Orientador: Daniella Mantarro Callipo / Banca: Margarida da Silveira Corsi / Banca: Ana Maria Carlos / Resumo: A obra de François Rabelais caracteriza-se, sobretudo, por sua pluralidade estilística, linguística e genérica, que a torna tão moderna e singular para os padrões literários do século XVI. Sua heterogeneidade advém, em grande parte, das múltiplas vozes presentes em seu discurso, em outras palavras, de seu aspecto polifônico e intertextual. Outra peculiaridade da obra rabelaisiana é o seu jeito especial de "dizer, rindo, a verdade". A comicidade e as alegres brincadeiras que caracterizam seus escritos são, na verdade, apenas "máscaras" que encobrem as críticas e as ideologias do autor. Sobre isto, já nos adverte o narrador Alcofrybas Nasier em seu prólogo, quando nos aconselha a não nos contentarmos com a aparência exterior banal de sua obra, mas procurar o seu substantifico tutano, ou seja, os assuntos importantes referentes tanto à vida social, quanto à religião e à vida econômica. Assim, é também por meio da brincadeira e da comicidade que Rabelais estabelece críticas à religião predominante em sua época - o Cristianismo - e transmite seus próprios ideais religiosos. Através da apropriação burlesca de trechos das Sagradas Escrituras, o escritor questiona, por um lado, as práticas e dogmas da Igreja e, por outro, apregoa suas próprias ideologias, as quais se assemelham aos pensamentos reformistas e evangelistas em voga neste século. Por meio deste trabalho, pretendemos analisar os intertextos (citações e alusões) das Sagradas Escrituras presentes em Gargantua, considerando suas funções (satírica, paródica ou busca de autoridade), com a finalidade de entender como se delineia o pensamento religioso na obra em questão / Résumé: L'oeuvre de François Rabelais est caractérisée, surtout, par sa pluralité stylistique, linguistique et générique, qui la rend si moderne et singulière par rapport aux standars littéraires du XVIeme siècle. Son hétérogénéité vient, en grande partie, des multiples voix présentes dans son discours ; en d'autres termes, de son aspect polyphonique et intertextuel. Autre particularité de l'oeuvre rabelaisienne est sa façon particulière de "dire, par le rire, la verité". Le comique et les joyeuses plaisanteries qui marquent ses écrits ne sont, en fait, que des "masques" qui cachent les critiques et les idéologies de l'auteur. À ce sujet, nous avertit le narrateur Alcofrybas Nasier dejà dans son prologue, quand il nous conseille de ne pas nous satisfaire avec l'apparence extérieure banale de son oeuvre, mais de chercher sa substantifique moëlle, c'est-à-dire, les sujets importants concernant tant la vie sociale, comme la religion et la vie économique. Ansi, c'est aussi à travers les plaisanteries et le comique que Rabelais établit-il des critiques à la religion prédominante à l'époque - le Christianisme - et transmet ses propres idées religieuses. A travers l' appropriation burlesque des extraits des Écritures Sacrées, l' écrivain met en question, d'un côté, les pratiques et les dogmes de l'Église et, de l'autre, proclame ses propres idéologies, lesquelles s' approchent des pensées réformistes et évangélistes en vogue dans ce siècle-là. Par ce travail, on a l'intention d'analyser les intertextes (citations et allusions) des Écritures Sacrées présentes dans Gargantua, en vue de ses fonctions (satirique, parodique ou recherche de l'autorité), afin de comprendre comment est décrite la pensée religieuse dans l'oeuvre étudiée / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_mm_me_assis_parcial.pdf: 145179 bytes, checksum: aeda05d72b2033760fd74650a2d90e69 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-03T11:42:45Z: souza_mm_me_assis_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-03T11:44:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000701553_20150817.pdf: 125570 bytes, checksum: dc1e0bc88134a63c1574e5a336be7553 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-08-17T11:07:10Z: 000701553_20150817.