Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to determine number, crown diameter and root nodules of runner tips produced by micropropagated and multiplied strawberry stock plants at different planting times. The experiment was conducted between October, 2008 and April, 2009, with cultivars INIA-Arazá, INIA-Guenoa and INIA-Yvapitá and ten planting times, at 37; 40; 46; 51; 58; 64; 67; 75 and 87 days after planting the micropropagated stock plants, respectively. Number of runner tips decreased linearly by delaying planting time of stock plants, while crown diameter and number of root nodules were not affected. Higher number of runner tips was produced by micropropagated plants and INIA-Arazá was the most prolific cultivar. Multiplying stock plants may be a new propagation method than can be used for reducing the number of micropropagated stock plants required for the production of strawberry commercial plug transplants. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o número de pontas de estolões, o diâmetro de coroa e o número de primórdios radiculares de pontas emitidas por plantas matrizes micropropagadas e por plantas matrizes multiplicadas em diferentes épocas de plantio. O experimento foi conduzido entre outubro de 2008 e abril de 2009, com as cultivares INIAArazá, INIA-Guenoa e INIA-Yvapitá em dez épocas de plantio, aos 37, 40, 46, 51, 58, 64, 67, 75 e 87 dias após o plantio da plantas micropropagadas, respectivamente. O número de pontas de estolão diminuiu linearmente com a época de plantio enquanto o diâmetro da coroa e o número de nódulos radiculares não foi afetado. O número mais elevado de pontas foi obtido com as plantas micropropagadas e a cultivar INIA-Arazá foi a mais prolífica. A multiplicação de plantas matrizes pode ser um novo método de propagação a ser empregado para reduzir o número de plantas matrizes micropropagadas na produção de mudas de morangueiro em bandejas.

The objectives of this work were to test different salt and sucrose concentrations in the in vitro medium and acclimatizing systems for production of strawberry stock plants. One experiment was conducted at the Breeding and Plant Propagation Laboratory and two experiments inside a screen house at the Department of Fitotecnia UFSM, from February to October, 2008. In the first experiment, sucrose 15; 30; 45 and 60g/L and salt ½; ¾ and 1 MS concentrations were compared, in a 3x4 factorial randomized experimental design, with five replications of five plantlets. Two evaluations were made, the first after plantlets were extracted from the in vitro medium and the second at the end of the acclimatizing period. In the first evaluation, the rate of survival, shoot height, number of roots, length of the bigger root and number of leaves of plantlets were determined. In the second evaluation, the same evaluations were done and also dry matter. In the second experiment, the effect of sucrose and salt concentrations on initial growth of stock plants was determined. Six plantlets of each in vitro medium of the previous experiment were used. The number of days from planting to the beginning of the stolon emission period, number of leaves and stolons, crown diameter and dry matter were determined 30 days after the acclimatizing period. In the third experiment, the acclimatizing systems made up by 128 cells polystyrene trays using organic substrate, polyethylene trays filled with sand and polyethylene trays filed with nutrient solution upon that plantlets floated were compared. The entirely randomized experimental design was used, with four replications of 10 plantlets. The rate of survival, shoot height, number of roots, length of the bigger root, number of leaves and shoot and root dry mass were determined. At the first evaluation of the first experiment, only number of leaves differed significantly, being higher in the 1 MS concentration. At the second evaluation, shoot height was higher in 1 MS, without difference from ¾ MS concentration. At the second experiment, the length of the bigger root was higher in ¾ MS, which did not differed from ½ MS. Dry mater and number of leaves of stock plants were higher by rooting plantlets in the 45 g/L sucrose and 1 MS salt concentrations. About acclimatizing systems, shoot height and number of leaves were higher in the 128 cells polystyrene trays using organic substrate while shoot and root dry matter were higher in the polyethylene trays filled with sand. It was concluded that for the clone Ivahé, the salt concentration may be reduced from 1 MS to ¾ MS and sucrose may be increased from 30 g/L to 45 g/L. About acclimatizing systems, the 128 cells polystyrene trays using organic substrate and the polyethylene trays filled with sand may be either used for acclimatizing plantlets of the Ivahé strawberry clone. / Este trabalho teve como objetivos testar diferentes concentrações de sais e de sacarose no meio de cultura e sistemas de aclimatização para a produção de mudas matrizes de morangueiro. Foi conduzido um experimento no Laboratório de Melhoramento e Propagação Vegetativa de Plantas e dois em abrigo telado, no Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, entre