O anestésico dissociativo Ketamina pertence à classe farmacológica dos antagonistas não competitivos de receptores de glutamato do tipo NMDA. Esta substância é utilizada em situações diversas que envolvem alívio da dor, terapêutica dos quadros depressivos e anestesia parenteral segura. Apresenta a característica de intensificar as experiências sensoriais. Por esta razão, seu consumo entre a população jovem vem crescendo, quadro este que se agrava levando em consideração que boa parte dos indivíduos que fazem uso de Ketamina é de poli usuários. Apresenta também a propriedade de atuar em outros receptores no sistema nervoso central, como: no bloqueio dos receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos, na inibição tônica GABAérgica e na liberação de dopamina. Pouco se sabe sobre as áreas neurais ativadas por seu uso, diante de contextos específicos. Sabe-se, no entanto, que uma delas é o córtex pré-frontal. Supõe-se também sua importância nos transtornos de ansiedade, já que antagonistas de receptores NMDA reduzem sua intensidade, particularmente quando injetados em estruturas que notadamente estão relacionadas à expressão do medo e ansiedade incondicionados, como a substância cinzenta periaquedutal do mesencéfalo. Sendo assim, sugere-se que os efeitos da Ketamina se estendam desde sua influência sobre sistemas encefálicos vinculados à modulação de aspectos da personalidade, cognição e memória, até àqueles vinculados ao prazer, humor, medo e ansiedade. Este trabalho tentou preencher algumas dessas lacunas analisando os efeitos do tratamento crônico de Ketamina em diferentes doses. Grupos independentes de ratos Wistar foram submetidos aos procedimentos de condicionamento ao lugar (3 compartimentos) a caixa claro-escura (2 compartimentos), para tentar estabelecer os efeitos reforçadores e aversivos da Ketamina.Para analisar alterações de cunho emocional geradas pelos tratamentos, foi utilizado o modelo labirinto circular elevado, associado à técnica de marcação imunohistoquímica da proteína Fos para identificar áreas neurais ativadas pela Ketamina no modelo de 3 compartimentos durante o teste. Sugerimos que a Ketamina em baixas doses apresenta a propriedade de induzir forte preferência condicionada ao contexto, este efeito parece depender do tipo de procedimento de escolhas não forçadas. Além disso, os efeitos reforçadores positivos da Ketamina apresentam um padrão dose-dependente, já que altas doses das substâncias produzem aversão e não preferência ao lugar de condicionamento. Em geral, uma mistura de efeitos reforçadores e aversivos foi notada neste trabalho. / The dissociative anesthetic Ketamine belongs to the pharmacological class of non-competitive antagonists of glutamate receptors of the NMDA type. This substance is thechosen onefor many situations involving the pain relief, depressive disorders treatment and safe parenteral anesthesia. It has the characteristic to intensify sensory experiences. Therefore, its consumption among young people is increasing; which will be worse considering that most of the individuals, who take ketamine, useother drugs as well.Ketamine also has the property of acting at other receptors in the central nervous system and the blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors of tonic GABAergic inhibition and release of dopamine. However, its influence on serotonergic mechanisms, action focus of most antidepressants, is not known. Nor certain neural areas activated by its use on specific contexts are clearly. It is known, however, that one of them is the prefrontal cortex. It is suspected its importance in anxiety disorders, since NMDA receptor antagonists reduce its intensity, particularly when injected into structures that are particularly related to the expression of unconditioned fear and anxiety, as the periaqueductal gray matter in the midbrain. Thus, this suggests that the effects of Ketamine extend from its influence on encephalic systems underlying the modulation aspects of personality and cognition and memory, to those linked to pleasure, humor, fear and anxiety. This project attempts to fill some of these gaps using independent groups of animals laboratory undergo a conditioned preference procedure by the place and a bright/dark test to try to establish the existence or not of reinforcing effects with the use of Ketamine. In order to identify the possible emotional nature of changes generated by the treatment, we will use the experimental model Preference Conditioned by the Place and the Hight Circular Labyrinth test, associated to immunostaining technique Fos protein. Our results suggest that, in low dosages, Ketamine presents the property of inducing a strong dependence conditioned to the context, this effect seems to depend on the type of procedure and not on the choices. Moreover, the positive reinforcing effects of Ketamine have a dose-dependent pattern, since high doses of the substances produce aversion and not preference to the place of conditioning. In general, a mixture of reinforcing and aversive effects was noted.

