Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ramos_cco_me_bauru.pdf: 615273 bytes, checksum: e67c9e65867e8155b656731b772bb8e1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A detecção de fraudes nos sistemas de energia provocados por consumidores ilegais é o principal alvo em estudos de perdas comerciais pelas empresas de energia. Comumente usadas entre as técnicas de reconhecimento de padrões, as Redes Neurais Artificiais e as Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte têm sido aplicadas para a identificação de fraudes de maneira automática, entretanto essas técnicas sofrem com a demora na convergência e no alto peso computacional. Este trabalho introduziu o classificador Floresta de Caminhos Ótimos para um rápido reconhecimento das perdas comerciais, que tem demonstrado ser superior às demais técnicas inteligentes, como as Redes Neurais e as Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte, sendo muito mais rápido. Neste trabalho, também foram apresentadas comparações entre esses classificadores. / Fraud detection in energy systems by illegal consumers is the most actively pursued study in non-technical losses by electric power companies. Commonly used supervised pattern recognition techniques, such as Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines have been applied automatic frauds identification, however they suffer from slow convergence and high computacional burden. This work introduced the Optimum-Path Forest classifier for a fast non-technical losses recognition, which has been demonstrated to be superior than Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines, but much faster. Comparisons among these classifiers are also presented.

A presente pesquisa objetiva verificar se os procedimentos utilizados pela Auditoria Interna na detecção de fraudes em uma empresa privada operadora de planos de saúde permitiram a coleta de evidências confiáveis e suficientes para suportar as conclusões dos auditores sobre os fatos reportados nos relatórios de auditoria interna. Para realização do estudo, adotou-se como estratégia investigativa, o estudo de caso único. As técnicas utilizadas ao longo de toda a pesquisa foram as análises documentais e de conteúdo, baseadas nos objetivos propostos no estudo e na fundamentação teórica. A pesquisa concentrou-se nas análises dos relatórios de auditoria interna que reportaram ocorrências de fraudes na empresa estudada, emitidos nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2012; contudo optou-se, também, por descrever as rotinas e práticas operacionais relacionadas à atuação do departamento de auditoria que contribuíram para uma melhor compreensão dos dados e do resultado do estudo. Os principais achados demonstram que os procedimentos utilizados pela Auditoria Interna na detecção de fraudes permitiram a coleta de evidências de auditoria confiáveis e suficientes para suportar as conclusões dos auditores. O resultado da pesquisa indica, também, que não existe um padrão de utilização dos procedimentos de auditoria. De acordo com o tipo de fraude e objetivo, o auditor interno deve definir quais os procedimentos de auditoria devem ser utilizados na obtenção de evidências de auditoria confiáveis e suficientes para suportar as suas conclusões. / The present research has the purpose to verify if the procedures used by an Internal Audit in order to detect frauds in a private company that deals with health insurance allowed enough gathering of reliable evidences to support the auditors conclusions about facts described in the reports from internal audit. To achieve this goal, it has been used as an investigative strategy, the single event study. The techniques used along the whole research were documentary and contents analyses, based on the goals proposed in the study and in the theoretical reason. The research focused on the analyses of the internal audits reports which reported frauds occurrences in the company that has been studied, issued in the years 2010, 2011 and 2012, however, was also an option in describing the routines e operational practices related in the performance of the audit department which contributed for a better comprehension of data and the study result. The main results demonstrate that the procedures been used by the Internal Audit in the fraud detection allowed enough gathering of reliable evidences to support the auditors conclusions. The research result also indicates that there is no using standard in the audit procedures. According to the type of the fraud and goal, the internal audit should define which audit procedures must be used to obtain reliable evidences to support its conclusions.

O rumo que o mercado financeiro está tomando ao oferecer canais eletrônicos de atendimento a seus clientes traz consigo uma significativa preocupação com a segurança dos canais eletrônicos: o crescente ataque de quadrilhas fraudadoras. Neste sentido, os valores movimentados para aumentar a segurança dos canais e as perdas resultantes de ataques criminosos desta natureza exige a necessidade de disponibilizar serviços eletrônicos mais robustos e confiáveis. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o levantamento de requisitos para o um processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas em instituições financeiras. Para isto, o trabalho se propõe a apresentar um (i) estudo de requisitos da qualidade no processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas em uma instituição financeira e (ii) a utilização de métodos qualitativos para identificação de requisitos em um processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a apresentação de uma relação de requisitos, técnicos e funcionais, necessários para o estabelecimento e monitoramento de um processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas para instituições financeiras que ofertam canais eletrônicos a seus clientes. / The direction that the financial market is taking to provide electronic channels for customer services brings along a significant concern with the security of electronic channels: the growing number of attacks by fraudsters. In this sense, values mobilized to increase the security of such channels and with the losses resulting from criminal attacks of this nature require the need to provide stronger and more reliable electronic services. The main objective of the present study is the identification of requirements for a process of electronic fraud prevention in financial institutions. For this purpose, the work is proposed to submit a (i) study of quality requirements in case of electronic fraud prevention at a financial institution and (ii) the use of qualitative methods for identification of requirements into a process of electronic fraud prevention. The main contribution of this study is the presentation of an inventory of functional and technical requirements, necessary for the establishment and monitoring of a process of electronic fraud prevention for financial institutions, which provide electronic channels for their clients.

