Orientador: Analúcia Bueno dos Reis Giometti / Banca: Adriana Giaqueto / Banca: Rita de Cassia Lopes de Oliveira Mendes / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta a Educação Ambiental como um instrumento na formação da cidadania, abrangendo mais que a transmissão de conhecimento sobre Meio Ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é expor a percepção dos jovens em relação a meio ambiente através de projeto de Educação Ambiental implantado no Programa Projovem Adolescente (Programa Nacional de Inclusão de Jovens) da cidade de Franca (SP), pesquisando a viabilidade da inserção da temática ambiental em um programa socioeducativo com vista a despertar o interesse dos usuários em reconhecer os problemas socioambientais contemporâneos. O tema é incluído no cotidiano de dezoitos participantes do programa como estratégia no fortalecimento da mobilização e participação social dos jovens. Justifica-se pela grande incidência e agravamento das questões ambientais ocorridos nas últimas décadas no Brasil e no mundo. A participação e preparação dos jovens, cuja experiência do exercício da cidadania possibilita diagnosticar, planejar e executar ações que poderão contribuir para o seu benefício e da comunidade em que estão inseridos. O método utilizado é a pesquisa-ação que é concebida como uma prática na qual a pesquisa e a ação aparecem como momentos de um único processo de aprendizagem coletiva / Abstract: This paper presents environmental education as a tool in the development of citizenship, encompassing more than the transmission of knowledge about the environment. The objective of this work is to expose the perception of young people regarding the environment through environmental education project implemented in Projovem Adolescent Program (National Program for Youth Inclusion) in the city of Franca (SP), researching the feasibility of inclusion of environmental issues in a socio-educational program to arouse the interest of users to recognize the contemporary environmental problems. The theme is included in the daily lives of eighteen participants in the program as a strategy to strengthen the mobilization and social participation. Is justified by the high incidence and aggravation of environmental issues in the past decades in Brazil and worldwide. Participation and preparation of young people whose experience of citizenship enables diagnose, plan and execute actions that can contribute to your benefit and the community in which they live. The method used is action research which is conceived as a practice in which research and action appear as moments of a single process of collective learning / Mestre

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the entwined roles of schooling, family support and investment, and community contact in Heritage Language Learning (HLL), Heritage Language Maintenance (HLM) and identity formation among two groups of North American Latvians. One is made up of 49 teenagers at Gaŗezers language camp in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The other comprises 25 parents, other adult Latvian speakers and camp staff members. I explore differences and similarities among them by age, gender and self-stated national identity and language proficiency. Primary data consist of some 70 questionnaires completed by youths and adults and six 30- to 90-minute interviews conducted and transcribed by me. Six more were conducted via e-mail. Based on aggregate analysis of multiple-choice and short-answer questions, supplemented by participants’ individual responses to longer-form survey questions and to my questions during interviews, findings demonstrate a connection between self-stated national identity (Latvian, Latvian-American or Latvian-Canadian, or American or Latvian) and self-assessment of Latvian language proficiency among the youths. Among the adults, men were more likely to identify simply as Latvian than were women, and adults of both genders who identified as Latvian averaged slightly lower in self-assessment of proficiency, even though most of them grew up speaking Latvian at home. Additionally, my research shows a community proud of its HLM accomplishments alongside those of displaced peoples from other nations—a community now at home in North America, although 60 years ago members were determined to return to Latvia. Keywords: L2, Latvian heritage language revitalization, third space, lingua franca, language immersion, heritage language maintenance.

