers in the upper secondary school manage to comply with the requirements from three different agents within the schoolsystem; the requirements of the The national agency for education in Sweden regarding formative assessment and standardisation of grading, the requirement of the students regarding ”backward-pedagogy”, and requirement of the society regarding developing the student’s independence and creative ability. Semi-structured interviews with three teachers teaching Business Administration at one upper secondary school in Malmo was conducted. These interviews focused on how the informants manage to embrace the creative ability in their preparation and teaching of the Business Administration-course, as well as examination and assessment of the students creative ability. This thesis concluded that there is a confusion in how to define creative ability which automatically makes it hard for teachers to know how to incorporate this ability in their teaching. This thesis also makes a point that The national agency for educations obsession with assuring standardized grading, has formalised the learning process to the extent that it has made teachers focus more on gathering assessment material that is legally certain than helping the students learn to better face the compexity of the future. This development has come to disengaged the teachers as well as the students. This thesis wants to make point that learning is something personal, and should be treated in that respect.