In his paper “ELF and the alternatives” Ian MacKenzie considers a number of options that are presently under discussion as possible alternatives to the use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). Their scope includes translation (a short section of two paragraphs only), code switching, receptive multilingualism, and Esperanto. It is the presentation of the latter approach that I want to address in this comment. As MacKenzie ’s bibliography contains two articles of mine and as these seem to be important sources on which the author bases his argumentation, I suppose that I should react to his paper.

Le ngambai est parlé principalement dans la préfecture du Logone occidental où, phénomène rare au Tchad, à part l’ethnie Ngambai il n’existe pas d’autres ethnies autochtones. Le ngambai tend à être utilisé de plus en plus comme langue véhiculaire par des locuteurs d’autres ethnies.

In his paper “ELF and the alternatives,” Ian MacKenzie considers a number of options that are presently under discussion as possible alternatives to the use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). Their scope includes translation (a short section of two paragraphs only), code switching, receptive multilingualism, and Esperanto. It is the presentation of the latter approach that I want to address in this comment. As MacKenzie’s bibliography contains two articles of mine and as these seem to be important sources on which the author bases his argumentation, I suppose that I should react to his paper.

This essay examines the grammar variation of English as a common tongue of two characters from the TV series, Game of Thrones. Scenes from season 1-7 of the series where the characters Irri and Grey Worm spoke the common tongue, English, were transcribed and examined using the concepts of interlanguage (IL) and English as a lingua franca (ELF) as analytic frameworks. The two research questions for this essay are ‘What is grammatical variation of English as a common tongue spoken by two characters, Irri and Grey Worm in the TV series, Game of Thrones?’ and ‘What dramatic effects are perceived with the characters' grammatical variation in the series?’. The results showed that while both characters have features explained by both the IL and ELF frameworks, IL was a more appropriate concept for understanding the data overall. Nevertheless, Irri proved to use more ELF features than Grey Worm in the collected data in which there were more variations by Grey Worm than by Irri. In addition, three dramatic effects of the characters’ grammar variation emerged, namely emotional effect, cultural effect, and development effect. Based on the results, this essay concluded that the characters of Irri and Grey Worm had grammar variations that featured in both IL and ELF, with the majority of them being IL.

[pt] Desde 2015, a França tem empreendido um processo de normalização de práticas anunciadas quando do estado de emergência, por meio da promulgação do Pacote de Lei sobre a Vigilância e a Lei Antiterrorista de 2017. Tais instrumentos propunham o fortalecimento da segurança interna e o combate ao terrorismo sob uma lógica de antecipação do risco, com técnicas de vigilância e controle informadas por dados e metadados. Este trabalho investiga os efeitos do crescente uso de tecnologias computacionais em práticas voltadas à prevenção de possíveis futuros perigosos, buscando explorar, mais precisamente, como afetam processos de responsabilização. O artigo se divide em três movimentos analíticos principais. Primeiro, analisarei a consubstanciação de uma arquitetura institucional e normativa que consolida o monopólio da supervisão em benefício dos serviços de inteligência; e como a prática de construção de perfis suspeitos através dos algoritmos veio a ser afirmada como uma necessidade para lidar com as contingências e incertezas na França face à ameaça do terrorismo e da radicalização. Em seguida, discutirei as condições de possibilidade do uso de algoritmos na produção de conhecimento de inteligência, em particular na produção de evidências que informam as medidas individuais de controle e vigilância. A proposta é analisar as conexões entre, de um lado, práticas de mensuração do perigo em um discurso técnico ancorado no imperativo da eficiência das práticas de vigilância; de outro, os efeitos de controle sobre os indivíduos com a flexibilização de salvaguardas processuais e garantias de direitos. O terceiro movimento terá seu ponto de gravidade nas camadas de práticas humanas e não humanas presentes nas medidas de controle e vigilância