Submitted by Felipe Lapenda (felipe.lapenda@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-05T13:32:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese José Machado.pdf: 7461975 bytes, checksum: 3a767d0544231e90cbce0e98f0e3baea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T13:32:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese José Machado.pdf: 7461975 bytes, checksum: 3a767d0544231e90cbce0e98f0e3baea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A cultura do morangueiro apresenta alta rentabilidade e alta demanda de mão de obra, pois requer cuidados especiais para evitar problemas fitossanitários. Por isso, seu cultivo é caracterizado pelo uso indiscriminado de fertilizantes e agrotóxicos, o que leva os pesquisadores a buscar alternativas mais naturais para a melhoria das condições edáficas do solo, e diminuição do uso de químicos. Nesse contexto, os liquens podem ser uma alternativa viável, visto suas propriedades na modificação da composição química do solo, além da ação antimicrobiana e inseticida de suas substâncias. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as propriedades dos compostos produzidos pelos liquens Cladonia verticillaris e C. salzmannii na melhoria da qualidade dos pseudofrutos do morangueiro, desenvolvimento da planta e sistema radicular, e das propriedades químicas do solo, além de indicar locais aptos ao cultivo do morangueiro em Pernambuco. Foram testadas 8 cultivares de morangueiro com 8 repetições. Avaliou-se a emissão de estolhos e produtividade para a seleção da cultivar mais adaptada ao clima quente e úmido. Em seguida, a cultivar selecionada foi submetida a ensaios em casa de vegetação com 60 mudas distribuídas em função dos tratamentos com C. verticillaris (20), C. salzmannii (20) e controle (20). As estimativas de produtividade de todos os tratamentos estiveram abaixo da média nacional para o cultivo do morangueiro, fator que se deve ao plantio em época quente. O uso dos liquens no cultivo do morangueiro aumentou os sólidos solúveis e teor de ácido ascórbico do pseudofruto, a taxa fotossintética da planta, proporcionou melhoria na disponibilidade de fósforo e potássio no solo e, diminuiu incidência de fungos. Com base nos dados de temperatura e altitude do Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, foi gerado um mapa de municípios com potencial, onde foram determinados locais e épocas adequadas para o cultivo em Pernambuco. O município de Poção demonstrou-se uma excelente alternativa para o cultivo do morangueiro entre os meses de junho a outubro. Caetés, Garanhuns, Jucati, Paranatama, Saloá, Taquaritinga do Norte e Triunfo apresentaram-se como municípios de médio potencial para o cultivo de julho a agosto, exceto Triunfo que se estende até setembro.

The growth and yield response of strawberry (Fragaria X annassa Duch.) and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) to various growth inhibitors, but especially to paclobutrazol (PP333), and fertilizers were investigated in glasshouse and field studies. PP333 decreased vegetative growth in a rate-dependent manner in both strawberry and cranberry. PP333 delayed fruit ripening in strawberry and decreased fruit set and fruit size in cranberry. PP333 decreased pollen germination of strawberry. Soil residues of PP333 were biologically active when measured 11 weeks after application in the strawberry study and when measured after 50 weeks in a cranberry study. In a field study with cranberry, PP333 caused a decrease in vegetative growth and an increase in flowering in the next season after treatment. Two-dimensional partitioning was used to account for yield variation from treatment effects on adjusted yield variates. The truss number was the most important contributor to yield variation in the strawberry, but was not affected by treatments. PP333 made a substantial contribution to yield variation in strawberry through its effect on fruit development and ripening. In the cranberry, fruit set was the major contributor to yield variation and PP333 influenced yield substantially through its effect on fruit set. In glasshouse studies, PP333 decreased shoot elongation in cranberry within 3 weeks of application, and increased the number of branches on primary shoots. Buds were formed within 7 weeks of treatment and some of the buds contained flowers. Shoot growth was greater with a high rate of NPK fertilizer than with the low fertilizer rate and was greater in peaty soil than in sandy soil. While bud set was not modified by soil type or fertilizer rate, high NPK fertilizer decreased floral induction. Some effects of PP333 treatment were decreased by gibberellic acid, but generally these effects here not reversed. In a field study with the cranberry, PP333 increased flower bud set for flowering and non-flowering uprights but slightly decreased floral induction for non-flowering uprights. