Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.

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Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.

Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.

The diploma thesis deals with the ratification process of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the Czech Republic. The proposal of ratification was denied by the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2005 and it was postponed. The debate was renewed in 2011 when the proposal was approved by both chamber of the Parliament of the Czech Republic and subsequently in May 2012 it was signed by the President of the Czech Republic. The thesis investigated different views of Members of Parliament on the ratification of the framework convention. To fulfil the aims of the thesis the Framework analysis method is used. The method reveals the competing frames in 2005 and 2011. Both periods are then compared. The author also tried to understand why the proposal in 2005 was denied and she offered one of the possible interpretations. The thesis is supplemented by chapters which describe the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the development of the ratification process. These parts use the interviews made with experts in the research area.

Submitted by ELZE CAMILA FERREIRA RODRIGUES null (elzerodrigues@gmail.com) on 2016-06-06T19:02:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGUES, Elze. (Dissertação) A atuação internacional do Brasil para as mudanças climáticas - as COP de 2009 a 2015.pdf: 1314961 bytes, checksum: 200eb2bbd9bf67956a9ed43d2124a102 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-07T13:44:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ecf_me_mar.pdf: 1314961 bytes, checksum: 200eb2bbd9bf67956a9ed43d2124a102 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T13:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ecf_me_mar.pdf: 1314961 bytes, checksum: 200eb2bbd9bf67956a9ed43d2124a102 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No ano de 2009, durante a décima quinta edição da Conferência das Partes (COP) da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas para as Mudanças Climáticas (UNFCCC, na sigla em inglês), a representação diplomática brasileira assumiu para o país um compromisso voluntário de redução das emissões nacionais de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Tal evento foi marcante no regime internacional de mudanças climáticas e na trajetória da política externa ambiental brasileira por conta do pioneirismo do país entre os intermediários que não pertencem ao Anexo I. Essa atitude da diplomacia brasileira é parte da conjuntura vivida pelo multilateralismo ambiental em que a tradicional clivagem Norte-Sul ganhava também a categoria intermediária das economias emergentes. A atuação do Brasil e de outros países dessa categoria teve reflexos nos debates nos anos posteriores à COP-15. O objetivo desse trabalho é, assim, analisar a atuação da diplomacia brasileira entre a COP-15 e a COP-21 diante dos desafios das mudanças climáticas e do multilateralismo. Para tanto, faz-se uma análise da política externa ambiental do país neste período, bem como um paralelo com a atuação dos países do BASIC na mesma cronologia. / In 2009, during the fifteenth edition of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Brazilian diplomatic representation took a voluntary commitment to reduce national emissions of greenhouse gas effect. This was an outstanding event in the international climate change regime and in the trajectory of Brazilian environmental foreign policy because of the country's pioneering among the intermediaries economies that do not belong to Annex I. This attitude of Brazilian diplomacy is a part of the framework experienced by environmental multilateralism where the traditional division between North-South includes now the intermediate category of emerging economies. The performance of Brazil and other countries in that category was reflected in the discussions in the years after COP-15. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance of Brazilian diplomacy between the COP-15 and COP-21 concerning the challenges of climate change and multilateralism. Therefore, it is an analysis of the Brazilian environmental foreign policy during this period as well as a comparison with the performance of the BASIC countries in the same timeline.