This report first reviews issues emerging from English usage as a lingua franca, including distinctions among errors and variations in L2 English, attitudes toward L2-accented English, and communication strategies among non-native English speakers. Informed by the English learning as a second language literature, this report provides some suggestions for English teachers in Taiwan to help their students improve interactions with English speakers around the world. These suggestions involve promoting students’ respect for errors and accents in different varieties of English, which is expected to help students improve their own learning habits in order to lower their concerns about their “Taiwanese English.” The suggestions also encourage teachers to integrate issues regarding communication among non-native English speakers into English classes since these issues are often not the focus of traditional English classes in Taiwan. / text

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A lack of English proficiency and failure to use standard phraseology played a role in two of the world’s largest aviation disasters in South Germany and Tenerife, respectively. As a result, the crucial role of effective pilot-ATC (air traffic controller) communication came under scrutiny and measures were put in place to ensure that aviation safety is not jeopardised by language-related problems. For example, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) implemented English language proficiency standards and testing. The study reported in this thesis investigated the use of Aviation English and standard phraseology, which is used in radiotelephony communication by the operational aviation community. Aviation English consists of a range of operationally-relevant language functions and dialogue management, e.g. orders, requests, and offers to act; a blend of formulaic standard phraseology and plain or everyday speech if and when a non-routine situation occurs. Data on pilots’ and ATCs’ perceptions of the role of language in air traffic communication, their perspectives on English as lingua franca in aviation, and English language proficiency standards and testing were collected by means of a questionnaire. The respondents included full-time professional pilots (domestic and international flights), part-time professional pilots and pilots who fly for leisure, and ATCs in Air Traffic Navigation Service units that handle domestic and/or international flights. Recordings of on-site air traffic communication from two airport towers were obtained and were used to study the use of Aviation English and standard phraseology in pilot-ATC communication in South Africa. The results indicated that the majority of pilots and ATCs believe that language-related problems can cause fatal accidents and serious incidents. Pilots and ATCs in South Africa do experience threatening and potentially hazardous situations as a result of communication problems, however, they are confident that communication problems are resolved quickly and successfully in order to avoid accidents. The analysis of the voice recordings correlated with the pilots’ and ATCs’ perceptions that in spite of communication problems (languagerelated and non-language-related) occurring in South African airspace, pilots and ATCs have strategies in place to resolve them effectively and they are also able to use plain English to negotiate understanding and meaning. The majority of the respondents indicated that they agree that English should be used as the lingua franca in aviation around the world and they regard the English language proficiency of South African pilots and ATCs as satisfactory. The majority support ICAO’s English language proficiency standards and testing. The recordings presented a small percentage of transmissions with read-back/hear-back errors, but a substantial number of instances of radio distortions and background noise which interfered with the intelligibility of the transmissions, correlated with the results of the questionnaire. A small percentage of transmissions contained deviations from Aviation English and standard phraseology and/or the use of plain English. The researcher is of the opinion that this initial investigation into Aviation English serves to indicate some avenues for fruitful linguistic investigations into Aviation English and pilot-ATC communication in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontoereikende taalvaardigheid in Engels en nalating om standaard frases te gebruik, het bygedra tot twee van die ernstigste vliegongelukke in lugvaartgeskiedenis, naamlik in Suid-Duitsland en Tenerife, onderskeidelik. As gevolg van die ongelukke, het die kritieke rol van effektiewe kommunikasie tussen vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers onder die loep gekom, en