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Host-plant resistance is an important component of integrated pest management. Host resistance to phytophagous insects and mites based on chemical and morphological characteristics has been identified in various agronomic crops. The present study was undertaken to examine how variation in selected morphological and chemical characteristics of beach strawberry Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne affects population parameters of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results from this study show that clones of F. chiloensis and the cultivar "Totem" vary in suitability for the twospotted spider mite. Selected clones of F. chiloensis and the cultivar "Totem" differed also in the following foliar characteristics: densities of glandular and nonglandular trichomes and concentrations of total and catechol-based phenolics. In contrast, qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds, determined via HPLC, revealed a close similarity between F. chiloensis and F. x ananassa (cultivated strawberry) and among selected clones of F. chiloensis. Mite oviposition was negatively correlated with densities of glandular and nonglandular trichomes and concentrations of total foliar phenolics. In spite of these significant relationships, mite oviposition was best predicted by a combination of interacting plant characteristics rather than by any individual characteristic. Entrapment by sticky exudates from glandular trichomes appears to explain the negative relationship between mite survival and density of glandular trichomes. Spider mite development was negatively related to concentrations of foliar phenolics; twospotted spider mite development is delayed on leaves with high concentrations of phenolics. The correlation between mite development and foliar phenolics was greater when catechol-based phenolics were used. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The world faces severe challenges in providing food security for a growing world population during climate change. This puts pressure on modern agriculture, including adapting crops to new environments and cultivation on less acreage. The tools for adapting crops exist within a species' genetic diversity.  Crop wild relatives (CWR) are wild taxa with a close genetic relationship to our crops. CWRs contain a breadth of genetic adaption for various habitats due to their wide geographical distribution. This invaluable diversity of genes is essential for improving breeding of crops and therefore needs to be sustainably conserved in situ to prevent the loss of the future crop adaptation.  Fragaria vesca appears on the list of priority CWRs for conservation within the Nordic region.  To create an efficient conservation strategy for F. vesca, knowledge about the genetic differences between populations within the Nordic region must be obtained. Therefore, this study aimed to optimise PCR protocol for 10 microsatellite primers in F. vasca. The annealing temperature was successfully optimised for all 10 primer pairs. Two of the primer pairs revealed intra-specific diversity. The study also found support for the earlier discovered genetic divergence between Icelandic and other European populations.

Strawberries are considered an important crop in California where in 2018 it was in the top 5 valued fruit and vegetable commodities valued at $2.84 billion accounting for 88% of the total U.S. production. Strawberry production can be severely impacted by soilborne pathogens that can affect strawberry roots, crowns and leaves which can result in plant mortality. As much as 50 to 60% mortality can occur in one field. Pathogens responsible for such losses include Colletotrichum acutatum (syn.C. nymphaeae), Macrophomina phaseolina and Verticillium dahliae. With the phaseout of methyl bromide, host resistance and an understanding of host-pathogen interactions can play an important role in control of these diseases. A two-year study was conducted in order to evaluate host resistance of anthracnose in 105 cultivars and elite breeding lines developed by six strawberry breeding programs. Cultivars and elite breeding lines were inoculated using three local isolates in both years. All breeding programs provided genotypes that had a wide range of anthracnose susceptibility ranging from 0 to 100% mortality during both years. In both years an average of 78% of all the plant mortality occurred by 1 January. From the 105 cultivars and elite breeding lines, 30 cultivars were common to both years. Of these 30 cultivars, nine of them differed in their disease susceptibility between experiments by more than 20%. This suggests that several years of field evaluation may be necessary to determine susceptibility to anthracnose. Popular cultivars that represent the spectrum of susceptibility are Monterey (susceptible), Festival (moderately resistant), and Sensation (resistant). A second study was conducted toevaluate pathogen colonization of resistant and susceptible strawberry cultivars, testing interactions among crown and root plant tissue and two sampling timings. These cultivars were challenged with two soilborne pathogens, Macrophomina phaseolinaand Verticillium dahliae,over two years. Existing qPCR protocols for M. phaseolina and V. dahliae were used in order to quantify how much pathogen DNA was detected in crown and root samples. For the 2016-2017 V. dahliae trial there were significant effects for cultivar. Cultivar Benicia had significantly higher pathogen DNA compared to resistant cultivars Marquis, UC-12 and Camino Real. Susceptible cultivar BG 1975 had significantly less pathogen DNA compared to resistant cultivars San Andreas and Petaluma. In the 2017-2018 V. dahliaetrial pathogen DNA amount was not significantly different based on cultivar, plant part colonization, or the sampling period. In the 2017-2018 M. phaseolina trial all three of the fixed factors, cultivars, plant part colonization and sampling period were statistically significant. Cultivar ‘Sweet Ann’ had a significantly higher level of M. phaseolinaDNA in the early vs. the late sampling.