para entender seus efeitos sobre processos de responsabilização. Para tal, analisarei a relação entre a produção de conhecimento e a promulgação do não-conhecimento, através do sigilo e incerteza, nos processos de contestação das medidas individuais de controle e vigilância na França. O objetivo geral aqui é analisar como dispositivos de controle administrativo, como a aplicação das medidas administrativas de controle e vigilância (MICA semelhante a prisão domiciliar), no contexto do combate ao terrorismo na França, exemplifica um sistema de validação de autoridade e dispersão dos processos de responsabilização. O trabalho argumenta que tais processos implicam uma ativa desresponsabilização dos profissionais de segurança através da dispersão de responsabilidade entre humanos e não humanos e também favorecem a promulgação do não-conhecimento, em especial através do sigilo. / [en] Since 2015, France has undertaken a process of normalizing practices announced during the state of emergency, through the promulgation of the Surveillance and Anti-Terrorism Law Package of 2017. Such instruments proposed the strengthening of internal security and the fight against terrorism under a logic of risk anticipation, with surveillance and control techniques informed by data and metadata. This work investigates the effects of the increasing use of computer technologies in practices aimed at preventing possible dangerous futures, seeking to explore, more precisely, how they affect responsabilization processes. The article is divided into three main analytical movements. First, I will analyze the consolidation of an institutional and normative architecture that consolidates the monopoly of supervision for the benefit of intelligence services. In addition, how the practice of building suspicious profiles through the algorithms came to be affirmed as a necessity to deal with the contingencies and uncertainties in France in the face of the threat of terrorism and radicalization. Then, I will discuss the conditions for the possibility of using algorithms in the production of intelligence knowledge, in particular, in the production of evidence that inform individual control and surveillance measures. The proposal is to analyze the connections between, on the one hand, hazard measurement practices in a technical discourse anchored on the imperative of efficiency in surveillance practices; on the other hand, the effects of control over individuals with the easing of procedural safeguards and guarantees of rights. The third movement will have its point of gravity in the layers of human and non-human practices present in control and surveillance measures to understand its effects on accountability processes. To this end, I will analyze the relationship between the production of knowledge and the enactment of non-knowledge, through secrecy and uncertainty, in the processes of contesting individual control and surveillance measures in France. The general objective here is to analyze how administrative control devices, such as the application of administrative control and surveillance measures (MICA similar to house arrest), in the context of combating terrorism in France, exemplify a system of validation of authority and dispersion responsabilization processes. The paper argues that such processes imply an active desresponsabilization of security professionals through the dispersion of responsibility between humans and nonhumans and favor the promulgation of non-knowledge, especially through secrecy.

This paper focuses on English as a lingua franca, an area of research that has gone through several phases of reconceptualization over recent years. What has not changed despite the reframing is the insistence that ELF, with its focus on intelligibility rather than formal accuracy, is not to be judged on the basis of standard English norms. In response to these claims, researchers have argued from linguo-political and philosophical perspectives that re-labelling English ‘ELF’ does not remove native-speaker privileges and linguistic injustice. This paper addresses the topic by presenting some results of an investigation into students’ language choices and practises during study abroad. Drawing on data gained by means of a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews, it will show that, despite their use of English in lingua franca situations, a considerable number of students adhere to standard English as an appropriate model and measure their own proficiency in English and progress in language learning against nativespeaker norms.