The olfactory system is important for social behaviors, feeding and avoiding predators. Detection of odorous molecules is made by odorant receptors on specialized sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelial sheet. The olfactory sensory neurons are organized into a few regions or “zones” based on the spatially limited expression of odorant receptors. In this thesis the zonal division and functional specificity of olfactory sensory neurons have been studied in the mouse. We find that zones 2-4 show overlapping expression of odorant receptors while the border between the regions that express a zone 1 and a zone 2 odorant receptor, respectively, is sharp. This result indicates that zone 1 and zones 2-4 are inherently different from each other. In cDNA screens, aimed at finding genes whose expression correlate to the zonal expression pattern of odorant receptors, we have identified a number of signaling proteins implicated in neural-tissue organogenesis in other systems. The differential expression pattern of identified genes suggests that regional organization is maintained during the continuous neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium as a result of counter gradients of positional information. We show that the gene c-fos is induced in olfactory sensory neurons as a result of cell activation by odorant exposure. A zonal and scattered distribution of c-Fos-positive neurons resembled the pattern of odorant receptor expression and a change of odorant results in a switch in which zone that is activated. Whereas earlier studies suggest that the odorant receptors are relatively broadly tuned with regard to ligand specificity, the restricted patterns of c-Fos induction suggests that low concentrations of odorous molecules activate only one or a few ORs. Studies on olfactory detection abilities of mice with zonal-restricted lesions in the olfactory epithelium show that loss of a zone has severe effects on the detection of some odorants but not others. These findings lend support to a hypothesis that odorant receptors are tuned to more limited numbers of odorants. Regional differences in gene expression and differences in response to toxic compounds between the zones indicate that there may be differences in tissue homeostasis within the epithelium. We have found that there are differences in proliferation and survival of olfactory sensory neurons in regions correlating to receptor expression zones. Identified differences with regard to gene expression, tissue homeostasis and odorant detection show that the olfactory epithelium is divided into regions that transduce different stimulus features.

Conductive hearing loss (otitis media) in young children can effect speech and language development. However, little is known about the effects of conductive loss on neural activity in the auditory system. Hypothesis: Conductive hearing loss will change resting activity levels at the inner hair cell synapse, and lead to auditory deprivation of central auditory pathways. A conductive loss was produced by blocking the ear canals in mice. Resting neural activity patterns were quantified in brainstem and midbrain using c-fos immuno-labelling. Experimental subjects were compared to normal hearing controls and subjects with cochlear ablation. Conductive loss subjects showed a trend in reduction in c-fos labelled cells in cochlear nucleus and the central nucleus of inferior colliculus compared to normal controls. Results seen in this study may indicate the influence of conductive hearing loss on the developing auditory brain during early postnatal years when the system is highly plastic.

Conductive hearing loss (otitis media) in young children can effect speech and language development. However, little is known about the effects of conductive loss on neural activity in the auditory system. Hypothesis: Conductive hearing loss will change resting activity levels at the inner hair cell synapse, and lead to auditory deprivation of central auditory pathways. A conductive loss was produced by blocking the ear canals in mice. Resting neural activity patterns were quantified in brainstem and midbrain using c-fos immuno-labelling. Experimental subjects were compared to normal hearing controls and subjects with cochlear ablation. Conductive loss subjects showed a trend in reduction in c-fos labelled cells in cochlear nucleus and the central nucleus of inferior colliculus compared to normal controls. Results seen in this study may indicate the influence of conductive hearing loss on the developing auditory brain during early postnatal years when the system is highly plastic.

