The aim of this research is to investigate guidelines for formulating questions to interview applicants of identity documents, for the use of the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) officials during the interviewing of applicants of identity documents. The research further intends to share and introduce a number of important concepts, namely: Interviewing, Crime Investigation, Information, Identity Docu-ment, Immigration Officer, Department, and Case File. The research will explain the objectives of investigation and guidelines for developing proper questions for use by officials of the DHA, to test information on new applicants of identity documents. The object of the investigation is to obtain information to prove the correct techniques on how to interview appli-cants of identity documents. It further explains that criminal investigation can be defined as the process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying and presenting evidence, to deter-mine what happened and who is responsible. Interviewing is defined as the process of gathering testimonial evidence through interviewing, and it has a predetermined objective, namely discovering the truth about the matter under investigation. It is also explained that during guidelines for formulating relevant questions to use to enable the official or immigration officer to formulate test questions that are clearly understood better by DHA. The relevant questions should be formulated by DHA officials, so that the questions get to the heart of the issue. This can enable the official to avoid applicants submitting fraudulent documents which could later result in litigation. The research will assist in decreasing the high rate of corruption, and also litigation, as these represent the main problem of the research. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The occurence of procurement fraud requires from the management of the enterprise, the risk manager of the enterprise as well as the internal auditor to effectively address procurement fraud risks within the enterprise risk management concept. The purpose of the study is to set a procurement fraud risk management process in place which will serve as a comprehensive framework for the enterprise risk manager as well as the internal auditor to limit the enterprise's exposure to procurement fraud risks as far as possible. The study firstly focus on the analysis of the steps within the procurement process which is the starting point for the identification of the fraud risks. Secondly the enterprise risk management model is applied in the format of a procurement risk matrix within the procurement function. The study is an indication that procurement fraud cannot be completely prevented but that the appearance thereof can be limited by means of the extensive procurement fraud risk management model. Recommendations for future studies include the application of the enterprise risk management model in other functional areas within the enterprise. / Die voorkoms van aankoopbedrog vereis van die onderneming se bestuur, ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur om aankoopbedrogrisiko's effektief binne die konteks van die ondernemingsrisikobestuurskonsep aan te spreek. Die doel van die studie is om `n aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursproses daar te stel wat as `n omvattende raamwerk vir die ondernemingsrisikobestuurder en interne ouditeur kan dien om die onderneming se blootstelling aan aankoopbedrogrisiko's so ver as moontlik te beperk. Die studie fokus eerstens op die ontleding van die stappe in die aankoopproses wat as vertrekpunt vir die identifisering van bedrogrisiko's dien. Tweedens word die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel in die vorm van `n aankoopbedrogrisikomatriks in die aankoopfunksie toegepas. Die studie dui daarop dat alhoewel aankoopbedrog nie volkome verhoed kan word nie, die voorkoms daarvan wel beperk kan word deur die toepassing van `n omvattende aankoopbedrogrisikobestuursmodel. Aanbevelings vir verdere studies sluit die toepassing van die ondernemingsrisikobestuursmodel op ander funksionele terreine van die onderneming in. / Auditing / M. Com. (Auditing)

Historically, progress in technology development has continually created new opportunities for criminal activities which, in turn, have triggered the need for the development of new security-sensitive systems. Organisations are now adopting mobile technologies for numerous applications to capitalise on the mobile revolution. They are now able to increase their operational efficiency as well as responsiveness and competitiveness and, most importantly, can now meet new, growing customers’ demands. However, although mobile technologies and applications present many new opportunities, they also present challenges. Threats to mobile phone applications are always on the rise and, therefore, compel organisations to invest money and time, among other technical controls, in an attempt to protect them from incurring losses. The computerisation of core activities (such as mobile banking in the banking industry, for example) has effectively exposed organisations to a host of complex fraud challenges that they have to deal with in addition to their core business of providing services to their end consumers. Fraudsters are able to use mobile devices to remotely access enterprise applications and subsequently perform fraudulent transactions. When this occurs, it is important to effectively investigate and manage the cause and findings, as well as to prevent any future similar attacks. Unfortunately, clients and consumers of these organisations are often ignorant of the risks to their assets and the consequences of the compromises that might occur. Organisations are therefore obliged, at least, to put in place measures that will not only minimise fraud but also be capable of detecting and preventing further similar incidents. The goal of this research was to develop a unified fraud management and digital forensic framework to improve the security of Information Technology (IT) processes and operations in organisations that make available mobile phone applications to their clients for business purposes. The