maatreëls is ingestel om te verseker dat lugvaartveiligheid nie deur taalverwante probleme benadeel word nie. Die Internasionale Burgerlugvaartorganisasie (IBLO) het byvoorbeeld, onder andere, taalvaardigheidsstandaarde en -toetsing vir vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers ingestel. Die studie in hierdie tesis ondersoek die gebruik van Lugvaart-Engels (“Aviation English”) en standaard frases wat in radiokommunikasie deur die operasionele lugvaartgemeenskap gebruik word. Lugvaart-Engels bestaan uit ’n reeks operasioneel-toepaslike taalfunksies en gespreksbestuurmiddels, bv. instruksies, versoeke en ander handelinge; ’n mengsel van formele standaard frases en alledaagse Engels vir gevalle waar buitengewone of nie-roetine situasies hulle voordoen. ’n Vraelys is gebruik om inligting oor vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers se sienings van die rol van taal in lugverkeerleiding in te samel, asook sienings oor die gebruik van Engels as lingua franca in lugverkeer en die IBLO se taalvaardigheidsstandaarde en toetsing vir vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers. Die deelnemers sluit vlieëniers (voltyds en deeltyds, asook private en beroepsvlieëniers) in en lugverkeerleiers in lugverkeernavigasie-eenhede wat binnelandse en internasionale verkeer hanteer. Lewendige opnames wat van twee lughawetorings bekom is, is gebruik om taalverwante en ander kommunikasieprobleme tussen vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers te ondersoek. Die resultate dui daarop dat die meerderheid vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers van mening is dat taalverwante probleme tot noodlottige ongelukke en ernstige insidente kan lei. Daar is verder deur die deelnemers bevestig dat hulle dikwels in gevaarlike situasies beland waar kommunikasieprobleme tot die gevaar bygedra het, maar hulle is van mening dat kommunikasieprobleme in die Suid-Afrikaanse lugruim tydig en effektief opgelos word om ongelukke te vermy. Die opnames het met die bevindings van die vraelys ooreengestem en het aangedui dat, ten spyte van kommunikasieprobleme (taalverwant en nie-taalverwant) in die Suid-Afrikaanse lugruim, vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers oor die vermoë beskik om sodanige probleme vinnig en suksesvol op te los. Dit het ook aan die lig gekom dat vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers in Suid- Afrika daartoe in staat is om in alledaagse Engels te kommunikeer om enige onduidelikheid of buitengewone versoeke en instruksies te hanteer. Die meeste van die deelnemers meen dat vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers in Suid-Afrika se taalvaardigheid in Engels bevredigend is en taalvaardigheidstandaarde en -toetsing word sterk ondersteun. Die lewendige opnames het ’n klein persentasie terugleesfoute bevat, maar ’n groot aantal gevalle van radiosteurings en agtergrondgeraas het met die hoorbaarheid en verstaanbaarheid van die kommunikasie ingemeng, wat met die resultate van die vraelys ooreengestem het. ’n Klein persentasie van die uitsendings het afwykings van Lugvaart-Engels en standaard frases en/of die gebruik van alledaagse Engels bevat. Die navorser is van mening dat hierdie studie die weg baan vir potensiële navorsing binne linguistiek ten opsigte van Lugvaart-Engels en die kommunikasie tussen vlieëniers en lugverkeerleiers in Suid-Afrika.

Orientador: José Walter Canôas / Banca: Vera Lúcia Navarro / Banca: Hercídia Mara Facuri Coelho / Banca: Pedro Geraldo Tosi / Banca: Mário José Filho / Resumo: A conjuntura econômica que se instalou no Brasil durante a década de 90, sobretudo a partir de 1994, imprimiu em razão da dosagem das medidas adotadas pelo governo na área da política econômica, uma nova dinâmica competitiva, marcada sobremaneira pelo intenso processo de reestruturação produtiva combinado com os efeitos produzidos pela política de estabilização dos preços, que somados ao aumento da concorrência interna e externa, e da recuperação do sistema de preços para o conjunto da economia, entre outros fatores, produziram significativos efeitos sobre a atividade produtiva e sobre o nível de emprego. As empresas, foram obrigadas para o enfrentamento deste novo cenário, a adotarem posturas mais radicais no que se relaciona aos custos da produção, sobretudo no sentido de reduzirem custos e despesas para assegurarem seus respectivos lucros. Todavia, em razão das elevadas taxas de juros e, do aumento abusivo da carga tributária sobre o produto da economia, praticados pela área econômica do governo, forçaram as empresas a cortar custos da produção para garantirem suas remunerações, de tal sorte, que o impacto destes expedientes produziu aumento do desemprego, ampliação da informalidade e compressão dos rendimentos do trabalhador, proporcionando significativo aumento