fevereiro e novembro de 2008. No primeiro experimento, foram comparadas as concentrações de sacarose de 15, 30, 45 e 60g/L e de sais de ½, ¾ e 1 MS, em esquema fatorial 3x4 no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições de cinco plântulas. Foram realizadas duas avaliações, uma na saída das plântulas do laboratório e outra após a aclimatização. Na primeira avaliação foi determinada a sobrevivência de plântulas, altura da parte aérea, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz e número de folhas. Na segunda avaliação essas determinações foram repetidas e foi também determinada a matéria seca de planta. No segundo experimento, foi determinado o efeito das concentrações de sais e sacarose no crescimento inicial das plantas matrizes. Foram utilizadas seis plântulas de cada concentração de meio empregadas no experimento anterior. Foi determinado o número de dias do transplante ao início do estolonamento, o número de folhas, número de estolões, diâmetro da coroa e matéria seca de plantas 30 dias após a aclimatização. No terceiro experimento, foram comparados os sistemas de aclimatização constituídos por bandejas alveoladas de poliestireno de 128 células com substrato orgânico, bandejas não alveoladas de polietileno com areia e bandejas não alveoladas com uma placa de poliestireno flutuante na solução nutritiva. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado foi empregado, com quatro repetições de 10 plântulas. Foi determinada a sobrevivência de plântulas, altura da parte aérea, número de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz, número de folhas e matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes. No primeiro experimento, na primeira avaliação somente o número de folhas mostrou diferença significativa, sendo mais elevado na concentração 1 MS. Na segunda avaliação, a altura da parte aérea foi maior na concentração 1 MS, sem diferença de ¾ MS. No segundo experimento, o comprimento da maior raiz foi superior no tratamento ¾ MS, que não diferiu de ½ MS. A matéria seca e o número de folhas das plantas matrizes foram superiores quando as plântulas foram enraizadas na concentração de sacarose de 45gL e 1 MS de sais. Com relação aos sistemas de aclimatização, a altura da parte aérea e o número de folhas foram mais elevados no sistema de aclimatização em bandejas alveoladas com substrato, enquanto a matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes foram superiores no sistema de bandejas não alveoladas com areia. Concluiu-se que para o clone Ivahé, a concentração de sais pode ser reduzida de 1 MS para ¾ MS e que a concentração de sacarose pode ser aumentada de 30 g/L para 45 g/L. Quanto aos sistemas de aclimatização, as bandejas alveoladas de poliestireno com substrato orgânico e as bandejas não alveoladas de polietileno com areia podem ser empregadas para aclimatizar plântulas do clone Ivahé.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the research was to determine the strawberry fruit yield and quality in three different closed soilless systems with two substrates. The experiment was conducted in a screenhouse in the Department of Fitotecnia at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, from April to November, 2006. The experimental set up was a 3 x 2 factorial design with four replications. Treatments were the three soilless systems and the two substrates. The soilless systems consist of plastic bags, plastic troughs and growing beds, all of them elevated from the soil. The substrates were an inert substrate (sand) and an organic substrate (Plantmax PXT®). Drip fertigation was used in the plastic bags, while subirrigation was done in the other two systems. A standard complete nutrient solution was utilized and there was not any disposal of it during the experiment. A significant interaction among substrates and systems was observed. In the case of the sand, best results were obtained with plastic troughs reaching a mean fruit yield of 122.09 t ha-1, which was 8.13% e 8.33% higher than the plastic bags and the growing beds, respectively. In the case of the organic substrate, the mean fruit yield in the system of growing beds (143.58 t ha-1) was 10.9% and 29.33% superior to the plastic bags and plastic troughs, respectively. Neither the soilless systems nor the substrates influenced the fruit quality characteristics of firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity. / O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a produtividade e qualidade do morangueiro em sistemas fechados de cultivo sem solo com substratos. O experimento foi conduzido dentro de um abrigo telado no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, entre abril e novembro de 2006. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três sistemas de cultivo e dois substratos, em esquema fatorial 3x2, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os sistemas de cultivo foram sacolas fertirrigadas por tubos gotejadores, calhas e leito de cultivo. Os substratos foram a areia como substrato inerte e o Plantmax PXT® como substrato orgânico, fertirrigados com solução nutritiva completa, sem descartes durante o período do experimento. Houve interação significativa entre os substratos e os sistemas. Na areia, destacou-se o cultivo nas calhas, com uma produtividade média de 122,09 t ha-1, sendo 8,13% e 8,33% superior às sacolas e ao leito de cultivo, respectivamente. No substrato orgânico, a média mais elevada foi equivalente a 143,58 t ha-1, obtida no leito de cultivo, superior às sacolas em 10,9% e às calhas em 29,33%. Não houve influência dos substratos nem dos sistemas sobre a qualidade da fruta, caracterizada através da firmeza, °Brix e acidez titulável.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Strawberry (Fragaria spp.) is an agricultural crop grown often in temperate regions that has high variability in its susceptibility to freezing injury. To breed cultivars for frost and freezing tolerance, identification of molecular markers associated with low temperature tolerance is advantageous. In this work, I investigated a high-throughput method for protein assays and western blotting. Success in streamlining these processes saves an immense amount of time and allows for the processing of more samples and obtaining larger datasets. Thirty-three octoploid varieties were tested for their accumulation of five different potential biomarkers in response to cold exposure. It was found that total dehydrin content, has the strongest potential to be reliable biomarkers for breeding programs. Previous work identified seven putative dehydrins in Fragaria, where two were purified and positively identified by mass spectrometry and determined to be COR47-like (SKn) and XERO2-like (YnSKn). This work demonstrated that cold tolerance positively correlated with dehydrin protein expression levels. To understand the cold-regulated expression of dehydrins as a function of cold exposure time, the levels of transcripts and corresponding proteins were examined in strongly cold tolerant (Alta) and lesser cold tolerant (FDP817, NCGR1363) Fragaria diploid genotypes. The COR47-like (SKn) and XERO2-like (YnSKn) dehydrins both had higher transcript accumulation and protein levels in the more cold tolerant line in comparison to the two less cold tolerant lines. Lack of correlation between transcript and resulting COR47 protein level in Alta were observed at several different timepoints, where protein accumulation preceded an increase in RNA. This trend was not seen with XERO2. This initiated an investigation to discover at what level COR47 is being regulated. First, the COR47 coding region was sequenced for all the genotypes to confirm against the predicted sequence. In addition, since two isoforms of the COR47 gene exist, and could possibly explain the discrepancy in transcript counts, primers were designed for both isoforms and RT-qPCR was performed to examine the transcripts of COR47 more closely. Through examination of the non-congruence of COR47 transcripts and protein, it was found that transcriptional mechanisms of regulation are not involved, and that post transcriptional and post-RNA splicing mechanisms are likely to be responsible for the observed trend in Alta. Conclusions from this work demonstrate that dehydrin transcripts and dehydrin protein accumulations are strong potential biomarkers for identifying low temperature tolerance in diploid strawberry.

Os praguicidas, especialmente os organofosforados, têm uma grande importância no combate e na prevenção de pragas, alcançando, desse modo, um grande benefício para a produção e a garantia de alimento suficiente para a população. No entanto esse benefício pode ser revertido em prejuízo para a integridade humana e ambiental, devido à permanência de seus resíduos. Assim, a determinação de resíduos de praguicidas desempenha um papel importante para a estimativa da exposição a esses compostos, permitindo avaliar a conformidade da produção com as Boas Práticas Agrícolas, possibilitando decisões regulatórias comerciais visando garantir a segurança alimentar. Face ao exposto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de duas técnicas de preparo de amostra de morango: extração em fase sólida molecularmente impressa (MISPE) e extração em fase sólida dispersiva (QuEChERS), visando o isolamento e a concentração de resíduos dos organofosforados diazinon, dissulfotom, paration, clorpirifós e malation para análise por cromatografia gasosa com detector fotométrico de chama (CG-DFC). Foi empregada uma coluna megabore ZB-35 Phenomenex® (35% fenil 65% dimetil siloxano, 30 m x 0,53 mm; 0,5 μm), hidrogênio como gás de arraste na vazão de 8,0 mL min-1. Pirimifós foi usado como padrão interno (0,25 μg g−1). O método apresentou seletividade, bem como linearidade na faixa de 0,10 a 1,00 μg g−1 (para diazinon, dissulfotom, paration e clorpirifós) e 0,10 a 2,00 μg g−1 (para malation). A precisão intra e inter-ensaio apresentou desvio padrão relativo entre 1,55 a 11,75% (QuEChERS) e entre 1,15 a 14,10% (MISPE) para os níveis baixo, médio e alto, do intervalo linear. A eficiência de extração para as técnicas QuEChERS e MISPE foi de 81,64 a 100,00% e 65,25 a 87,70%, respectivamente. A detectabilidade, em ambos os métodos, foi satisfatória, uma vez que atendeu ao Limite Máximo de Resíduo (LMR) estabelecido para os analitos. Os métodos apresentaram robustez, de acordo com o teste de Youden. A técnica MISPE demonstrou ser de baixo custo e simples execução além de ser bastante resistente, visto que o sorvente sintetizado suporta condições extremas de pH e temperatura e, em apenas um cartucho puderam ser feitas de 50 a 80 extrações, revelando grande potencial na análise de alimentos. A técnica QuEChERS é simples e rápida, em comparação à MISPE, especialmente em relação à etapa de clean up que não utiliza cartuchos ou sistemas de vácuo, o que possibilita que todas as análises sejam feitas em uma só corrida analítica. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os métodos são úteis para o monitoramento de resíduos de organofosforados em amostras de morango, uma vez que atendem a todos os requisitos para a avaliação de resíduos em alimentos, visando à segurança do consumidor. / Pesticides, especially organophosphates, have a great importance in combating and preventing pests, reaching thus a great benefit to the production and ensuring enough food for the population. However, this can be detrimental to human and environment health due to their residues. Thus, the determination of pesticides residues plays an important role in the estimation of exposure to these compounds, allowing production to assess compliance with Good Agricultural Practices, enabling business regulatory decisions aimed at ensuring food security. So, the overall objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two sample preparation techniques: molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) and dispersive solid phase extraction (QuEChERS), to the isolation and concentration of organophosphate residues of diazinon, disulfoton, parathion, chlorpyrifos and malathion from strawberry for analysis by gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (GC-DFC). It was used a column megabore Phenomenex® ZB-35 (35% phenyl 65% dimethyl siloxane, 30 m x 0.53mm, 0.5 mm), hydrogen as carrier gas at a flow rate of 8.0 ml min-1. Pirimiphos was used as internal standard (0.25 mg g-1). The method presented selectivity and linearity in the range from 0.10 to 1.00 mg g-1 (for diazinon, disulfoton, parathion and chlorpyrifos) and 0.10 to 2.00 mg g-1 (for malathion). The intra and inter-assay precision presented relative standard deviation between 1.55 to 11.75% (QuEChERS) and between 1.15 to 14.10% (MISPE) to low, medium and high levels, the linear range. The efficiency of extraction for the QuEChERS and MISPE techniques was 81.64 to 100.00% and 65.25 to 87.70%, respectively. The detectability in both methods was satisfactory, since it attended the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) established for the analytes. The methods showed robustness, according to the Youden test. The MISPE technique proved to be inexpensive and simple to implement and is quite tough, since the sorbent synthesized supports extreme conditions of pH and temperature and in just a cartridge could be made 50 to 80 extractions, showing great potential in food analysis. The QuEChERS technique is simple and fast, compared to MISPE, especially in relation to clean up step that does not use cartridges or vacuum systems, which enable all tests are done in a single analytical run. The results obtained suggest that the methods are useful for organophosphate residues monitoring in strawberry samples, since meet all of the requirements for the evaluation of residues in food, aiming consumers’ safety. / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-07-05T16:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dênnis Silveira Jahnke.pdf: 700428 bytes, checksum: 018484cfa5caf35654fd4f92f7a1804b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-07-13T20:07:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dênnis Silveira Jahnke.pdf: 700428 bytes, checksum: 018484cfa5caf35654fd4f92f7a1804b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T20:07:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dênnis Silveira Jahnke.pdf: 700428 bytes, checksum: 018484cfa5caf35654fd4f92f7a1804b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do húmus de minhoca na produtividade e qualidade do morangueiro cultivar 'Camino Real', através da comparação de sua massa total de frutos, massa média por fruto e número total de frutos, e também dos sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix), utilizando diferentes estratégias de ação para utilização do húmus na cultura do morangueiro. O experimento foi realizado em propriedade localizada no município de Capão do Leão - RS, utilizando sistema de produção sob túnel baixo. As mudas foram adquiridas de viveiros chilenos, sendo transplantadas no dia 12 de maio de 2014. A primeira colheita se deu em 13 de agosto, noventa e dois dias após o transplante (DAT), estendendo-se até dezembro do mesmo ano. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com sete repetições por tratamento. Em cada um dos canteiros demarcou-se uma parcela de 4,5m de comprimento X 1,2m de largura compreendendo 36 plantas por parcela. Cada parcela foi subdividida em três sub-parcelas de 1,5m de comprimento X 1,2m de largura, totalizando 3 tratamentos. Cada parcela experimental foi composta de 12 plantas em uma área útil de 1,8m2 de canteiro. Os tratamentos testados foram: T1 (sem húmus de minhoca sólido na cova de plantio); T2(com húmus de minhoca sólido na cova de plantio) e T3 (com húmus sólido na cova de plantio e novamente 60 dias pós-plantio). O período de avaliação foi de agosto a dezembro de 2014. A utilização de húmus de minhoca no cultivo do morangueiro em sistema orgânico de produção foi satisfatória resultando em boa produtividade da cultura e frutos de ótima qualidade; ficando dentro do esperado para a cultivar e de acordo com outros trabalhos realizados em condições semelhantes. / The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of vermicompost on productivity and quality of strawberry 'Camino Real', by comparing its total fruit mass, average fruit mass and total number of fruits, and also the total soluble solids (° Brix), using different action strategies for the use of humus in the strawberry crop. The experiment was conducted on property located in Capao do Leao - RS, using the production system under low tunnel. Seedlings were acquired from Chilean nurseries and transplanted on May 12, 2014.The first harvest took place on August 13, ninety two days after transplanting (DAT), extending to December of the same year. It was used a randomized block design with seven replicates per treatment. In each site it was demarcated a portion of 4.5m X 1.2m width length beds comprising 36 plants per plot. Each plot was subdivided into three sub-plots 1.5m long x 1.2m wide, totalling 3 treatments. Each experimental plot consisted of 12 plants in an area of 1,8m2. The treatments were: T1 (without solid worm humus in the planting hole); T2 (with solid worm humus in the planting hole) and T3 (with solid compost in the planting hole and again 60 days after planting).The assessment period took place between August and December 2014. The use of vermicompost in strawberry crop in organic system was satisfactory, resulting in good crop yield and fruit of excellent quality; staying within the expected to grow and according to other studies conducted in similar conditions.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T14:14:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Machado Coelho Junior.pdf: 1596177 bytes, checksum: e2b2b69a4eb6a4394ff0b610d87af29b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T14:14:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Machado Coelho Junior.pdf: 1596177 bytes, checksum: e2b2b69a4eb6a4394ff0b610d87af29b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-22 / For the cultivation of strawberries need a good planning of the planting, because the crop is susceptible to diseases and as part of the diet, one should minimize the large amount of pesticides that get to fight them. In search of the culture conditions edafoclimáticas it was necessary to open new frontiers in the tropical regions as Mesorregião da Mata de Pernambuco. This study aimed to analyze the characters of 11 cultivars of strawberry in the tropical conditions of Mesorregião da Mata. The cultivation was carried out in region of high temperatures was evaluated in greenhouse where the plant morphology, physico-chemical and topographical pseudofruit of the median leaves of cultivars. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications, each pot a plot. Cultivars Camino Real, Diamond, Sweet Charlie and windows were the only ones that showed production of strawberries. The Ventana cultivar showed high concentration of ascorbic acid. Cultivars Dover, Oso Grande and Tudla made the most important leaf plan. The cultivar Sweet Charlie made more rugged topography. / Para o cultivo do morangueiro é necessário um bom planejamento do plantio, devido a cultura ser suscetível a doenças e por fazer parte da dieta alimentar, devendo-se minimizar a grande quantidade de agrotóxicos que recebe para combatê-las. Em busca de condições edafoclimáticas à cultura fez-se necessário abrir novas fronteiras em regiões de clima tropical como a Mesorregião da Mata de Pernambuco. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os caracteres de 11 cultivares de morangueiro nas condições tropicais da Mesorregião da Mata Pernambucana. O cultivo foi realizado em região de temperaturas elevadas em telado onde se avaliou caracteres morfológicos da planta, físico-químicos dos pseudofrutos e topográficos dos folíolos medianos das cultivares. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, sendo cada vaso uma parcela. As cultivares Camino Real, Diamante, Sweet Charlie e Ventana foram as únicas que apresentaram produção de morangos. A cultivar Ventana apresentou concentração elevada de ácido ascórbico. As cultivares Dover, Oso Grande e Tudla apresentaram o relevo foliar mais plano. A cultivar Sweet Charlie apresentou relevo mais acidentado.