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Kyoto protocol was signed early in 2005 whereby Annexure 1 industrialised countries committed to reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. South Africa signed the Protocol. however being a developing country it has no GHG emissions reduction target for the first commitment period until 2012. Primary aluminium is a GHG intensive global commodity to which Southem Africa contributes significantly. This dissertation aims to investigate how the profitability of the Southern African primary aluminium sector may be affected by Kyoto Protocol GHG restrictions even though the smelters are situated in non-Annexure 1 countries. A Delphi-type survey is conducted to gather opinions on identified pressures and drivers that could affect the industry. The survey respondents indicate that the greatest impact will occur from internal pressures from holding companies. Further pressure will originate from external sources namely government, Non Governmental Organisations, shareholders and investors. Direct manufacturing costs are not expected to increase as a result of the Protocol. Rather. industry changes are expected to be the result of internal and external pressures. Opportunities for Clean Development Mechanism (COM) projects are rated as highly importance and are strongly recommended. Various strategies are identified and presented in a matrix to compare the effect of each on the various identified pressures and drivers. From the matrix it is observed that the majority of the selected strategies have a profound impact on the internal and external pressures. From this research report it is recommended that a cooperative proactive strategy be followed . focusing initially on low cost GHG emissions reduction projects and rigorously pursuing COM projects. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Kyoto Protokol, waardeur Anneks 1 geindustraliseerde lande hul daartoe verbind het om hul kweekhuis gas (GHG) emissies te verminder, is vroeg in 2005 onderteken. Suidelike Afrika het die Protokol onderteken, maar weens sy status as ontwikkelende land, het dit geen GHG emissieverminderingsdoelwit vir die eerste verpligtingsfase tot en met 2012 nie. Primere aluminium is 'n GHG intensiewe globale kommoditeit waartoe Suidelike Afrika 'n groot bydrae lewer. Hierdie tesis poog om ondersoek in te stel na die impak van Protokol GHG beperkings op die winsgewendheid van die Suidelike Afrika primere aluminium sektor, ten spyle daarvan dat die smelters in nie-Annex 1 lande gelee is. 'n Delphi-tipe opname was geloods om opinies in te win oor geidentifiseerde drukpunte en drywers wat 'n impak kon he op die industrie. Die respondente het aangedui dat die grootste impak sal kom van interne druk van beheermaatskappye. Addisionele druk sal afkomstig wees van eksteme bronne soos die regering, Nie-regerings organisasies (NGO's), aandeelhouers en beleggers. Daar word nie verwag dat die direkte vervaardigingskoste sal eskaleer as gevolg van die Protokol nie. Daar word eerder verwag dat veranderinge in die industrie die gevolg sal wees van interne en eksterne druk. Geleenthede vir skoon-ontwikkelings meganisme (COM) projekte is geweldig belangrik en word sterk aanbeveel. Verskeie strategiee word geidentifiseer en voorgele in 'n matriks om sodoende 'n vergelyking te tref tussen die effek wat elk het op die onderskeie drukpunte en drywers. Uit die matriks kan afgelei word dat die meerderheid strategiee 'n diepgaande invloed het op die inteme en eksterne drukpunte. Hierdie navorsingsverslag beveel aan dat 'n samewerkende proaktiewe strategie gevolg word, wat aanvanklik sal fokus op lae-koste GHG emissieverminderingsprojekte, asook die nougesette najaag van CDM projekte.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most topical and widely discussed factors which could lead to the ultimate end of life on earth is global warming and its devastating effects. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of icecaps and other significant worldwide climatic changes. These climatic changes will have a profound effect on the economy of the world as well as having health and social consequences for humans on earth. It has also become evident that mankind has played a significant role in causing global warming through its excessive burning of fossil fuels and its deforestation activities. Mainstream economists have increasingly realised that the prime cause of environmental problems is the absence of markets and more specifically, the absence of private ownership, which provide the foundation for markets. This occurrence has also been described in the literature as the tragedy of the commons. Mankind has come to a point in its history whereby it is in great danger of causing its own annihilation through the destruction of its natural environment. As a result of this, world leaders and many industrialists have realised that it is essential that the world must do something to preserve the natural environment. This was the rationale behind the Kyoto Protocol. In Kyoto 38 industrial states undertook to reduce their total emissions of six important greenhouse gases by at least 5 percent by the period 2012 at the latest. It was agreed in Kyoto that the system to be used to curb global warming should be based on free market principles that would focus on limiting the tragedy of the commons. On this basis it was agreed that the international trade in greenhouse gas emission allowances might fulfil an important role in providing countries and companies with the capabilities to achieve part of their reduction obligations. The Kyoto mechanism was therefore designed on the basis of emissions trading, but also had an equity objective with respect to developing countries. Supporters of the trading scheme are of the opinion