Les recherches effectuées dans l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues vivantes et surtout dans le champ de la didactique des langues étrangères et secondes ont fait apparaître, depuis les années 20, des publics ayant des demandes spécifiques en communication professionnelle et fonctionnelle. Cette prise en compte des chercheurs a donné lieu à un domaine ouvert, varié, complexe, qui se caractérise par la grande diversité de ses contextes, situations d'enseignement, méthodes, objectifs, pratiques et dispositifs appelé le Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques. C'est dans le but de faire acquérir à ces publics des compétences culturelles et langagières spécifiques que, enseignants et chercheurs sont appelés aujourd'hui à se créer des démarches méthodologiques spécifiques. En s'inscrivant dans cette problématique, ce travail cherche à apporter des éléments de réponse aux demandes réelles des enseignants et des étudiants de français des universités angolaises plus particulièrement à celles de ceux de la faculté d'économie de l'université Agostinho Neto. L'objectif principal est donc, d'une part, d'identifier les besoins réels de ces derniers en prenant en compte les spécificités de leurs filières de formation et d'autre part, de concevoir, au cas par cas, des programmes et du matériel didactique permettant de développer chez les apprenants les compétences de compréhension et d'expression tant orales qu'écrites. Ces matériaux conçus à partir de documents authentiques à visée professionnelle oraux ou écrits sont susceptibles d'être directement utilisés en classe pour les enseignants qui voudront les transférer ou les réutiliser dans des situations similaires.

Notre travail de thèse analyse, par des approches comportementales et neuro-anatomique, l'impact du vieillissement sur le processus d'aversion olfactive potentialisée par le goût (AOPG). Des rats jeunes, adultes et sénescents sont soumis à l'acquisition et au rappel de cet apprentissage. Tous les rats sont capables d'acquérir et de se rappeler cet apprentissage, même si on note une altération, en fonction de l'âge, de leurs capacités cognitives évaluées par trois tâches différentes. Les expressions de Fos et de Zif268, après rappel de l'AOPG, mettent en évidence des patterns d'activation cérébrale différents en fonction du stimulus (odeur ou goût) utilisé pour le rappel et qui, de plus, évoluent avec l'âge. Ce travail nous a permis de proposer un modèle fonctionnel de l'AOPG.

Nicotine Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. Relapse risk persists despite years of abstinence. Drug-associated cues have been demonstrated to induce craving and provoke relapse. Surprisingly, in human smokers, craving for nicotine increases or “incubates” with longer abstinence durations, a phenomenon that may explain persistent relapse liability. This incubation phenomenon also presents in animals trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Two proteins, ERK (Extra-cellular signal Regulated Kinase) and CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding protein) play important roles in learning, memory, and numerous aspects of drug addiction. We therefore examined whether changes in these proteins are associated with incubation of craving for nicotine in rats. We found increased nicotine-seeking behaviour after 14 days of abstinence (compared to 1 day) along with elevated ERK and CREB activity in the Accumbens brain region suggesting that these proteins may be involved in the incubation phenomenon.

Nicotine Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. Relapse risk persists despite years of abstinence. Drug-associated cues have been demonstrated to induce craving and provoke relapse. Surprisingly, in human smokers, craving for nicotine increases or “incubates” with longer abstinence durations, a phenomenon that may explain persistent relapse liability. This incubation phenomenon also presents in animals trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Two proteins, ERK (Extra-cellular signal Regulated Kinase) and CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding protein) play important roles in learning, memory, and numerous aspects of drug addiction. We therefore examined whether changes in these proteins are associated with incubation of craving for nicotine in rats. We found increased nicotine-seeking behaviour after 14 days of abstinence (compared to 1 day) along with elevated ERK and CREB activity in the Accumbens brain region suggesting that these proteins may be involved in the incubation phenomenon.