Strawberry cultivar performance affected by various cultural practices was investigated in two production systems. The first study investigated strawberry yield, fruit quality, and production timing of eight cultivars when using black and red plastic mulches in a high tunnel production system. The high tunnel increased air temperatures and advanced strawberry fruiting by four to six weeks compared to local openield production. The second study investigated plant growth, yield, and fruit quality of 10 cultivars fertilized with organic or conventional fertilizer and irrigated once or twice daily with the same total irrigation volume in a container system. Strawberry cultivars varied in their yield and quality variables including soluble solids contents, firmness, and titratible acidity in the two production systems. Mulch color, fertilizer type, and irrigation frequency had varying effects on the growth microenvironment, fruit yield, and certain quality variables.

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch.) is an important crop in California, with more than 35,000 acres planted in 2018 resulting in a farm gate value of $3.1 billion. In 2020, California strawberry production accounted for more than 85% of national strawberry production and faces serious threats to production due to various soil-borne diseases. One such disease, Verticillium wilt, is caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae and is commonly found in temperate zones around the world where strawberries are grown. Due to the phase-out of efficacious fumigants like methyl bromide, alternative disease management methods have become necessary to alleviate threats to production. Alternative fumigation practices such as crop termination have recently been investigated, and the integration of crop termination with bed fumigation and host resistance can play an integral role in control of Verticillium wilt. A field trial was established at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo to examine the efficacy of integrative management solutions for control of Verticillium wilt of strawberry in a naturally infested field. The efficacy of sequential fumigation applications of crop termination and bed fumigation was examined. Further, the integration of a resistant cultivar was also implemented in hopes of further decreasing plant mortality and increasing yield. Different fumigant products such as metam potassium, metam sodium, and chloropicrin were used to assess their performance in different fumigation applications. Metam potassium and metam sodium were used for crop termination. When used for crop termination, both products delivered significant reduction in soil inoculum density and adequate crop injury. Metam potassium, metam sodium, and chloropicrin were used for bed fumigation. All products reduced soil inoculum density. Lower plant mortality and higher yield resulted from sequential applications of crop termination and bed fumigation, with average plant mortality for non-treated control plots and sequentially fumigated plots being 67.2% and 24.1%, respectively. There were no significant increases in yield for plots bed fumigated and sequentially crop terminated and bed fumigated, but significant increases in yield for all plots treated versus the non-treated plots were found. The integration of a moderately resistant cultivar Valiant after the fumigation series showed lower mortality and higher yield versus a susceptible cultivar Seascape. A two-year study was also conducted in order to evaluate host resistance to Verticillium wilt in 74 cultivars and elite breeding lines from five strawberry breeding programs. Genotypes were established in a field naturally infested with V. dahliae on the campus farm at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. All five breeding programs had a wide range of susceptibility to Verticillium wilt, ranging from 1.5% to 100% mortality for both years of the trial. Twenty-three cultivars and elite breeding lines were common to both years of the trial; of these, five cultivars showed vastly different results between the two years. For example, ‘Monterey’ showed 78.8% mortality in 2021 and 11.5% mortality in 2022. This demonstrates the importance of evaluating host resistance over multiple years under different environmental conditions and field locations.

Strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) represent species, withinagriculture and forestry respectively, that are traditionally protected by utilization of pesticidesincluding neurotoxic insecticides. More environmentally friendly protection strategies are thereforehighly desirable. Treating plants with specific metabolites naturally occurring in their tissues might alterepigenetic mechanisms, which in turn may strengthen plants self-defense against diseases and weevilattacks. F. x ananassa and P. sylvestris seeds were treated with 2,5 mM nicotinamide and 2,5 mMnicotinic acid in order to investigate possible epigenetical effects by analyzing changes in the level ofthe DNA methylation. The epigenetic changes, for both plants, were analyzed on the global DNA level.Reduction in the DNA methylation level in strawberry leaves as well as the DNA methylation increase inpine needles were observed by means of LUMA-analysis when HpaII restriction enzyme was used in theanalysis. Further investigation is required in order to understand if NIC and NIA may have a significantimpact on pathogen attack in strawberry plants and Scots pine. More research may also unveil ifnicotinamide and nicotinic acid can play a potential role in