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-26T11:15:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Herton Chimelo Pivoto.pdf: 1107224 bytes, checksum: 991d94d5194f43c503b47b2bd3cdb460 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T11:15:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Herton Chimelo Pivoto.pdf: 1107224 bytes, checksum: 991d94d5194f43c503b47b2bd3cdb460 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / The concern for human health and the environment has led to a growth in the demand and supply of organic or ecological products. The Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) in spite of its excellent nutritional characteristics featured in recent years as a product contaminated with pesticides, generating consumer insecurity. And, given the insecurity in relation to their consumption, organic production seeks to regain the confidence of consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the production of Strawberry in semi-hidrop?nico organic system cultivated in plastic bags and sugar cane bagasse substrate decomposed. The delineation used was fully randomized blocks with five repetitions. The variables evaluated were: Pseudofrutos number per plant (NF), fresh pasta of Pseudofrutos (MFP), production per plant (PPP), commercial production (CP), Titratable Acidity (AT), hydrogen potential (pH), firm-fleshed (FP), Total soluble solids (TSS), leaf area (AF), leaf area ratio (RAF), leaf (RPF) weight, relative growth rate (TCR), absolute growth rate (TCA) and net assimilat?ria rate (such). Two experiments were carried out in the municipality of S?o Vicente do Sul, Central Rio Grande do Sul, under protected environment, one with a cultivar of photoperiod critical to flowering "short days", the ' Camino Real ' and another with farming, which does not require critical photoperiod for flower "neutral" days, the ' Albion '. Both were grown in semi-hidrop?nico system, involving: four different fertilizer management, which are: fertirrigado with conventional fertilization (control), biofertilizers Agrobio, Super Thin and biofertilizer drawn from commercial organic fertilizer (Ferticel). The growth characteristics of AF, TCR, TCC, RAF, RPF and TAL were influenced significantly by treatments, the results Bioferticel compatible and Biofertilizer in some variables above control for both cultivars. On cultivating actual path there were significant differences for the treatments, and the treatment with Bioferticel had superior results for control variables: NF, PPP, FP, SST, and relationship SSTAT. The levels of nutrients in the leaves of the strawberry Camino Real and Albion were within the recommendation for culture or slightly above in the analysis carried out in full bloom. In the final analysis of cultivation the Super slim and Biofertilizers Agrobio showed levels of phosphorus and potassium below the recommended for culture for both cultivars. The strawberry PC Camino Real was superior in treating Bioferticel, reaching values of gr 650.51.1 and plant 516.36 Gr. 1 plant for the control. To cultivate Albion, there were significant differences for the treatments, and the Control treatment had superior results to other treatments for the variables: NF, PPP, SST, and relationship SSTAT. The strawberry PC Albion was lower than the average considered ideal for the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The biofertilizer Bioferticel in some of the aspects studied, provided superior results to the conventional. So, can be indicated as a means to the substrate semi-hidrop?nico bagasse decomposed for Strawberry cultivation. / A preocupa??o com a sa?de humana e do meio ambiente tem levado a um crescimento na demanda e na oferta de produtos org?nicos ou agroecol?gicos. O morango (Fragaria x ananassa) apesar de suas excelentes caracter?sticas nutricionais figurou nos ?ltimos anos como um produto contaminado por agrot?xicos, gerando inseguran?a ao consumidor. E, diante da inseguran?a em rela??o ao seu consumo, a produ??o org?nica busca recuperar a confian?a dos consumidores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da produ??o do morangueiro em sistema semi-hidrop?nico org?nico cultivado em sacos pl?sticos e substrato baga?o de cana decomposto. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com cinco repeti??es. As vari?veis avaliadas foram: N?mero de Pseudofrutos por planta (NF), Massa Fresca de Pseudofrutos (MFP), Produ??o por Planta (PPP), Produ??o Comercial (PC), Acidez Titul?vel (AT), Potencial Hidrogeni?nico (pH), firmeza de polpa (FP), S?lidos Sol?veis Totais (SST), ?rea foliar (AF), raz?o de ?rea foliar (RAF), raz?o de peso foliar (RPF), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA) e taxa assimilat?ria l?quida (TAL). Foram realizados dois experimentos no munic?pio de S?o Vicente do Sul, regi?o Central do RS, sob ambiente protegido, um com uma cultivar de fotoper?odo cr?tico para florescimento ?de dias curtos?, a ?Camino Real? e outro com cultivar, que n?o necessita de fotoper?odo cr?tico para florescer ?de dias neutros?, a ?Albion?. Ambas foram cultivadas em sistema semi-hidrop?nico, envolvendo: quatro diferentes manejos de aduba??o, quais sejam: fertirrigado com fertiliza??o convencional (controle), biofertilizantes Agrobio, Super Magro e biofertilizante elaborado a partir de adubo org?nico comercial (Ferticel). As caracter?sticas