Les maladies inflammatoires intestinales (MII) sont caractérisées par des périodes d’inflammation chronique entrecoupées de périodes de rémission. Les cellules épithéliales intestinales (CÉI) participent activement à l’élaboration de la réponse immune innée. Les nucléotides extracellulaires sont reconnus comme des molécules immunoactives. Cette thèse s’intéresse aux rôles de l’UDP et de son récepteur PDY[indice inférieur 6] dans l’expression et la sécrétion de CXCL8 par les CÉI et à leurs implications dans le recrutement des neutrophiles lors des maladies inflammatoires intestinales. Premièrement, la stimulation du récepteur PDY[indice inférieur 6] sur les CÉI, active une cascade de signalisation intracellulaire impliquant la phospholipase C (PLC), la protéine kinase Cð (PKCð) et la MAP kinase ERK1/2. La phosphorylation de c-fos par ERK1/2 induit la formation d’un dimère c-fos/c-jun. Le complexe AP-1 ainsi formé lie le promoteur de la chimiokine CXCL8 et stimule la transcription de celle-ci. La chimiokine est par la suite sécrétée dans le milieu extracellulaire. Deuxièmement, la présence d'UDP chez la souris, lors de l'induction d’une colite aigüe par le DSS aggrave les signes d'inflammation. L'UDP aggrave l'index de la sévérité de la maladie (DAI), le score histologique, la perméabilité de la muqueuse et le recrutement des intervenants cellulaire tel que les cellules T, les cellules dendritiques, les macrophages et les neutrophiles. Troisièmement, l'administration d'UDP aux souris en rémission dans un modèle de colite chronique est suffisante pour déclencher les symptômes d'inflammation. L'UDP aggrave le DAI, le score histologique et la perméabilité de la muqueuse. L'activation du récepteur P2Yð durant la colite chronique est responsable du recrutement différentiel des neutrophiles au détriment des cellules dendritiques tolérogéniques et des macrophages, ce qui somme toute aggrave la colite. Finalement, in cellulo, l'antagoniste du récepteur P2Y[indice inférieur 6], le MRS2578 réduit la relâche de la CXCL8 par les CÉI. In vivo, l'administration de MRS2578 dans le modèle aigu et chronique de colite réduit les signes d'inflammation. Cette thèse démontre l’importance du récepteur P2Y[indice inférieur 6] dans la réponse inflammatoire des cellules épithéliales intestinales, notamment dans la stimulation de la relâche de CXCL8 et dans le recrutement des cellules immunes tel que les neutrophiles. De plus, elle met en évidence le potentiel thérapeutique de l'administration d'antagoniste du récepteur P2Y[indice inférieur 6] lors des maladies inflammatoires intestinales.