abstract: This study investigates how the teaching English as an international language (TEIL) framework can be integrated into the English curriculum of the Korea Military Academy (KMA). Addressing the research gap on TEIL and military settings, this study first critically reviews issues around the varieties of English (i.e., world Englishes), the international functions of English, and the pedagogical implications of TEIL in today’s globalizing world. The study then examines current challenges and objectives of ELT and suggests practical strategies for incorporating TEIL into the English curriculum of the KMA. The study suggests the following four strategies to apply TEIL into the English curriculum of the KMA: (a) introduce WE/EIL activities into the English Conversation course; (b) establish a WE/EIL course; (c) provide extracurricular WE/EIL activities; and (d) incorporate intercultural content into the Military English course. The study argues that implementing these suggestions would help cadets develop both their linguistic proficiency in English and intercultural communicative competence that are essential for them to become professional military communicators who can effectively communicate with interlocutors from diverse linguistic, cultural, and national backgrounds in international military contexts. While the study contributes to the literature by bridging the gap between TEIL and military contexts, it demonstrates the following implications: (a) a meaningful case of applying TEIL into the military context in Korea; (b) the importance of both linguistic proficiency in English and intercultural competence for ELT in the KMA; and (c) the possibility of influencing the Korea Air Force and Naval Academy to reexamine their English curricula. The study concludes that the English curriculum of the KMA should be revised based on the recognition of the symbiotic relationship among linguistic proficiency in English, exposure to diverse varieties of English, and intercultural competence in order to produce cadets who can effectively communicate in English as a military lingua franca for the success of their designated military objectives in the future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis English 2019

Abstract This study explores the phenomenon of brand co-creation from a communicative perspective. The study investigates how Finnish SMEs operating in international B2B markets use English as a business lingua franca (BELF) for brand communication. The purpose of the study is to contribute to brand co-creation theory by illustrating how using BELF affects spoken brand co-creation discourse and increase our understanding of brand co-creation communication by applying a discursive approach. The theoretical framework of the study is based on branding literature, BELF research, discourse theory and social constructionism. The study introduces an analytical framework for exploring BELF in spoken brand co-creation communication through the discourse dimensions of verbal language use, the communication of brand meanings and face-to-face social interaction among stakeholders. The empirical data was collected by implementing a business communication simulation designed for the study. It was used to analyse how internal stakeholders use verbal BELF to communicate brand meanings in face-to-face social interaction. A discursive approach was also applied in the analysis. In the study, three spoken brand co-creation discourses were identified: informative, credible and emotional discourse. This study shows that brand co-creation is a phenomenon intertwined with language. When the language of business communication is BELF, it can both enable and impede brand co-creation communication. Efficient and informative communication is often regarded as essential in business communication but from brand communication perspective informative communication may not be sufficient to create an interesting and a memorable brand. The study also shows that spoken brand co-creation communication with BELF requires versatile language and communication competence; especially emotional brand discourse may require more versatile BELF competence than previously has been acknowledged. From a managerial viewpoint, it is important to understand that internal stakeholders are continuously communicating about the brand to external stakeholders with spoken language. Thus, the brand is visible in the daily operations through language, although not necessarily as intended by the management. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan brändin yhteisluomista yritysviestinnän näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, miten suomalaiset yritystenvälisillä markkinoilla (B2B) toimivat pk-yritykset käyttävät liike-englantia lingua francana (BELF) suullisessa yhteisluomisviestinnässään. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on lisätä ymmärrystä kielen ja viestinnän roolista brändin yhteisluomisessa ja kuvata, miten BELF vaikuttaa puhuttuun brändin yhteisluomisviestintään diskursiivisesta näkökulmasta. Tutkimus nojaa brändikirjallisuuden lisäksi BELF-tutkimukseen, diskurssiteoriaan ja sosiaaliseen konstruktionismiin. Tutkimus esittää brändin suullisen yhteisluomisviestinnän kolmiulotteisena ilmiönä, jota voidaan tarkastella sanallisen kielenkäytön, brändimerkitysten viestimisen ja kasvokkain tapahtuvan, sidosryhmien välisen vuorovaikutuksen avulla. Työn empiirinen aineisto kerättiin tutkimusta varten kehitetyn liikeviestintäsimulaation avulla, ja sen avulla analysoitiin, miten yrityksen sisäiset sidosryhmät käyttävät BELFiä viestimään brändimerkityksiä yrityksistään ja niiden tuotteista sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa. Tutkimuksessa hahmoteltiin kolme suullista brändin yhteisluomisdiskurssia: informatiivinen diskurssi, uskottavuusdiskurssi ja tunneperäinen diskurssi. Tutkimus osoittaa, että brändin yhteisluomisviestintä on kieleen kietoutunut ilmiö. Kun liikeviestinnän kielenä on BELF, vieraskielinen viestintä voi sekä mahdollistaa että vaikeuttaa brändin yhteisluomisviestintää. Tehokas ja faktaperäinen viestintä on usein tärkeää liikeviestinnässä, mutta brändäyksen näkökulmasta informatiivisesti painottunut viestintä voi olla riittämätöntä, jotta se herättäisi mielenkiintoa brändiä kohtaan tai loisi muistettavan brändin. Tutkimus osoittaa myös, että osallistuminen brändin yhteisluomisviestintään käyttämällä BELFiä edellyttää monipuolista kieli- ja viestintätaitoa. Erityisesti tunteita herättävä brändäysviestintä voi vaatia laajempaa kieli- ja viestintäosaamista kuin aiemmin on ajateltu. Liikkeenjohdon kannalta on tärkeää ymmärtää, että yrityksen henkilöstö viestii brändistä jatkuvasti jokapäiväisessä vuorovaikutuksessa eri sidosryhmien kanssa. Näin ollen brändi välittyy sidosryhmille kielen kautta, mutta ei kuitenkaan välttämättä sellaisena kuin yrityksen johto on tarkoittanut.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rezende_vd_me_fran.pdf: 10856254 bytes, checksum: 7ae4a41ce86bb84b4d1892369dd74407 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cidade de Franca tem na indústria calçadista sua principal atividade econômica, sendo um dos maiores centros produtores de calçados do país. A partir da década de 1950 ocorreu a intensificação do processo de industrialização do setor, com a implantação de modernas técnicas de produção, voltadas para o aumento da produtividade. Essas transformações acarretaram um significativo crescimento populacional, destacando-se a migração de mineiros, em grande parte ex-trabalhadores rurais. O parque industrial é marcado pela heterogeneidade, englobando grandes indústrias com mais de mil trabalhadores, até pequenas oficinas de conserto. Estudos recentes buscaram analisar as experiências dos trabalhadores do setor no cotidiano de trabalho e extrafábrica. Abriram novas perspectivas de análise, dentro das quais se insere o presente trabalho. Ao longo do processo de formação e consolidação da indústria calçadista no município as mulheres ocuparam posição de destaque, compondo cerca de 40% da força de trabalho empregada nesse setor produtivo. Contudo, verificou-se que a história da classe operária do município havia sido escrita sobretudo no masculino, desconsiderando-se as experiências das trabalhadoras do calçado. Assim, tivemos como principais objetivos analisar o processo de formação das mulheres enquanto operárias, as relações de trabalho e as expressões de ação política de um conjunto de sapateiras que fizeram parte do processo de industrialização entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980. Trabalhou-se com um corpus documental composto por fontes orais, documentos sindicais e outras fontes impressas. Foi possível constatar que as trabalhadoras vivenciaram um processo de sociabilização caracterizado pela divisão sexual do trabalho e subordinação aos homens desde os anos iniciais de suas vidas, características persistentes... / The city of Franca - Brazil has in the shoemaker industry its main economic activity, being one of the biggest producing centers of footwear of the country. From the decade of 1950 the intensification of the process of industrialization of the sector occurred with the modern implantation production techniques, guided toward the increase of the productivity. These transformations had caused a significant population growth, putting in relief the migration of “mineiros”, mostly agricultural former-workers. The industrial park is marked by the heterogeneity, agglomerating great industries with more than a thousand workers, even small repair shops. Recent studies had searched to analyse the experiences of the workers of the sector in the daily of work and the extra-factory. They had opened new perspectives of analysis, inside of which it inserts the present work. Along of the process of formation and the consolidation of the shoemaker industry in the city the women had occupied distinction position, composing about 40% of the force of work used in this productive sector. However, it occurs that the history of the working class of the city had been written principally in the masculine, it ignoring the experiences of the workers-women of the footwear. Thus, we had as main objectives to analyse the process of formation of the women being workers, the relations of work and the expressions of politic actions of a set of women-shoemaker that had been party of the proceeding of industrialization between the decades of 1950 and 1980. We worked with a corpus documental composed for verbal sources, trade union documents and other sources printed. It was possible to verify that the workers had lived deeply a process of socialization characterized for the sexual division of the work and subordination to the men since the initial years of its lives, persistent characteristics in its experiences as workers...