de crescimento AF, TCR, TCC, RAF, RPF e TAL foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos, o Biofertilizante Bioferticel obteve resultados compat?veis e em algumas vari?veis superiores ao controle para ambas as cultivares. Na cultivar Caminho Real verificaram-se diferen?as significativas para os tratamentos, sendo que o tratamento com Bioferticel teve resultados superiores ao controle para as vari?veis: NF, PPP, FP, SST, AT e rela??o SST/AT. Os teores de nutrientes nas folhas do morangueiro Camino Real e Albion estiveram dentro da recomenda??o para a cultura ou levemente acima na an?lise realizada em pleno florescimento. Na an?lise de final de cultivo os Biofertilizantes Super Magro e Agrobio apresentaram teores de F?sforo e Pot?ssio abaixo do recomendado para a cultura para ambas as cultivares. A PC do morangueiro Camino Real foi superior no tratamento Bioferticel, atingindo valores de 650,51 gr.planta-1 e de 516,36 gr.planta-1 para o controle. Para a cultivar Albion, verificaram-se diferen?as significativas para os tratamentos, sendo que o tratamento Controle teve resultados superiores aos demais tratamentos para as vari?veis: NF, PPP, SST, AT e rela??o SST/AT. A PC do morangueiro Albion foi inferior ? m?dia considerada ideal para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O biofertilizante Bioferticel, em alguns dos aspectos estudados, proporcionou resultados superiores ao Convencional. Assim, pode ser indicado como meio semi-hidrop?nico ao substrato baga?o de cana decomposto para cultivo do Morangueiro

Knowledge of disease epidemiology and the impact of plant nutrient status on development of disease is fundamental in establishing effective management strategies for crop pathogens such as Podosphaera aphanis Br. (Braun et al., 2002), the causal agent of powdery mildew on strawberries. The following study investigated the conditions conducive for powdery mildew in strawberry crops in South Australia, the effect of foliar concentration of potassium and calcium on yield and pathogen development on the strawberry cultivars Aromas (resistant to powdery mildew) and Selva (susceptible), the potential for use of foliar-applied potassium silicate to control disease and identification of genes differentially expressed during disease. Meteorological conditions associated with establishment of powdery mildew were observed over three consecutive seasons in commercial strawberry crops grown in Woodside, South Australia. Conducive conditions appear to be >28 oC, <55 % relative humidity (RH) with no rain during the day (for conidiation), followed by a night with >10 oC, >90 % RH and no rain (for germination). Colony development was then promoted by days of >15 oC and <70 % RH, with nights of >8 oC, >80 % RH and less than 2 mm rain in every 24 hour period. These are consistent with epidemiological studies of this pathogen (Peries, 1962a; Jhooty and McKeen, 1964; Mukerji, 1968; Perera and Wheeler, 1975; Byrne et al, 2000; Miller et al, 2003; Blanco et al, 2004; Davik and Honne, 2005; Amsalem et al, 2006). This knowledge may facilitate prediction of times considered high risk for establishment of powdery mildew in strawberry crops. Subsequently, this may allow optimisation of fungicide application and improved management of this disease and reduced yield loss and management expenses. P. aphanis developed at an increased rate on leaves of Selva with low calcium content compared with development on normally fertilised leaves. Increased numbers of conidia germinated successfully on leaves of Aromas with low calcium content compared with development on normally fertilised Aromas leaves, however, the germinated conidia still failed to develop into sporulating colonies. Potassium nutrition had no obvious effect on P. aphanis development. Foliar concentration found to be adequate for growth of cultivars, Selva and Aromas were 6.0 mg/g and 4.5 mg/g Calcium, dry weight and 11.0 mg/g and 12.5 mg/g potassium, dry weight (respectively). Potassium silicate, buffered to pH 7.0 and applied as a foliar fertiliser, reduced the severity of powdery mildew below the economic threshold, though not below the disease severity on plants treated with the fungicide, Systhane® (Bayer CropScience). As potassium silicate can be produced organically this compound may provide a useful management tool for both organic and conventional strawberry growers. Although the cultivar Aromas was not immune to disease under conducive conditions and high inoculum load in the field, inoculation of healthy Aromas plants with P. aphanis in the laboratory failed to produce disease. Conidia were seldom found attached to the leaf surface of healthy Aromas leaves. Germination and subsequent colony development were also not observed in inoculated samples. This suggests there is some mechanism of Aromas that inhibits development of this fungus. Preliminary investigation of differential expression in Aromas inoculated with P. aphanis, identified sequences with homology to a putative antimicrobial protein and photosynthesis-related genes. The results of these studies should enable growers to increase both crop yields and control of powdery mildew, one of the major economic diseases in South Australia. The epidemiological knowledge attained will be valuable, and may provide the basis for future forecast modelling for P. aphanis in strawberry crops in South Australia. Recommendations for calcium and potassium leaf content will allow growers to monitor their fertiliser regime for increased yield of these cultivars. Aromas was identified as a powdery mildew resistant cultivar potentially suitable for production in South Australia, and the genes associated with this resistance response may be used in studies of Fragaria species and breeding for powdery mildew resistant cultivars. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297684 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007

Knowledge of disease epidemiology and the impact of plant nutrient status on development of disease is fundamental in establishing effective management strategies for crop pathogens such as Podosphaera aphanis Br. (Braun et al., 2002), the causal agent of powdery mildew on strawberries. The following study investigated the conditions conducive for powdery mildew in strawberry crops in South Australia, the effect of foliar concentration of potassium and calcium on yield and pathogen development on the strawberry cultivars Aromas (resistant to powdery mildew) and Selva (susceptible), the potential for use of foliar-applied potassium silicate to control disease and identification of genes differentially expressed during disease. Meteorological conditions associated with establishment of powdery mildew were observed over three consecutive seasons in commercial strawberry crops grown in Woodside, South Australia. Conducive conditions appear to be >28 oC, <55 % relative humidity (RH) with no rain during the day (for conidiation), followed by a night with >10 oC, >90 % RH and no rain (for germination). Colony development was then promoted by days of >15 oC and <70 % RH, with nights of >8 oC, >80 % RH and less than 2 mm rain in every 24 hour period. These are consistent with epidemiological studies of this pathogen (Peries, 1962a; Jhooty and McKeen, 1964; Mukerji, 1968; Perera and Wheeler, 1975; Byrne et al, 2000; Miller et al, 2003; Blanco et al, 2004; Davik and Honne, 2005; Amsalem et al, 2006). This knowledge may facilitate prediction of times considered high risk for establishment of powdery mildew in strawberry crops. Subsequently, this may allow optimisation of fungicide application and improved management of this disease and reduced yield loss and management expenses. P. aphanis developed at an increased rate on leaves of Selva with low calcium content compared with development on normally fertilised leaves. Increased numbers of conidia germinated successfully on leaves of Aromas with low calcium content compared with development on normally fertilised Aromas leaves, however, the germinated conidia still failed to develop into sporulating colonies. Potassium nutrition had no obvious effect on P. aphanis development. Foliar concentration found to be adequate for growth of cultivars, Selva and Aromas were 6.0 mg/g and 4.5 mg/g Calcium, dry weight and 11.0 mg/g and 12.5 mg/g potassium, dry weight (respectively). Potassium silicate, buffered to pH 7.0 and applied as a foliar fertiliser, reduced the severity of powdery mildew below the economic threshold, though not below the disease severity on plants treated with the fungicide, Systhane® (Bayer CropScience). As potassium silicate can be produced organically this compound may provide a useful management tool for both organic and conventional strawberry growers. Although the cultivar Aromas was not immune to disease under conducive conditions and high inoculum load in the field, inoculation of healthy Aromas plants with P. aphanis in the laboratory failed to produce disease. Conidia were seldom found attached to the leaf surface of healthy Aromas leaves. Germination and subsequent colony development were also not observed in inoculated samples. This suggests there is some mechanism of Aromas that inhibits development of this fungus. Preliminary investigation of differential expression in Aromas inoculated with P. aphanis, identified sequences with homology to a putative antimicrobial protein and photosynthesis-related genes. The results of these studies should enable growers to increase both crop yields and control of powdery mildew, one of the major economic diseases in South Australia. The epidemiological knowledge attained will be valuable, and may provide the basis for future forecast modelling for P. aphanis in strawberry crops in South Australia. Recommendations for calcium and potassium leaf content will allow growers to monitor their fertiliser regime for increased yield of these cultivars. Aromas was identified as a powdery mildew resistant cultivar potentially suitable for production in South Australia, and the genes associated with this resistance response may be used in studies of Fragaria species and breeding for powdery mildew resistant cultivars. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297684 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007