do excedente econômico (lucro) em detrimento da remuneração do trabalho. Assim, procuramos examinar como se procedeu à distribuição do produto da indústria de calçados do município de Franca, entre lucros e salários, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1994 e 2002. / Abstract: The economical conjuncture that settled above all in Brazil during the decade of 90, starting from 1994, it printed in reason of the dosage of the measures adopted by the government in the area of the economical politics, the new competitive dynamics, marked excessively by the intense process of restructuring productive agreement with the effect produced by the politics of stabilization of the prices, that added to the acirramento of the competition interns and external, and of the recovery of the system of prices goes the group of the economy, among other factors, they produced significant effect on the productive activity and on the job level, the companies, they were forced for the to face of this new scenery, they adopt more radical postures with regard to the costs of the production, above all in the sense of they reduce costs and expenses for us to assure their respective profits. Though, in reason of the high interest rates and, of the abusive increase of the tax burden on the product of the economy, practiced by the government's economical area, they forced the companies to cut costs of the production for us to guarantee their remunerations, of such a luck, that the impact of these files produced increase of the unemployment, enlargement of the informality and compression of the worker's incomes, providing significant increase of the economical surplus (1 profit) to the detriment of the remuneration of the work. Like this, we tried to examine as it was proceeded to the distribution of the product of the industry of shoes of the municipal district of Franca, between profits and wages, in the period understood among the years of 1994 and 2002. / Doutor

Orientador: Antônio Carlos Carrera de Souza / Banca: Thiago Donda Rodrigues / Banca: Tássia Ferreira Tartáro / Resumo: Este trabalho de pesquisa qualitativa tem por principal objetivo cartografar as linhas de fuga, os afetos, os agenciamentos e o aprender Matemática no Ensino Médio em uma escola da rede estadual da cidade de Franca. Entendidos estes, com os componentes das práticas existentes no cotidiano do território escolar cartografado. Assim, utilizaremos como referenciais as obras de Foucault e Deleuze, estruturadoras da Filosofia da Diferença. Nos procedimentos de pesquisa e, em particular, nas questões cartográficas nos movimentos da pesquisa ou nas questões de narratividade e produção de dados, enfim, nas questões éticas da pesquisa estaremos em concordância com Kastrup (2009). Os movimentos centrais deste exercício de pesquisa mostram o cotidiano de aulas de Matemática em uma escola de ensino médio em Franca, São Paulo. Entendemos que para a cartografia o mais importante é acompanhar os processos e não a representação de objetos, assim o que nos interessa não é o começo, nem o produto final e sim o que ocorre no meio desse processo, o caminhar diário que compõe o ruído, o som, a melodia existente no aprender Matemática na primeira série de uma escola de ensino médio. A partir dos movimentos e do olhar cartográfico buscaremos discutir o conceito de aprender, bem como a escola como mecanismo punitivo e de sequestro / Abstract: This qualitative research work has as its main goal, mapping either the escape routes or the affections or the assemblages or the learning of mathematics in the high school of a state public school in the city of Franca. These components are understood with the tactics existing in the everyday of the mapped schools. So, we will use as reference, the works of Foucault and Deleuze, structuring the philosophy of difference. In the research procedures and, particularly, in the cartographic questions or in the movements of the research or in the questions of narrativity or data production or, finally, in the ethical questions of the research, we will be in agreement with Kastrup (2009). The central movements of this research exercise show the daily life of mathematics classes in a high school in Franca, São Paulo. We understand that, for cartography, the most important thing is to follow the processes and not the representation of objects and thus, what interests us is not the beginning, nor the final product, but the middle of it, or the daily walk that composes the noise, the sound, the existing melody in learning mathematics in a night-time period first year high school. Stem from the movements and the cartographic look we will try to discuss the concept of learning, and the school as a punitive and sequestration mechanism / Mestre

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