that this market will guarantee that certain emission targets are met. In principle, the international trade in emission credits offers several advantages in terms of a flexible and cost-efficient realisation of the reduction obligations undertaken at Kyoto. Supporters of emissions trading are also of the opinion that trading in these gases also has economic and technological benefits. The answer to global warming might be as simple as buy low, sell high conventions. Now greenhouse-gas emissions are becoming a commodity that can be bought and sold on a worldwide scale, just like gold or soybeans. It is expected that the trading in greenhouse-gas emission rights will ultimately constitute the largest commodities market in the world. An international market for greenhouse gas emission allowances is already developing. However, rules governing such transactions are not fully worked out yet. The 178-nation Kyoto Protocol on global warming may provide a start, despite the US's refusal to support the treaty. It will be the aim of this thesis to provide understanding in terms of the functioning of emissions trading schemes and therefore the Kyoto mechanism as a solution to this problem of global warming. It will also be an important objective of this thesis to provide insight into the issues applicable to climatic change and the Kyoto mechanism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Atmosfeerverwarming is wêreldwyd een van die mees bespreekte kwessies. Die nadelige effek van atmosfeerverwarming as gevolg van die toenemende kweekhuiseffek, het die potensiaal om tot die uiteindelike uitwissing van lewe op aarde te lei. Verskeie tendense dui daarop dat atmosfeerverwarming 'n direkte impak op stygende seevlakke, die ontvriesing van die pakys by die pole en ander noemenswaardige klimaatsversteuringe het. Indien iets drasties nie gedoen word om atmosfeer verhitting te keer nie, sal klimaatsversteuringe 'n geweldig nadelige effek op die wêreld ekonomie te weeg bring, asook 'n nadelige effek op gesondheids- en sosiale toestande tot gevolg hê. Dit het duidelik geword dat die aktiwiteite van die mensdom, hoofsaaklik verbranding van fossielbrandstowwe en ontbossing, te blameer is vir atmosfeerverwarming. Ekonome wêreldwyd het toenemend besef dat die hoofrede vir omgewingsprobleme, soos atmosfeerverwarming, toegeskryf kan word aan die afwesigheid van markte en meer spesifiek die afwesigheid van privaatbesit, wat in effek die basis van die vrye mark vorm. Hierdie gebeurtenis word in die ekonomiese literatuur beskryf as die "tragedie van die gemene goedere" . Wêreldpolitici en industriële leiers het besef dat die mens by 'n punt in sy geskiedenis gekom het waar hy moontlik sy eie uitwissing kan bewerkstellig en dat iets drasties gedoen moet word om die natuurlike omgewing te beskerm om sodoende volhoubare ekonomiese groei te verseker. Hierdie besef het gelei tot die totstandkoming van die Kyoto Protokol waar 38 nywerheidslande ooreengekom het om voor die jaar 2012 hul totale nasionale emissies van die ses belangrikste kweekhuisgasse met ten minste 5 persent tot onder hul 1990 emissievlakke te verminder. Daar was in Kyoto ooreengekom dat die stelsel wat gebruik moet word om die Kyoto doelwitte te bereik sterk vryemark eienskappe moet besit asook meganismes om regverdigheid en gelykheid tussen lande in terme van kweekhuisgasbeperkings te verseker. Die Kyoto meganismes is ontwerp met sterk vryemark eienskappe, wat basies 'n stelsel is waarvolgens lugbesoedelingsregte verhandel kan word. Hierdie verhandeling van besoedelingsregte kan toegepas word om kweekhuis gasse te verminder. Die Kyoto meganismes en dus lugbesoedelingsverhandeling verskaf buigbaarheid aan besighede en lande om hul onderskeie besoedelingsbeperkingsdoelwitte op die mees koste effektiewe manier te bereik. Die antwoord op atmosfeer verwarming kan dalk so eenvoudig wees soos koop laag en verkoop hoog. Kweekhuisgasse is besig om net soos graan of goud 'n kommoditeit te raak. Daar word verwag dat die verhandeling in kweekhuis gas besoedelingsregte uiteindelik sal groei tot die grootste kommoditeitsmark ter wêreld. Ondersteuners van die Kyoto meganismes is van mening dat kweekhuisgas verhandeling ook ekonomiese en tegnologiese voordele inhou. Dit is 'n oogmerk van die Kyoto meganismes om die verskuiwing van tegnologie tussen ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande asook volhoubare groei te verseker. 'n Grysmark vir kweekhuisgas regte is reeds internasionaal, voor die beplande instelling van die Kyoto meganismes, aan die ontwikkel. Die reëls en regulasies vir die Kyoto meganismes is nog nie gefinaliseer nie. Dit en die onwilligheid van die VSA om die Protokol te onderteken, belemmer die vroegtydige implementering van die Kyoto meganismes en die effektiwiteit van die stelsel. Dit is die doelwit van die werkstuk om die leser bekend te maak met die funksionering van emissieverhandeling as 'n vryemark stelsel om omgewingsprobleme soos atmosfeerverwarming te verminder. Die werkstuk beoog ook om die kwessies betrokke by klimaatsverandering en die Kyoto meganismes aan die leser te verduidelik.