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-17T11:07:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000701553.pdf: 1207267 bytes, checksum: e331a1b195a8fb2d0bf002f3b8efe312 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / L’oeuvre de François Rabelais est caractérisée, surtout, par sa pluralité stylistique, linguistique et générique, qui la rend si moderne et singulière par rapport aux standars littéraires du XVIeme siècle. Son hétérogénéité vient, en grande partie, des multiples voix présentes dans son discours ; en d’autres termes, de son aspect polyphonique et intertextuel. Autre particularité de l’oeuvre rabelaisienne est sa façon particulière de “dire, par le rire, la verité”. Le comique et les joyeuses plaisanteries qui marquent ses écrits ne sont, en fait, que des “masques” qui cachent les critiques et les idéologies de l’auteur. À ce sujet, nous avertit le narrateur Alcofrybas Nasier dejà dans son prologue, quand il nous conseille de ne pas nous satisfaire avec l’apparence extérieure banale de son oeuvre, mais de chercher sa substantifique moëlle, c’est-à-dire, les sujets importants concernant tant la vie sociale, comme la religion et la vie économique. Ansi, c’est aussi à travers les plaisanteries et le comique que Rabelais établit-il des critiques à la religion prédominante à l’époque - le Christianisme – et transmet ses propres idées religieuses. A travers l’ appropriation burlesque des extraits des Écritures Sacrées, l’ écrivain met en question, d’un côté, les pratiques et les dogmes de l’Église et, de l’autre, proclame ses propres idéologies, lesquelles s’ approchent des pensées réformistes et évangélistes en vogue dans ce siècle-là. Par ce travail, on a l’intention d’analyser les intertextes (citations et allusions) des Écritures Sacrées présentes dans Gargantua, en vue de ses fonctions (satirique, parodique ou recherche de l’autorité), afin de comprendre comment est décrite la pensée religieuse dans l’oeuvre étudiée / A obra de François Rabelais caracteriza-se, sobretudo, por sua pluralidade estilística, linguística e genérica, que a torna tão moderna e singular para os padrões literários do século XVI. Sua heterogeneidade advém, em grande parte, das múltiplas vozes presentes em seu discurso, em outras palavras, de seu aspecto polifônico e intertextual. Outra peculiaridade da obra rabelaisiana é o seu jeito especial de “dizer, rindo, a verdade”. A comicidade e as alegres brincadeiras que caracterizam seus escritos são, na verdade, apenas “máscaras” que encobrem as críticas e as ideologias do autor. Sobre isto, já nos adverte o narrador Alcofrybas Nasier em seu prólogo, quando nos aconselha a não nos contentarmos com a aparência exterior banal de sua obra, mas procurar o seu substantifico tutano, ou seja, os assuntos importantes referentes tanto à vida social, quanto à religião e à vida econômica. Assim, é também por meio da brincadeira e da comicidade que Rabelais estabelece críticas à religião predominante em sua época - o Cristianismo – e transmite seus próprios ideais religiosos. Através da apropriação burlesca de trechos das Sagradas Escrituras, o escritor questiona, por um lado, as práticas e dogmas da Igreja e, por outro, apregoa suas próprias ideologias, as quais se assemelham aos pensamentos reformistas e evangelistas em voga neste século. Por meio deste trabalho, pretendemos analisar os intertextos (citações e alusões) das Sagradas Escrituras presentes em Gargantua, considerando suas funções (satírica, paródica ou busca de autoridade), com a finalidade de entender como se delineia o pensamento religioso na obra em questão

For this project, the author uses Bakhtin's theory of carnival to illuminate Zappa's sound and rhetoric. The author hopes that by using this theoretical lens allows audiences to understand Zappa's choices in subject matter. Those who can see his work as satire and understand the use of carnivalesque techniques in challenging authority see the genius in his work.