O rumo que o mercado financeiro está tomando ao oferecer canais eletrônicos de atendimento a seus clientes traz consigo uma significativa preocupação com a segurança dos canais eletrônicos: o crescente ataque de quadrilhas fraudadoras. Neste sentido, os valores movimentados para aumentar a segurança dos canais e as perdas resultantes de ataques criminosos desta natureza exige a necessidade de disponibilizar serviços eletrônicos mais robustos e confiáveis. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o levantamento de requisitos para o um processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas em instituições financeiras. Para isto, o trabalho se propõe a apresentar um (i) estudo de requisitos da qualidade no processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas em uma instituição financeira e (ii) a utilização de métodos qualitativos para identificação de requisitos em um processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é a apresentação de uma relação de requisitos, técnicos e funcionais, necessários para o estabelecimento e monitoramento de um processo de prevenção a fraudes eletrônicas para instituições financeiras que ofertam canais eletrônicos a seus clientes. / The direction that the financial market is taking to provide electronic channels for customer services brings along a significant concern with the security of electronic channels: the growing number of attacks by fraudsters. In this sense, values mobilized to increase the security of such channels and with the losses resulting from criminal attacks of this nature require the need to provide stronger and more reliable electronic services. The main objective of the present study is the identification of requirements for a process of electronic fraud prevention in financial institutions. For this purpose, the work is proposed to submit a (i) study of quality requirements in case of electronic fraud prevention at a financial institution and (ii) the use of qualitative methods for identification of requirements into a process of electronic fraud prevention. The main contribution of this study is the presentation of an inventory of functional and technical requirements, necessary for the establishment and monitoring of a process of electronic fraud prevention for financial institutions, which provide electronic channels for their clients.

Na indústria da água, as fraudes cometidas pelos clientes para acessar a água sem pagar afetam a receita da empresa, contribuem para aumentar as perdas físicas e interferem na ordem econômica, causando danos à sociedade. Os custos de transação ex post envolvem inspeção in loco se houver suspeita de fraude e execução legal no caso de uma fraude ser confirmada. No entanto, os indivíduos podem reagir de forma diversa frente aos custos e benefícios relacionados ao cumprimento das normas contratuais e legais. Analisamos 115.695 fraudes constatadas pela concessionária entre janeiro de 2010 e junho de 2016 na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que a fiscalização não apresentou influência importante sobre a quantidade de fraudes. Na categoria de uso residencial as áreas mais pobres e com baixo nível de instrução formal apresentaram as maiores quantidades de fraudes. Conclui-se que o fraudador típico nesta categoria está na fronteira do crime e assim sendo precisaria de um \"incentivo\" para escolher não cometer fraude. Nesse caso propomos dois caminhos inter-relacionados: impor um caráter mais educativo do que punitivo às inspeções e instituir um tipo de troca multilateral (Coase, 1960). Por outro lado, nas áreas com nível sócio econômico alto e muito alto apresentaram maior quantidade de fraudes na categoria de uso comercial relativamente às quantidades de fraudes constatadas na categoria de uso residencial. Esse resultado encontra respaldo em Becker (1968; 1974), cujo argumento incorpora o comportamento racional ilegal, e traz à cena o argumento de Hirschmann (1977), de que cabe à sociedade e às firmas tornar as estruturas políticas repressivas efetivas em adesão ao interesse civilizado. Devido às diferenças de governança dentro da empresa e no ambiente legal e social, a validade dos resultados é limitada à RMSP. / In water industry, frauds committed by customers to access water without paying affect firm´s revenue, contribute to increase physical losses and interfere in the economic order causing harm to society. Ex post transaction costs involve inspection in loco if fraud is suspected and legal enforcement in case a fraud is confirmed. However, individuals may react differently to the costs and benefits of complying with contractual and legal standards. We analyzed the 115,695 frauds registered in management system of the concessionaire between january 2010 and june/2016 in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The results indicated that the inspections did not have an important influence on frauds quantity. Frauds were much more numerous in residential category of use in poorest areas with low level of formal education. It is concluded that typical fraudster in this category is at the border of crime. Therefore, he needs an \'incentive\' to choose not commit fraud. In this case we propose two interrelated paths: to impose a more educational than punitive character on the inspections and to institute a type of multilateral exchange (Coase, 1960). On the other hand, in commercial category of use frauds were much more numerous in areas with high and very high socioeconomic level. This result is supported by Becker (1968; 1974), whose argument incorporates the illegal rational behavior and brings to the scene Hirschmann´s argument (1977), that it is up to society and firms to make effective repressive political structures in adherence to civilized self-interest. Due to differences in governance within the firm and in legal and social environment, the validity of the results is limited to the MRSP.