research was motivated not only by the increasing reliance of organisations on mobile applications to service their customers but also by the fact that digital forensics and fraud management are often considered to be separate entities at an organisational level. This study proposes a unified approach to fraud management and digital forensic analysis to simultaneously manage and investigate fraud that occurs through the use of mobile phone applications. The unified Fraud Management and Digital Forensic (FMDF) framework is designed to (a) determine the suspicious degree of fraudulent transactions and (b) at the same time, to feed into a process that facilitates the investigation of incidents. A survey was conducted with subject matter experts in the banking environment. Data was generated through a participatory self-administered online questionnaire. Collected data was then presented, analysed and interpreted quantitatively and qualitatively. The study found that there was a general understanding of the common fraud management methodologies and approaches throughout the banking industry and the use thereof. However, while many of the respondents indicated that fraud detection was an integral part of their processes, they take a rather reactive approach when it comes to fraud management and digital forensics. Part of the reason for the reactive approach is that many investigations are conducted in silos, with no central knowledge repository where previous cases can be retrieved for comparative purposes. Therefore, confidentiality, integrity and availability of data are critical for continued business operations. To mitigate the pending risks, the study proposed a new way of thinking that combines both components of fraud management and digital forensics for an optimised approach to managing security in mobile applications. The research concluded that the unified FMDF approach was considered to be helpful and valuable to professionals who participated in the survey. Although the case study focused on the banking industry, the study appears to be instrumental in informing other types of organisations that make available the use of mobile applications for their clients in fraud risk awareness and risk management in general. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computing)

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of specific type of Value Added Tax fraud called carousel fraud. The main object is to analyse and quantify tax fraud impact specifically oriented to VAT area, i.e. carousel fraud, and suggest the way of prevention which prevent its emergence and expansion in domestic economy. In the theoretical part the information about VAT, the Czech Law on Value Added Tax, EU directive on the common system of Value Added Tax and carousel fraud is described and furthermore, the losses to carousel fraud are mentioned. The practical part is applied to analysis of profit from carousel fraud as a whole and profits of individual participants in carousel fraud, analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union judgements and the Supreme Administrativ Court of the Czech Republic judgements and carousel fraud prevention in the EU and at home.

O presente estudo é uma investigação empírica de natureza qualitativa e tem por objetivo comparar as características das fraudes praticadas por meio de manipulação nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas Daslu, Kmart e Avestruz Master. Buscou-se verificar diferenças entre fraudes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, no que se refere às motivações e finalidades da ação fraudulenta, aos métodos de manipulação contábil utilizados e à governança corporativa adotada pelas empresas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido seguindo a metodologia do estudo de casos múltiplos, utilizando-se um protocolo, que contemplou os procedimentos e as regras gerais obedecidas na pesquisa, com a função de incrementar a confiabilidade do estudo e orientar o trabalho do pesquisador. A seleção dos casos estudados foi feita com base em pesquisas anteriores, que mencionaram fraudes praticadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, na última década. Os resultados indicam que as fraudes apresentaram diferenças na natureza e na autoria dos atos fraudulentos, com evidências da aplicação das teorias do triângulo da fraude (TTF) e dos escândalos corporativos (TEC). Considerando que as corporações brasileiras estudadas possuíam sistema de governança corporativa concentrado, similar ao de empresas europeias, as diferenças observadas nas fraudes investigadas podem ser explicadas pela teoria dos escândalos corporativos, defendida por Coffee Jr. (2005). / The present study is an empirical research of qualitative nature and aims to compare the characteristics of fraud committed by means of manipulation in the financial statements of Daslu, Kmart and Avestruz Master companies. It has been trying to check differences between fraud in Brazil and in United States with regard to the motivations and purposes of the fraudulent action, accounting handling methods used and to corporate governance adopted by companies. The work was developed, following the methodology of study of multiple cases, using a case study protocol, which included general rules and procedures observed in the survey, with the function of increasing the reliability of the study and guide the researcher work. The selection of studied cases was based on previous research that mentioned fraud practiced in Brazil and in United States in last decade. The results indicate that frauds have showed differences in fraud operation and in its author, with evidence of the application of fraud triangle (TTF) and the corporate scandals (TEC) theories. Whereas the corporations studied had corporate governance system similar to that of European companies, the observed differences in investigated frauds can be explained by the theory of corporate scandals (TEC) defended by Coffee Jr. (2005).