The following document is a meta-commentary on the article "Decanting the Rabelaisian Casks: Democratizing Neoplatonic Poetic Fury in Baudelaire's 'L’âme du vin'," co-authored by Dr. Robert J. Hudson and myself, which will soon be submitted for publication. It contains an annotated bibliography of all our primary and secondary sources and an account of the genesis of the argument and the writing of the article. Our article is based upon an analysis of "‘L’âme du vin," the threshold poem of "Le Vin," the central section of Charles Baudelaire's celebrated volume Les Fleurs du Mal. As we demonstrate, previous scholarship on this section is sparse and while certain poems within in have received attention from distinguished scholars, the integral part that it plays in the larger work has been downplayed, if not entirely neglected. Our reading of the poem allows for an explanation of the structure of the entire collection, illuminates Baudelaire's intended internal architecture, and elucidates his theory of poetic creation and aesthetic ideals more generally. As we demonstrate, the transition from the Parisian commoner in "Tableaux parisiens" to the transcendent poet in "Fleurs du mal" requires the transformation provided by the intoxication in "Le Vin" which lends itself to divine fury and attainment of transcendence in and ascension to the sonnets of the "Fleurs du mal." Our development of this conclusion comes through a study of Baudelaire's employment of Neoplatonic theories and images and adoption of Rabelais' Gallic codification of these Neoplatonic tropes. "‘L’âme du vin" illustrates the essence of Baudelaire's progressive populist thought previous to the Revolution of 1848, by rendering permanent the inversion of social order found in the Rabelaisian/Bakhtinian carnavalesque. The Neoplatonic ladder to transcendence, based on Plato's four stages of divine fury, and systemized by Renaissance thinkers Marsilio Ficino and Pontus de Tyard, is tipped, or thrown, on its side in Baudelaire's work, demonstrating not only the overthrow of the hierarchy of the Old Regime, but the solidification of the humanization of the common, working man, the premier venu or homme de la rue, and the ability of the least of society, rather than the members of the nobility or leisured class of centuries past, to access divine fury and poetic transcendence by imbibing, integrating, and appreciating the soul of wine.

How does the body manifest religious belief? What happens when that belief shatters? These questions were critical in sixteenth-century France when religious conflict rattled many individuals’ faith. A startling—and related—motif in the literature of the period features one part of the body overwhelming the world. These texts, this dissertation argues, manifest religious belief through this motif. While several scholars have examined the role of fragmentation in Renaissance culture, particularly how this fragmentation intersects with cartography and anatomy, the religious dimension of this phenomenon has not been emphasized enough. Through a method of close textual and visual analysis, this study argues that in an era when openly stating one’s personal religious beliefs could have fatal consequences, the digestive tract, heart, and other parts of the body sometimes took on the work of expressing religious belief. This process resembles synecdoche but differs in that, instead of the part representing the whole, the part swallows it. The word “swallows” is indeed appropriate: the mouth appears in several of these texts as the part that consumes, contains, or incorporates the entirety. In Chapter One, the Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius’s 1564 map of the world reveals the cartographer’s spiritual inclinations by portraying the world as a heart, or rather, a lung. In Chapter Two, the Huguenot Jean de Léry’s traumatic experiences during the Wars of Religion combine with his time spent among cannibal tribes to force a redefinition of humanness in his memoire, Histoire d’un voyage faicte en la terre de Bresil (1578). In Chapter Three, God’s sensing, digesting body in the Protestant poet Guillaume du Bartas’s hexameron, La Sepmaine (1578), functions as a declaration of Calvinist faith. In Chapter Four, Alcofrybas’s journey into Pantagruel’s mouth in Rabelais’s Pantagruel (1532) veils a distinctly Christian humanist message. In Chapter Five, the monster Quaresmeprenant in Rabelais’s Quart Livre (1552) translates a refusal, or perhaps failure, to reconcile religious differences with a refusal to reconcile the parts of Quaresmeprenant’s body.