Submitted by Matheus Fitipaldi Batistela null (matheusbatistela@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T21:32:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado e Artigo - Matheus Fitipaldi Batistela.pdf: 5209326 bytes, checksum: 0a1d08ad10c8c4629fb067e1907fe0e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Luiza Carpi Semeghini (luiza@assis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-05T17:13:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 batistela_mf_me_assis.pdf: 5209326 bytes, checksum: 0a1d08ad10c8c4629fb067e1907fe0e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-05T17:13:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 batistela_mf_me_assis.pdf: 5209326 bytes, checksum: 0a1d08ad10c8c4629fb067e1907fe0e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Deakin e Graeff propuseram que ansiedade e o pânico seriam regulados pela serotonina ou 5-hidroxitriptamina (5-HT), possuindo mais de um mecanismo de controle. Ambos os mecanismos têm sua origem nos núcleos Dorsal da Rafe (NDR) e Mediano da Rafe (NMR). O NDR possui ainda, cinco diferentes subnúcleos ao longo do eixo rostrocaudal: dorsal (DRD), ventral (DRV), lateral/asas laterais (lwDR), caudal (DRC) e interfascicular (DRI), sendo que os subnúcleos DRC, DRD e DRI originam a via modulatória do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e o subnúcleo lwDR origina a via modulatória do transtorno do pânico. Sabe-se que as mulheres são mais suscetíveis à manifestação dos transtornos de ansiedade e de pânico do que os homens. Estudos com modelos animais de ansiedade mostram que nas fases do ciclo hormonal onde ocorre maior liberação de estrógeno, proestro e estro, é constatada ansiólise. De maneira oposta em animais na fase de metaestro e diestro, nas quais há baixa concentração sérica de estradiol, os comportamentos defensivos observados apontam para o aumento da ansiedade. Receptores para estrógeno, alfa (ERα) e beta (ERβ), foram encontrados em estruturas encefálicas descritas por Deakin e Graeff como relacionadas com a manifestação dos transtornos de ansiedade e co-localizadas em receptores serotonérgicos. Assim, esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a expressão de neurônios serotonérgicos e não-serotonérgicos no NMR e nos diferentes subnúcleos do NDR em relação a fase do ciclo estral de ratas e após a ovariectomia bilateral. As fêmeas foram perfundidas e os encéfalos foram processados a fim de se realizar o processo de imunohistoquímica de dupla-marcação para a proteína c-Fos (marcador indireto de ativação celular) e da enzima triptofano hidroxilase (TPH – presente somente em neurônios serotonérgicos). Não se constatou qualquer diferença quando se analisou o NMR. Os resultados encontrados mostraram um maior número de neurônios serotonérgicos e não-serotonérgicos ativados na fase de proestro, principalmente nos subnúcleos Dorsal (DRD) e Caudal (DRC). Enquanto que na fase de diestro e após ovariectomia bilateral os resultados apontaram um menor número na expressão de TPH nos subnúcleos DRD, Ventral (DRV) e DRC. Os resultados encontrados são compatíveis com achados anteriores que indicam que os subnúcleos dorsal e caudal são responsáveis pela modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados à ansiedade. Como houve diferença na ativação das estruturas ao longo do ciclo estral conclui-se que a presença de hormônios sexuais, principalmente o estradiol, é responsável por essas alterações observadas. / Deakin and Graeff proposed that anxiety and panic would be regulated by serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), having more than one control mechanism. Both mechanisms have their origin in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN) and Median Raphe Nucleus (MRN). The DRN also has five sub-regions along the rostrocaudal axis: dorsal (DRD), ventral (DRV), lateral / lateral wings (lwDR), caudal (DRC) and interfascicular (DRI), being that the DRC, DRD and DRI subnuclei originate the modulatory pathway of generalized anxiety disorder and the subnucleus lwDR originates the modulatory pathway of panic disorder. It is known that women are more susceptible to the manifestation of anxiety and panic disorders than men. Studies with animal models of anxiety show that in the phases of the hormonal cycle where estrogen release occurs, like proestrus and estrous, anxiolysis is observed. On the other hand, animals in the metaestrus and diestrus phase, in which there is a low concentration of estradiol, the observed defensive behaviors point to an increase in anxiety. Receptors for estrogen, alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) were found in structures described by Deakin and Graeff as re lated to a manifestation of anxiety disorders and co-localized in serotonergic receptors. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the expression of serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons in the MRN and in the different NDR subnuclei in relation to the phases of estrous cycle of rats and after a bilateral ovariectomy. The females were perfused and the brains were processed in order to perform the double-label immunohistochemistry process for c-Fos protein (cellular activation indirect marker) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH - present only in serotonergic neurons). No difference was found when MRN was analyzed. The results showed a higher number of serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons activated in the proestrus phase, mainly in the Dorsal (DRD) and Caudal (DRC) subnuclei. While in the late diestrus phase and after bilateral ovariectomy the results indicated a lower number of TPH expression in the sub-nuclei DRD, Ventral (DRV) and DRC. The results are compatible with previous findings that have shown the responsible of dorsal and caudal subnuclei in the modulation of defensive behaviors related to anxiety. As there was a difference in the activation of the structures during the estrous cycle it was concluded that the presence of sex hormones, mainly estradiol, is responsible for these observed changes