This diploma thesis is focused on the issue of chain transactions. The main aim of the thesis is to suggest the companies participating in the model chain transactions in the case study the appropriate measures leading to the optimization of tax obligations related to VAT. The measures are divided according to three criteria: tax period harmonization, tax savings in cash flow and elimination of administrative burden. The key provisions in the recast of the Sixth Directive, the VAT Act and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union are analyzed. Based on the comparison of various solutions, the most optimal procedures are assessed and the appropriate measures are recommended.

Risken att en obehörig part kan komma över och använda en enskild konsuments identitets-handlingar är stor, samtidigt som individens möjlighet att kontrollera hur och när dess iden-titet används är liten. Problemformuleringen som skulle besvaras var hur identitetsstölder och bedrägerier på internet kunde minimeras samtidigt som konsumenten får ett ökat infly-tande över hanteringen av sin identitet. Målsättningen var att centralisera och skapa ett gemensamt förhållningssätt för identitets-hantering på internet till förmån för konsumenterna, och på så vis minimera spridning av egna lösningar för identitetshantering hos enskilda aktörer. Lösningen resulterade i en systemmodell med förutsättningar för att autentisera konsumen-ten, hantera filter för hur enskilda identitetshandlingar får användas på internet, samt för att möjliggöra kommunikation med konsumenten genom att skicka notifikationer om händelser som uppstått kopplat till en specifik identitet. Genom en användarportal skulle konsumen-ten kunna administrera sina filter för olika e-tjänster och webbutiker samt få en överblick över specifika händelser som inträffat. En prototyp togs fram för att demonstrera systemmodellens grundläggande funktionalitet i praktiken. Denna kom att innefatta funktionalitet för att autentisera konsumenten, skicka notifikationer om händelser och kontrollera existerande filter för en specifik identitet. Pro-totypen kom att bestå av ett förenklat system enligt den modell som tagits fram, med ett tillhörande API samt två modeller motsvarande en webbutik och en betalningsväxel som skulle nyttja funktionaliteten genom att anropa systemets API. Lösningen utvärderades baserat på det uppnådda resultatet från intervjuer med experter inom problemområdet och genomförd funktionskontroll av den framtagna prototypen. Ge-nom utvärderingen kunde slutsatsen dras att identitetsbaserade bedrägerier med stor sanno-likhet skulle sjunka drastiskt och att den enskilde konsumentens inflytande och medveten-het skulle stärkas. Den största bidragande faktorn till slutsatsen ansågs främst vara det kon-sistenta och standardiserade sätt som skapats för autentisering av och kommunikation med konsumenten. På så vis skulle aktörerna själva avsätta delar av den funktionalitet och de säkerhetsrisker som ansågs finnas i anslutning till hanteringen av identiteter på internet. Svårigheterna med den föreslagna lösningen ansågs vara att få konsumenter, webbutiker och betalningsväxlar att ansluta sig till ett centralt system då man av affärsmässiga skäl väljer att behålla särskilda delar internt. / There's a high risk that an unauthorized party can gain access to and use a consumer's iden-tity. This while the ability to control how and when a personal identity is used is small. The question to be answered were regarding how identity theft and online fraud could be mi-nimized and give the consumers a greater influence and more control over the management of their identity online. The goal was to centralize and establish a common approach for identity management on-line, with greater benefits for consumers. Through central service individual consumers would be able to set conditions for which online shops and services would be able to access their identities and grant access in each specific transaction. This would remove the need for non-central control of identities and as a result remove the need for independent storage of identity information. The solution would result in a system model with the potential to authenticate the consu-mer, managing conditions for how individual identity documents may be used online and to provide the consumer with a online history by sending notifications of events that has occurred with regard to a specific identity. A prototype was developed to demonstrate the basic functionality in practice. This included the functionality to authenticate the consumer with Mobile BankID, send notifications about events and check existing conditions regarding a specific identity. This prototype came to consist of a simplified system according to the model developed, an associated API, and two models representing an online store and a payment provider that would utilize the functionality of the system by calling the API. The proposed solution was evaluated through two interviews with experts in the fields of IT Security and e-commerce. The conclusion was that identity fraud would probably drop drastically and the individual consumer influence and awareness would be fortified. The main reason for this was considered to be primarily through the consistent and standardized way for authentication of and communication with the consumer. This would remove the individual risk for online services. The challenge with this proposed solution is believed to be getting consumers, online re-tailers and payment providers to accept a central solution instead of relying on internally developed and disconnected solution.