La présente étude se consacre à examiner les attitudes de Rabelais vis-à-vis de la magie. Sous l’angle biographique il est connu que notre humaniste ne manque pas d’occasions de se familiariser avec ce courant de pensée. Ses connaissances de l’occultisme se reflètent profondément dans son oeuvre. L’ironie de Rabelais face à la magie, qui existe certes dans son texte, n’est pourtant pas totale, vu qu’il puise son inspiration sincère dans le réservoir magique. Le sujet de la magie chez Rabelais, constituant une problématique complexe, attire souvent l’attention des critiques, mais fait rarement l’objet d’études sérieuses malgré son importance. En prenant comme fil conducteur le manuel de magie à grand succès, De occulta philosophia, d’Henri-Corneille Agrippa von Nettesheim, notre thèse tente d’éclaircir ce que Rabelais doit à des humanistes versés dans la magie, tels que Marsile Ficin ou Coelius Rhodiginus. Suivant la classification d’Agrippa, notre analyse textuelle porte successivement sur la magie céleste, la magie naturelle et la magie cérémonielle, ainsi que la magie démonique. En s’inspirant de saint Augustin et de Ficin, Rabelais distingue la magie blanche de type nécessaire, studieux et scientifique de la magie noire de caractère vain, curieux et ostentatoire. Mais en même temps, la stratégie littéraire de Rabelais laisse en suspens des choix possibles et variés pour expliquer les phénomènes admirables en parsemant son texte d’indices fabuleux pour inciter le lecteur à plus haut sens.a mon avis, Rabelais subit leur influence de façon plus profonde qu'on ne le dit, et puise son inspiration dans la lecture de leurs livres. l'hermétisme étant à la fois une pensée philosophique, religieuse, chimique et syncrétique, mon sujet nous permet de réexaminer globalement des problèmes variés concernant Rabelais. tout cela contribuera à l'interprétation de l'œuvre de Rabelais. / The present study aims to examine Rabelais’s attitudes towards magic. From a biographical point of view, it is known that our humanist did not lack opportunities to familiarise himself with this current of thought. And hisknowledge of occultism is profoundly reflected in his works. Although Rabelais can be seen to treat the topic of magic with a degree of irony, he nonetheless appears to draw sincere inspiration from magical works and texts. While magic in Rabelais’s works, and its resultant complexities, have always attracted the attention of critics, its use and significance have not been sufficiently investigated in previous studies. Led by clues found in the bestsellingmanual of magic, De occulta philosophia by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, this study attempts to clarify the influence on Rabelais of humanists well-versed in the art of magic, such as Marsilio Ficinoor Coelius Rhodiginus. Employing Agrippa’s classification taxonomy, our textual analysis deals successively with celestial magic, natural magic and ceremonial magic, as well as demonic magic. Analysis reveals that Rabelais, inspired by Saint Augustine and Ficino, distinguishes white magic of necessary, studious, and scientific type from black magic of vain, curious, and ostentatious character. The literary strategy of Rabelais, however, leaves open a number of possible method of elucidating admirable phenomena, scattering the text with fabulous indices in order to invite readers to interpret them in a higher sense.

L’imaginaire de François Rabelais se présente souvent à la faveur d’éléments étranges, ambigus et équivoques qui proviennent de la virtuosité stylistique mise en œuvre. Cette liaison nette entre l’imaginaire et la technique se manifeste dans de nombreuses descriptions dont l’auteur nourrit le Tiers livre et le Quart livre. Appréhender les pratiques descriptives dans ces deux œuvres nécessite une analyse à deux niveaux distincts de la technique d’écriture : le style et les objets décrits. Pour le premier, le recours aux théories rhétorique et dialectique de l’époque permet d’illustrer le procédé d’hybridation qui renvoie aux multiples pratiques descriptives existant avant Rabelais. Pour les seconds, le rapprochement avec l’art des grotesques souligne, par ses figures capricieuses et composites, la supériorité de l’artifice sur la nature. En se reportant au réel et au fictif dans le système complexe de rapport entre le mot et le référent, cette investigation révèle la modalité de l’« ingénieuse fiction » forgée par l’artifice de Rabelais. / The imaginary world of François Rabelais appears often as strange, ambiguous, and polysemic, a result of his stylistic virtuosity. This close connection between creativity and technique shows itself in the numerous descriptions with which the author furnishes his Tiers livre and Quart livre. Full comprehension of the descriptive practices in these two works requires an analysis at both levels of his written technique : the style and the objects described. For the former, a consideration of the rhetorical and dialectical theories of Rabelais' contemporaries illustrates a process of hybridization, which refers to the multiple descriptive practices available to Rabelais. For the latter, a connection drawn to the grotesque in art emphasizes, by its capricious and composite figures, the superiority of artifice over nature. By placing the real and the imaginary within the complex system of relationships between the word and the referent, this investigation finds a modality of " ingenious fiction " forged by the artifice of Rabelais.