A comunidade internacional tem se convencido sobre a seriedade da mudança climática e a necessidade de respostas urgentes para combatê-la. No entanto, a ausência de um regime universal com metas para os principais poluidores faz com que cada país adote ações individuais de maneira descoordenada. Esse descompasso levanta preocupações sobre possíveis impactos para a competitividade e a eficácia dos esforços dos países com políticas climáticas mais ambiciosas. Com o escopo de neutralizar tais ameaças, desponta a alternativa de adoção de ajustes de carbono na fronteira para equalizar os encargos ambientais entre a indústria doméstica e as importações. Nesse contexto, a presente tese defende a criação de disciplinas internacionais para orientar o uso de ajustes de carbono em sintonia com os valores do livre comércio e da preservação do clima. Recomenda-se que as negociações internacionais sejam lideradas pelas Nações Unidas, na moldura do regime climático, porém, em estreito diálogo e cooperação com a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). A partir da análise de possíveis cenários, o trabalho expressa preferência por disciplinas multilaterais. Reconhece-se, contudo, méritos em arranjos intermediários, como os instrumentos setoriais. Por fim, indica-se um roteiro sobre os principais aspectos da aplicação dos ajustes de carbono que mereceriam apreciação em plano internacional. / The international community has acknowledged the need for urgent responses to address climate change. However, in the absence of a global agreement setting binding targets for all major polluters, countries pursue individual actions in an uncoordinated fashion. Such a situation raises concerns on competitiveness impacts and on the environmental effectiveness of climate policies of most countries, especially those leading the way. As a solution to level the playing field vis-à-vis international competitors, countries evaluate the use of border carbon adjustments. Against this background, this analysis supports the design of international disciplines to guide the use of border carbon adjustments in line with the goals of free trade and climate protection. It argues that the United Nations should lead those negotiations in the framework of the climate regime, in close dialogue and cooperation with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on an analysis of multiple scenarios, this essay favours the adoption of multilateral disciplines. It recognizes, however, advantages in alternative approaches such as sectorial agreements. Finally, it proposes a roadmap on key aspects concerning the use of border carbon adjustments that merit consideration in the international arena.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Brusa Molino.pdf: 2400362 bytes, checksum: 398405a7c8529d68f2fab1d6fff2f18e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / Industrialization, that was already seen as synonymous of progress and hope of a better future for most nations, reaches the XXIth century facing many detractors and being seen as a major threat because of its voracious consumption of raw material which exhausts seas, forests, soil, subsoil and releases harmful gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, causing the reaction of sectors of society concerned with the legacy that will be let to future generations. Among most harming sectors, are mining and related industry, whose degrading and polluting activities demonstrates the need for quality control and environmental monitoring. This study seeks to contextualize the concern about global warming and the rise of international treaties on the subject for the defense of the environment, mentioning Kyoto Protocol, Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (INC/FCCC), the conferences between the parties, and also the Brazilian legislation related to the issue of climate change mitigation. The study seeks to know about the flexibility mechanisms proposed by Kyoto Protocol, aiming to achieve emission reductions by developed countries signatories. The research analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the Certified Emission Reductions (CER) and the efficiency of these instruments as a form of environmental compensation, highlighting the various modalities, to finish with the presentation of the carbon market and CDM related projects that help in global warming mitigation undertaken by mining sector. Among the findings, it appears that compensation measures are able to meet the recommendations of the Kyoto Protocol and to assist in combating the adverse effects of mining to the environment / A industrialização, antes sinônimo de progresso e esperança de um futuro melhor para a maioria das nações, alcança o século XXI enfrentando muitos detratores e sendo vista como grande ameaça em razão da voracidade no consumo de matéria-prima que exaure os mares, as florestas, o solo, o subsolo e libera os nocivos gases que contribuem para o efeito estufa, provocando a reação de setores da sociedade preocupados com o legado que será herdado pelas gerações futuras. Entre os setores que mais poluem está a mineração e as atividades relacionadas, cuja ação degradadora para o meio ambiente demonstra a necessidade de controle de qualidade ambiental e monitoramento. Este estudo busca contextualizar a preocupação com o aquecimento global e o surgimento de tratados internacionais sobre o tema para a defesa do meio ambiente, fazendo menção ao Protocolo de Quioto, à Convenção- Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima e às Conferências entre as partes, e também as legislações brasileiras relacionadas à questão da mitigação das mudanças climáticas. Buscam-se conhecer os mecanismos de flexibilização propostos pelo Protocolo de Quioto, visando atingir às reduções de emissão pelos países desenvolvidos signatários. A pesquisa analisa os Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), as Reduções Certificadas de Emissões e a eficiência desses instrumentos como forma de compensação ambiental, destacando-se as várias modalidades, para finalizar com a apresentação do mercado de carbono e projetos relacionados com MDL que auxiliam na mitigação do aquecimento global empreendidos pelo setor minerário. Entre os achados, verifica-se que as medidas de compensação são capazes de atender às propostas do Protocolo de Quioto e auxiliar no combate aos efeitos adversos da mineração ao meio ambiente