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Cette thèse est une contribution à la branche professionnelle de l'anglais de spécialité et au domaine de l'anglais comme lingua franca. Le contexte de la recherche est le milieu de l'entreprise où les employés échangent des courriels dans le cadre de la réalisation d'actions professionnelles routinières. Dans ce contexte, l'anglais est considéré comme une langue internationale et, dans la situation où les employés sont natifs d'autres langues que l'anglais, la lingua franca. La première partie traite des quatre concepts fondamentaux de cette recherche : l'anglais comme langue internationale, le registre, la phraséologie et les discours professionnels. De ces quatre concepts émerge l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'analyse du discours professionnel en général et des courriels professionnels en particulier reposent sur la modélisation de situations professionnelles récurrentes en situations professionnelles typiques d'échange. Cette modélisation permet ensuite une analyse de registre. La seconde partie présente la démarche méthodologique dont l'objectif estla constitution d'un corpus de 500 courriels professionnels à partir d'une base de données plus large que nous avons constituée lors de notre enquête de terrain dans le monde de l'entreprise. Le corpus est tout d'abord défini selon quatre situations linguistiques que nous présentons ci-dessous : 1. scripteurs natifs et destinataires natifs 2. scripteurs natifs et destinataires non natifs 3. scripteurs non natifs et destinataires natifs 4. scripteurs non natifs et destinataires non natifs Il est ensuite défini selon les quatre situations professionnelles suivantes : 1. achats et ventes de produits 2. management d'équipes distantes 3. administration des ressources humaines 4. résolution de problèmes techniques A partir de ce corpus, nous menons une étude de la variation sur trois ensembles de traits linguistico-discursifs et paralinguistiques qui nous permettent d'évaluer le degré de minimalisme dans les courriels, le degré d'imbrication du texte dans le contexte ainsi que de mesurer le caractère interpersonnel et intime de ce type d'échange. Notre étude nous mène tout d'abord à confirmer que l'analyse de registre est une approche efficace pour la caractérisation des discours ordinaires et routiniers dans les entreprises. Elle interroge ensuite la solidité des normes et du concept de communauté de discours en présentant l'anglais en circulation sur les réseaux professionnels, éphémères et mondiaux, comme une variété fluide. / This dissertation is a contribution to both the professional branch of English for Specific Purposes and English as a lingua franca. The research takes place in the corporate world where employees exchange emails during the course of their professional routines. In this context, English is considered as an international language and, in the situations where employees are natives of other languages than English, the lingua franca. In the first part, the four fundamental concepts used in this study are introduced: (1) English as an international language, (2) register, (3) phraseology, and (4) professional discourse. From this introduction emerges the hypothesis that professional discourse analysis in general and professional emails in particular are based on modelising recurrent, professional situations into typical exchange situations then allowing for register analysis. The second part deals with the methodological approach which consists in building a corpus comprising 500 messages extracted from a larger database which was collected while we did fieldwork in the corporate world. The corpus is defined by the four following linguistic situations : 1. native professionals writing to native professionals 2. native professionals writing to non-native professionals 3. non-native professionals writing to native professionals 4. non-native professionals writing to non-native professionals It is also defined by four professional situations, namely : 1. selling and purchasing 2. team management 3. human resources management 4. technical problem solving The situations are then used to conduct a corpus-based, register analysis alongthree linguistic and paralinguistic dimensions. Each dimension seeks to characterise professional emails as a form of minimal, embedded, and interpersonal discourse. More generally, this thesis explores and challenges the solidity of traditional norms and that of the concept of discourse community by presenting the English used in global, ephemeral and professional networks as a fluid variety.