All firms and companies are in jeopardy of frauds but unfortunately not everybody is familiar with the ways of finding them out or preventing them. According to the recent surveys the number of frauds goes steadily up and a new trend in the way of carrying them out has come into existence. There used to be a simple property misappropriation in the past but recently more sophisticated techniques have been used.For that reason it is necessary to familiarize with the most common tricks and fields of fraudulent means.

Les élections politiques dans la République de Venise provoquaient des tensions entre normes républicaines, légales, sociales et religieuses. En conséquence, les patriciens développèrent une culture informelle constituée de diverses pratiques appelée “broglio” pour concilier ces normes. Cette culture se déroulait en parallèle aux élections et pouvait à la fois les dévier de leur objectif principal que les rendre plus fluide. Cette étude a pour objectif de mettre en lumière comment une culture pré-électorale de la campagne politique a réussi à s’imposer alors qu’elle était interdite.1500 patriciens prenaient place dans le Grand Conseil chaque dimanche et pendant les jours fériés pour élire les candidats. Le système électoral était strict : à travers une procédure complexe, seul le meilleur, le plus compétent et le plus loyal envers la patrie devait être élu sans prendre en considération les liens familiaux et clientélaires. Les patriciens appelaient ce principe “justice distributive” en référence au concept d’Aristote. Or, les patriciens devaient également soutenir les intérêts de leur famille. De plus, ils étaient intégrés dans un réseau clientélaire où les obligations mutuelles devaient être respectées. Si un patricien ne les honorait pas, il était exclu de la vie politique. Afin de réconcilier les normes républicaines avec les enjeux familiaux ou les intérêts de leurs amis et clients, les patriciens ont développé une culture informelle parallèle aux élections : le broglio. Certaines pratiques étaient illégales mais elles étaient tolérées de fait. D’autres, telle la corruption par l’argent, n’étaient ni légales ni légitimes. / Political elections in the early modern Republic of Venice used to generate tension between republican, legal, social and religious behavioral norms. As a result, Venetians developed a culture of informal practices called broglio to harmonize these norms. This culture ran parallel to elections and could both thwart and smooth them. The analysis aims to highlight how a pre-election culture of political campaign managed to establish itself though it was forbidden. 1500 Patricians sat in the Great Council every Sunday and even on public holidays to elect candidates. The electoral system was strict: through a complex procedure, only the best, the most competent, and those most loyal to the motherland were to be elected, without any consideration of familial and friendship ties. Patricians called it distributive justice, a concept dating back to Aristotle. Patricians had to favour the interests of the family. Besides, they were integrated in clientele networks, where mutual obligations had to be honoured. Whoever did not respect his social duties was excluded from political life. To reconcile republican norms with familial and friendship’s issues, they established an informal culture that existed in parallel with the elections: the broglio. Some practices were legally not permitted, yet tolerated to a certain extent. Others, such as monetary bribery were inacceptable at all levels.

This thesis is focused on the implementation of the reverse charge mechanism on supplies of electricity and gas, which was imposed on these goods on 1st February 2016. The main aim of the thesis is to determine whether carousel frauds in our territory disappeared after the introduction of the reverse charge mechanism and to attempt to estimate the amount of tax evasion before the implementation. The other topics in the thesis include a description of principles of carousel frauds and measures adopted in order to eliminate them as well as an evaluation of the contemporary level of implementation of this mechanism in the Czech Republic and other EU countries. The analysis of foreign trade statistics has indicated a significant decrease in these figures as a consequence of a possible elimination of related carousel frauds. The estimation of the amount of tax evasion in the period of six months before the implementation achieved 1.05 billion CZK.