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Chies Cignachi.pdf: 1149082 bytes, checksum: 3c270af1ed84caa14d9f54a5778dcf7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / The work seeks to defend the feasibility of an interpretation of the fraud against creditors in execution actions based on objective good faith. In the first part, it presents the historical origins of objective good faith in Private Law and defends the possibility of its adoption in Public Law. In the second part, it examines the distinction between fraud against creditors and fraud against creditors in execution actions, it demonstrates the interpretative application of objective good faith and it indicates the arising duties. In the third part, it points out certain situations and seeks solutions in interpreting the objective good faith, as well as it discuss how to defend the purchaser against the recognition of fraud / O trabalho busca defender a viabilidade de uma interpretação da fraude à execução com fundamento na boa-fé objetiva. Na primeira parte, apresenta as origens históricas da boa-fé objetiva no Direito Privado e defende a possibilidade de sua adoção no Direito Público. Na segunda parte, analisa as distinções entre a fraude contra credores e a fraude à execução, bem como demonstra a aplicação interpretativa da boa-fé objetiva e indica os deveres dela recorrentes. Na terceira parte, aponta determinadas situações e busca soluções na interpretação pela boa-fé objetiva, além de discorrer sobre forma de defesa do terceiro adquirente contra o reconhecimento da fraude

O presente estudo é uma investigação empírica de natureza qualitativa e tem por objetivo comparar as características das fraudes praticadas por meio de manipulação nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas Daslu, Kmart e Avestruz Master. Buscou-se verificar diferenças entre fraudes no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, no que se refere às motivações e finalidades da ação fraudulenta, aos métodos de manipulação contábil utilizados e à governança corporativa adotada pelas empresas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido seguindo a metodologia do estudo de casos múltiplos, utilizando-se um protocolo, que contemplou os procedimentos e as regras gerais obedecidas na pesquisa, com a função de incrementar a confiabilidade do estudo e orientar o trabalho do pesquisador. A seleção dos casos estudados foi feita com base em pesquisas anteriores, que mencionaram fraudes praticadas no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, na última década. Os resultados indicam que as fraudes apresentaram diferenças na natureza e na autoria dos atos fraudulentos, com evidências da aplicação das teorias do triângulo da fraude (TTF) e dos escândalos corporativos (TEC). Considerando que as corporações brasileiras estudadas possuíam sistema de governança corporativa concentrado, similar ao de empresas europeias, as diferenças observadas nas fraudes investigadas podem ser explicadas pela teoria dos escândalos corporativos, defendida por Coffee Jr. (2005). / The present study is an empirical research of qualitative nature and aims to compare the characteristics of fraud committed by means of manipulation in the financial statements of Daslu, Kmart and Avestruz Master companies. It has been trying to check differences between fraud in Brazil and in United States with regard to the motivations and purposes of the fraudulent action, accounting handling methods used and to corporate governance adopted by companies. The work was developed, following the methodology of study of multiple cases, using a case study protocol, which included general rules and procedures observed in the survey, with the function of increasing the reliability of the study and guide the researcher work. The selection of studied cases was based on previous research that mentioned fraud practiced in Brazil and in United States in last decade. The results indicate that frauds have showed differences in fraud operation and in its author, with evidence of the application of fraud triangle (TTF) and the corporate scandals (TEC) theories. Whereas the corporations studied had corporate governance system similar to that of European companies, the observed differences in investigated frauds can be explained by the theory of corporate scandals (TEC) defended by Coffee Jr. (2005).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Costa de Freitas.pdf: 3139313 bytes, checksum: f6336b321c27f3022808590cac100e63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-24 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The present study had as objective to evaluate the efficiency of the monitoring activities of the internal controls system in combating corporate fraud, as the perception of professionals working in the areas of monitoring. The sample was selected based on the population of professionals accessed through the professional social network Linkedin (specific groups of audit) and relationship network, then the sample was of convenience. The instrument used to gather the answers was the Survey Monkey through which 156 replies were obtained. The analysis methodology was qualitative and based on observations defined from the theoretical that backed up the fundamentals of the job. Among the main considerations can be highlighted that the activities of internal audit, external audit, whistle blowing, Compliance and internal control Area have ability to perform their duties with efficiency in combating corporate fraud in the three branches of the tree of the fraud (Corruption, asset Misappropriation and Fraudulent financial statements) in turn, the Audit Committee has been evaluated as being efficient only to the monitoring of financial statements, evidencing the perception that the activity is more focused on the monitoring of the work performed by the external audit. It should be noted that the essence of the Committee is to monitor all activities performed for the areas responsible for monitoring internal controls system. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência das atividades de monitoramento do sistema de controles internos no combate a fraudes corporativas, conforme a percepção dos profissionais que atuam nas áreas de monitoramento. A amostra foi selecionada tendo como base à população dos profissionais da área acessados através da rede social profissional Linkedin (grupos específicos de auditoria) e rede de relacionamento, logo a amostra foi de conveniência. O instrumento usado para coletar as respostas foi o SurveyMonkey através do qual foram obtidas 156 respostas. A metodologia de análise foi qualitativa e quantitativa, baseada em observações definidas a partir do arcabouço teórico que respaldou os fundamentos do trabalho. Entre as principais considerações pode-se destacar que as atividades de Auditoria Interna, Auditoria Externa, Canal de Denúncias, Compliance e Área de Controles Internos possuem capacidade para executar suas funções com eficiência no combate às fraudes corporativas nas três ramificações da Árvore da Fraude (Corrupção, Apropriação Indébita de Ativos e Demonstrações Financeiras Fraudulentas) Por sua vez, o Comitê de Auditoria foi avaliado como sendo eficiente apenas para o acompanhamento das demonstrações financeiras, evidenciando a percepção de que a atividade está mais voltada para o acompanhamento dos trabalhos executados pela auditoria externa. Ressalta-se que a essência do comitê é acompanhar todas as atividades executadas pelas áreas responsáveis pelo monitoramento do sistema de controles internos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ms Caio Marcelo Suplicy Mazzola.pdf: 112263 bytes, checksum: eab1723b5da7b146bf211151ae5fa66e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-04 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The present study aimed to evaluate the applicability of internal controls and compliance activities in combating corporate fraud, as the perception of professionals working in the areas of monitoring. The research sample was selected based on the population of professionals in the areas of internal control, auditing and controllership, accessed through the professional social network Linkedin (specific groups of professionals in the field) and relationship network, then the sample was convenience. The instrument used to collect the 102 responses answers was the SurveyMonkey. The methodology was qualitative and quantitative analysis, based on observations defined from the theoretical to the foundations of the program work. Among the main considerations you can emphasize that the activities resulting from the implementation of a code of ethical conduct and the channel of complaints through internal controls and tools subsequently monitored through the areas of compliance and internal audit have conditions to minimize corporate fraud in the three main strands of the tree of the fraud (Corruption, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial statements). Highlighting the perception of respondents, despite the growing trend of incidents, is irrefutable the knowledge about the subject, communication, monitoring, being compliance, as well as periodic review of internal controls and regulatory are tools fully viable as to the applicability to combat corporate fraud in Brazil. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade das atividades de controles internos e compliance no combate a fraudes corporativas, conforme a percepção dos profissionais que atuam nas áreas de monitoramento. A amostra pesquisada foi selecionada tendo como base a população de profissionais das áreas de controle interno, auditoria e controladoria, acessados através da rede social profissional Linkedin (grupos específicos de profissionais da área) e redes de relacionamentos; logo a amostra foi de conveniência. O instrumento usado para coletar as 102 respostas foi o SurveyMonkey. A metodologia de análise foi qualitativa e quantitativa, baseada em observações definidas a partir da estrutura teórica que respaldou os fundamentos do trabalho. Entre as principais considerações pode-se destacar que as atividades resultantes da implantação de um código de conduta ética e do canal de denúncias, por meio das ferramentas de controles internos e posteriormente monitorados pelas áreas de compliance e de auditoria interna, possuem condições para minimizar as ocorrências de fraudes corporativas. Evidenciando a percepção dos pesquisados, apesar da tendência crescente dessas ocorrências, é irrefragável que o conhecimento, a comunicação, o monitoramento continuo, o estar em compliance, bem como a revisão perene dos normativos e controles internos são alicerces funcionais no combate às fraudes corporativas no Brasil.

LL.M. / Despite payment cards being of a fairly recent origin,1 these instruments of payment play an increasingly significant role in commerce. With reference to credit cards, Cornelius already in 2003 stated: “They fulfil various functions that are increasingly important at a time that ecommerce is taking off at a tremendous pace.”2 Similarly criminals continuously use more inventive and technologically advanced methods to commit fraud, including counterfeit card fraud. Is the South African criminal law, however, keeping up? The aim of this study is to investigate whether the various activities which form part of the criminal business value chain relating to counterfeit card fraud, with specific reference to bank payment cards, are sufficiently criminalised in South Africa or whether the inability of our criminal law to address the challenges posed by this crime type necessitates the introduction of further legislation. In the first part of the dissertation the South African common and statutory criminal law is investigated in some depth to establish the applicability thereof on the activities forming part of the criminal business value chain relevant to counterfeit card fraud. The appropriateness of certain statutory provisions is questioned and recommendations are made to amend current legislation. An argument is also advanced for further development of the common-law offence of theft to include identity theft and the unlawful copying and subsequent use of data. Brief reference is made to the international situation. Chapter 2 is an introduction to bank payment card fraud in South Africa focusing on the most prevalent forms thereof being card-not-present fraud and counterfeit card fraud. Reference is made to the manner in which offences related to counterfeit card fraud are currently approached in our criminal courts and the limited impact prosecutions has on the prevalence of this fraud type.