more sustainable defense strategies ofplants. / Jordgubbsplantor (Fragaria x ananassa) och tallar (Pinus sylvestris) representerar växter inom jord- ochskogsbruk som traditionellt skyddas genom användning av bekämpningsmedel, detta inklusiveneurotoxiska insekticider. Mer miljövänliga skyddsstrategier är därför mycket önskvärda. Behandling avväxter med specifika naturligt förekommande metaboliter genererade av växterna kan påverkaepigenetiska mekanismer. Förändringar på den epigenetiska nivån kan, i sin tur, bidra till förstärkningav växternas eget självförsvar mot sjukdomar och insektsangrepp. Frön av både F. x ananassa och P.sylvestris behandlades med 2,5 mM nikotinamid och 2,5 mM nikotinsyra i syfte att undersökaeventuella epigenetiska effekter. Detta genom att analysera förändringar i graden av DNA metylering ide behandlade plantorna. De epigenetiska förändringarna för jordgubbsplantor och tallar analyseradespå den globala DNA-nivån. Minskad DNA-metylering i jordgubbsblad samt ökad DNA-metylering itallbarr observerades med hjälp av restriktionsenzymet Hpall och LUMA-analys. Ytterligareundersökningar behövs för att kunna förstå om NIC och NIA kan ha en inverkan på patogenangrepp ijordgubbsplantor och tall. Mer forskning kan också avslöja om nikotinamid och nikotinsyra kan ha enbetydande roll inom hållbara försvarsstrategier för växter.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to determine plant growth and development and fruit yield of the strawberry crop from bare root and plug transplants with different crown diameters. Bare roots transplants were produced by rooting stolons and plug transplants from runner tips collected and rooted in a substrate growing bed. Three classes of crown diameters were compared, in a 2 x 3 factorial and randomized block experimental design, with four replications, 16 plants per plot and a density of 6.6 plants m-2. For bare root transplants, crown diameters were between 3.0 and 5.0 (class 1); 5.1 and 8.0 (class 2) and greater than 8.1 mm (class 3). For plug transplants, runner tips were screened between 2.0 and 3.9 (class 1); 4.0 and 5.5 (class 2) and 5.6 to 7.0 mm (class 3). Transplants of both types were planted at April 16th, 2008, and at this date, crown diameter, shoot and root dry mass and number of leaves were higher in all classes of plug transplants. Ripe fruits were harvested from June 15th to November 7th, 2008, and fresh fruit yield was determined. Plant growth and development were determined at last harvest. Higher growth, development and fruit yield were obtained in plants from plug transplants. For bare root transplants, crown diameters higher than 5.1 mm can be used while for plug transplants the crown diameter of runner tips does not affect plant growth and fruit yield. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da planta e a produtividade de frutas de morangueiro com o emprego de mudas de raízes nuas e de torrão com diferentes diâmetros de coroa. As mudas de raízes nuas foram produzidas pelo enraizamento dos estolões e aquelas de torrão a partir de pontas de estolões coletadas e enraizadas em leito de cultivo preenchido com substrato. Três classes de diâmetro de coroa foram comparadas, em um esquema fatorial 2 x 3, em delineamento blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, 16 plantas por parcela e densidade de 6,6 plantas m-2. Nas mudas de raízes nuas os diâmetros de coroa foram entre 3,0 e 5,0 (classe 1), 5,1 e 8,0 (classe 2) e maior do que 8,1 mm (classe 3). Naquelas de torrão, as pontas de estolão foram classificadas entre 2,0 e 3,9 (classe 1), 4,0 e 5,5 (classe 2) e 5,6 a 7,0 mm (classe 3). As mudas de ambos os tipos foram plantadas em 16 de abril de 2008 e nessa data o diâmetro da coroa, a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes e o número de folhas foram mais elevados nas mudas com torrão. As frutas foram colhidas maduras entre 15 de junho e sete de novembro de 2008 e a produção de frutas foi determinada. Nesta data foi determinado também o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Maior crescimento, desenvolvimento e produção de frutas foram obtidos com o emprego de mudas com torrão. Com mudas de raízes nuas as classes 2 e 3 devem ser empregadas, enquanto nas mudas com torrão o diâmetro da coroa da pontas de estolão não influencia a produção de frutas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Glaucia_Oliveira_Islabao.pdf: 11691653 bytes, checksum: aa0c46c1206ac7ab555f7587ceb58264 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-30 / Strawberry crop is an important option for small properties, being of great relevance for people fixation at countryside and generation and maintenance of rural jobs. Studies related to soil attributes monitoring, which can be used as soil quality indicators, are important to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural practices and to point to sound environment management, aiming to its conservation. This work intended to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the chemical and microbiological soil attributes during the strawberry crop cycle in fourteen rural properties affiliated to the Association of Strawberry Producers of Turuçu-RS, to identify and evaluate the potential impacts of irrigation water on these attributes and to propose actions to minimize these impacts if needed. In this way, deformed soil samples were collected in four different periods at depth 0-0.20 m, to determine their chemical attributes (organic matter, active and potential acidity, CEC and at pH 7.0, base saturation and aluminum saturation), microbiological (carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, basal respiration and metabolic quotient) and about fertility (total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper and zinc). In order to evaluate the mean values of all attributes along the time in each property was applied the LSD mean comparison test with significance to 5%. The spatial and temporal variability of all attributes were evaluataded by means of box plots. Results indicated that between the soil chemical indicators, the mean values of potential acidity presented the major significant variation along the time, while the mean values of aluminum saturation presented the minor variation. Between the soil microbiological indicators, the mean basal respiration presented the major significant variation along the time, while the mean values of nitrogen of microbial biomass presented the minor variation. Between soil fertility indicators the mean values of copper presented the major significant variation along the time, while the mean values of zinc presented the minor variation. With regard to the spatial and temporal variability of the chemical indicators it was found that organic matter presented the greatest amplitude and the aluminum saturation the lowest. Regarding to the spatial and temporal variability of the microbiological indicators it was found that carbon of microbial biomass presented the greatest amplitude while the metabolic quotient presented the lowest. Regarding to the spatial and temporal variability of the soil fertility indicators it was found that copper presented the greatest amplitude while zinc presented the lowest. The concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, copper and zinc presented high levels in all strawberry crops. The organic matter levels were classified as low in most strawberry crops. It was not possible to identify the impact of irrigation water over the chemical and soil fertility indicators, meanwhile, there was a possible impact over the microbiological indicators, specially over the carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass and metabolic quotient. / A cultura do morango é uma importante alternativa para pequenas propriedades, sendo de grande importância para a fixação do homem no campo e para a geração e manutenção de emprego na área rural. Estudos relativos ao monitoramento dos atributos do solo, que podem ser utilizados como indicadores de qualidade do solo, são importantes para avaliar a sustentabilidade das práticas agrícolas, além de sinalizar o manejo adequado do ambiente visando à sua conservação. Em virtude disto, este trabalho teve como objetivos estudar a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo ao longo do ciclo de produção da cultura do morango em quatorze propriedades pertencentes a Associação de Produtores de Morango do município de Turuçu/RS, identificar e avaliar os possíveis impactos da água de irrigação sobre estes atributos e propor ações para minimizar estes impactos caso existirem. Para tal, foram coletadas, em quatro diferentes épocas e na profundidade de 0-0,20 m, amostras deformadas de solo em cada uma das propriedades, determinando seus atributos químicos (matéria orgânica, acidez ativa e potencial, CTC efetiva e pH 7,0, saturação por alumínio e saturação por bases), microbiológicos (carbono microbiano, nitrogênio microbiano, respiração basal e quociente metabólico) e de fertilidade (nitrogênio total, fósforo, potássio, cobre e zinco). Para verificar o comportamento dos valores médios de todos os atributos ao longo do tempo e em cada propriedade foi aplicado o teste de comparação de médias DMS, a nível de 5% de significância, enquanto que para avaliar a distribuição temporal e espacial de todos os atributos foram construídos gráficos em caixa. Os resultados indicaram que dentre os indicadores químicos do solo, os valores médios de acidez potencial foram os que mais diferiram significativamente ao longo do tempo, enquanto que os valores médios de saturação por alumínio foram os que menos diferiram; dentre os indicadores microbiológicos do solo, os valores médios de respiração basal foram os que mais diferiram significativamente ao longo do tempo, enquanto que os valores médios de nitrogênio microbiano foram os que menos diferiram ao longo do tempo; dentre os indicadores de fertilidade do solo, os valores médios de cobre foram os que mais diferiram significativamente ao longo do tempo, enquanto que os valores médios de zinco foram os que menos diferiram; quanto a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos indicadores químicos, foi constatado que a matéria orgânica apresentou a maior amplitude e a saturação por alumínio a menor; quanto a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos indicadores microbiológicos, foi constatado que o indicador carbono microbiano apresentou a maior amplitude e o quociente metabólico a menor; quanto a variabilidade espacial e temporal dos indicadores de fertilidade, foi constatado que o cobre apresentou a maior amplitude e o zinco a menor; as concentrações dos elementos fósforo, potássio, cobre e zinco encontram-se com elevados teores em todas as lavouras de morango; os teores de matéria orgânica foram classificados como baixos na maioria das lavouras de morango envolvidas neste estudo; não foi possível identificar o impacto da adição da água de irrigação sobre os indicadores químicos e de fertilidade do solo, entretanto, houve um possível impacto sobre os indicadores microbiológicos, principalmente, verificado sobre o carbono microbiano, nitrogênio microbiano e o quociente metabólico.