L’œuvre de Rabelais est celle d’un humaniste qui n’a cessé de transformer la matière de ses lectures pour en nourrir sa prose. Dans le vaste champ de l’intertexte de sa Chronique, les auteurs grecs tiennent une place importante. Après avoir cerné ce qui pourrait être une méthode de l’altération des sources à l’œuvre chez un Rabelais envisagé comme grand Altérateur, ce travail s’attache à évaluer la dette de ses livres vis-à-vis de la tradition textuelle grecque, et notamment par rapport aux deux auteurs qui ont fait l’objet de la plus constante réécriture, Lucien de Samosate et Plutarque de Chéronée. Ces deux écrivains de l’Empire, auteurs de nombreux opuscules profus et variés, permirent au Chinonais d’approfondir sa connaissance de l’hellénisme, à la fois par le sourire allusif et la polymathie sérieuse. On montrera que la parodie rabelaisienne témoigne à chaque ligne d’une excellente connaissance de ces modèles, dont l’imitatio, si elle se fit toujours avec une saine irrévérence, engageait avant tout des compétences (parfois trop sous-estimées) d’helléniste et de philologue hors pair. Rabelais apparut dès son entrée en littérature un « Lucian françois » — surnom dont il hériterait bientôt — ; quant au rôle de Plutarque il ne fut vraiment décisif qu’à partir du Tiers livre de 1546. On s’attachera à comprendre cette passion des livres de la maturité de Rabelais pour le polygraphe de Chéronée, grâce à l’étude du dernier exemplaire grec des Moralia que posséda Rabelais et qu’il annota (BnF GR Rés. g. R. 33), soit un document inestimable et inexplicablement négligé par la critique rabelaisienne. / Rabelais has always written his books transforming the matter of his readings. Greek authors have an important place in the wide field of the rabelaisian intertext. In its first part, this work aims at studying a writing method based on intertextual alteration, a word that appears as a Leitmotiv in Rabelais’s books. Then, the influence of his two favourite greek authors is analysed. In a second part, we try to consider the rabelaisian debt to the eclectic works of Lucian of Samosata, who was a model for Rabelais’s use of allusion and parody. The father of Pantagruel has discovered the lucianesque fictions early in his life of hellenist and deserved still after his death the nickname of « French Lucian ». In a third part, we show that the reading of Plutarch’s Moralia plays an important role in the genesis of the Tiers and Quart livre. Rabelais’s annotations in the in-folio BnF GR Rés. g. R. 33 allow us to understand how the French comic has read the Moralia, enjoying their polymathy and their use of the myth.

La tesi affronta il problema della teatralità presente nel romanzo di François Rabelais (1483-1553). La scrittura dell’umanista contamina i generi letterari attivi tra tardo Medioevo e Rinascimento, recupera le forme dei generi classici greco-latini e sfrutta la forza vivente delle pièces teatrali francesi. La mescolanza di tutti questi materiali produce una poetica coerente, volta al potenziamento della visione del mondo, che trova nella teatralità la sua evidenza più forte. Ribaltando la prospettiva degli studi critici precedenti, il lavoro analizza l’opera secondo un "découpage" delle categorie teatrali principali: il tempo, lo spazio, il pubblico, il testo e l’attore. Il risultato finale è l’emersione di una teatralità strutturale, diffusa nell’intero romanzo tramite diversi meccanismi: l’ambiguità tra diegesi/mimesi e tra lettura/ascolto, il dialogo tra narratore e lettori, la compresenza di pubblico e personaggi recitanti, le indicazioni di una spazialità performativa, l’importanza della gestualità e della vocalità, la musicalità teatrale della lingua, il lessico specialistico della messinscena, i temi del travestimento, del "théâtre du monde" e del "théâtre anatomique". / The dissertation focuses on the connection between François Rabelais’s Gargantua et Pantagruel and the theatre. Rabelais’s writing possesses generic characteristics, typical of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance periods; it also presents generic forms derived from Greek and Latin literature, and is endowed with the vitality of French medieval theatre. The mingling of these materials results in a coherent poetics expressed through pervasive theatrical elements, and aimed at amplifying the reader’s worldview. Previous scholarly perspectives are here “overturned”, for analysis is built on fundamentally theatrical categories: time, space, audience, text and actor. Theatricality proves to inform the very structure of Rabelais’s work and manifests itself in the alternation of diegesis and mimesis; in the ongoing dialogue between narrator and readers/listeners; in the co-presence of audience and characters/players; in the indications of performative spaces; in the emphasis on gesture and voice; in the theatrical musicality of language; in the specialist vocabulary of the mise-en-scène and the themes of disguise, théâtre du monde and théâtre anatomique.

v anglickém jazyce: This thesis mainly analyzes the five-part novel Gargantua and Pantagruel written by the French author Francois Rabelais. Emphasis is based particularly on an inclusion of Rabelais's work in historical and literary context of the period of transformation between medieval and Renaissance society. More specifically, it deals with the author's humanist opinion and his critique of contemporary society, which is the main line of the work itself. The aim of our thesis is especially an attempt to outline the various possible meanings of the terms « road or path » and « stranger » in Rabelais's work and explain the role of these thematic concepts in the author's concept of criticism of society.