Planners in Norrköping municipality today facing a challenge to meet Norrköping'sneeds in the housing market, while at the same time achieving demand for public places and areas such as parks, squares and nature areas. When existing areas within the city's borders are built, so-called densification takes place in the city, whichcan have both positive and negative consequences. The aim of this study is to investigatehow the densification has affected Norrköping's inner city from a social and ecologicalperspective with a focus on free space, and present proposals for measures forbetter management of the densification in central Norrköping. This study has mainly been carried out using a qualitative research method.A qualitative study is based on soft data such as interviews, document analysis and literature studies. The interviews have been conducted with respondents from Norrköpings municipality and the document analysis consists of steering documents obtained from Norrköpings municipality and Pontarius AB. Some data is obtained from documents and studies where results are presented in the form of tables, diagrams, figures and GIS analysis, which means that quantitative methods are also applied. To perform a safer densification, it is important that the municipality establishes safe guidelines and steering documents to relate to. These control documents should be used as a framework for efficient exploitation and ensure that the city's freeareas are developed from a sustainable perspective and that a good quality is includedin the development. It is advantageous that the development of the densification takes placeaccording to guidelines and documentation prepared by the municipality. To ensure maximum efficiency in exploitation, these guidelines should be followed at an early stage. It is also important that there is a balance of free space size and their quality. Too small a surface leads to a higher load and larger surfaces can be perceived as superfluousand a feeling of unsecure. It is recommended to study how the densification developsin connection with the infrastructure and how it will affect free and green areas in the long run. This study is limited to only the inner city of Norrköping. The study also delimits economic and political factors that can influence the planning of the densification and the development of the city’s infrastructure and public transport.

Nesta pesquisa o objetivo é trazer à tona a discussão sobre a acessibilidade universal, no espaço livre projetado. Buscando evidenciar dificuldades encontradas não só por pessoas com deficiências, mas também por toda a sociedade, no uso do território. Focando na sensibilização dos profissionais, especialmente arquitetos paisagistas. Este estudo busca discutir aspectos da concepção de projetos que, embora existam legislações e normas que tratem da questão de forma bastante ampla, a prática da construção da cidade \" real\" não garante os direitos adquiridos legalmente. Os espaços livres de uso público são locais onde se desenvolve a cidadania e têm fundamental importância no processo de inclusão social. Alguns espaços construídos, embora de acordo com a norma (NBR 9050 - Acessibilidade a Edificações, Mobiliário, Espaços e Equipamentos Urbanos), muitas vezes, não atende à pessoa com deficiência (PCD), porque o meio externo não é acessível. / In this research the purpose is to bring to light the discussion about universal accessibility on the designed free space, by trying to make evident the difficulties found not only by the disabled, but also by the entire society. It focuses on the professional, especially architects and landscape architects. This study tries to argue different aspects of the project conception which, even though there are laws and norms that handle the issue in an ample way, the practice of the \"real\" city construction does not guarantee the rights acquired legally. The public free spaces are spaces where the citizenship is developed and are really important in the process of social inclusion. Some of the built spaces sometimes doesn´t consider the disabled, although they follow the law (NBR 9050), because the exterior is not accessible.

Este trabalho destina-se ao estudo dos sistemas de espaços livres, tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de São Paulo e o conjunto de intervenções urbanas realizadas na sua periferia durante a gestão da então prefeita Marta Sulicy, denominado Programa Centros de Bairro. São apresentados conceitos que nortearam o processo de pesquisa, destacando-se os de espaço, lugar, paisagem, espaços livres e sistema de espaços livres; e que são o resultado da primeira etapa de trabalhos do Projeto Temático de Pesquisa QUAPÁ-SEL , buscando a partir daí compreender, em linhas gerais, a configuração e formação dos Espaços Livres Públicos da cidade de São Paulo. Num segundo momento, a partir da implantação do Programa Centros de Bairro, identifica-se nos meandros da idealização do Programa e na efetiva vivência da implantação das praças e de suas relações com os bairros, a manifestação das diversas formas de apropriação desses espaços e sua relação com a configuração do Sistema de Espaços. / periferiaThis work has the purpose to study free spaces systems, having as a case of study the city of Sao Paulo and the group of urban interventions done on its suburb during the mandate of the Mayor Marta Suplicy at the time, called Centros de Bairro. Concepts are presented, that oriented the research process, placing in evidence the ones of space, place, landscape, free spaces and system of free spaces; that are the result of the first part of works of the thematic projet of research QUAPA-SEL, looking forward to comphehend, in general, the configuration and formation of Public Free Spaces of the city of Sao Paulo. As a second step, after the implantation of the Centros de Bairro, Its seen in the details of the idea of the program and in its effective experience of the implementation of squares and its relations with the neighborhoods, the manifestation of different ways of appropriation of these spaces and its relation to the configuration of the system of spaces.

Background and Objectives: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is widely recognized as a serious health hazard. No safe level of exposure to ETS has been identified (USDHHS, 2006; WHO, 2007). The importance of smoke-free spaces in improving health outcomes for both smokers and non-smokers is clearly understood and as such, many individuals living in Ontario have made their homes smoke-free. Although those living in units within multi-unit dwellings (MUDs) have the option of making their own unit smoke-free, they may still be involuntarily exposed to ETS drifting from smoking units to their unit. The present study explores tenant’s perceptions of this drifting ETS and the potential market for smoke-free rental housing. Methods: Anonymous surveys were sent to 3724 households within rented MUDs (apartments and row housing) with five or more units in Kitchener, Ontario. In addition to demographic questions, the survey addressed respondents’ experiences with, perceptions of, and reactions to drifting ETS and their views on smoke-free rental housing. Three hundred and five surveys were returned, and 291 met the final inclusion criteria to be included in the analysis. Survey data were weighted by age and education level. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were run to answer the research questions. Results: Over half of the respondents who do not smoke in their unit on a daily basis indicated they were exposed to drifting ETS in their home at least ‘sometimes’. Of those who were exposed, 89.5% were bothered and nearly half were bothered ‘a lot’. This suggests drifting ETS is a concern for many tenants living in MUDs. The majority of tenants indicated they did not live in a smoke-free building however there was a strong interest in smoke-free rental housing. Nearly 90% of tenants showed at least some interest in smoke-free rental housing, and many tenants would prefer to live in a building with the strongest possible restrictions on smoking in place. Younger tenants, non-smokers, those who spent less time at home on weekends and those who perceived indoor smoking as a fire risk were more likely to be interested in smoke-free rental housing. Conclusions and Significance: This study provides insight into the magnitude of the problem of drifting ETS in MUDs and can be used to inform policy on smoke-free MUDs. Many respondents indicated they were exposed to drifting ETS and the majority of those who were exposed were bothered by this exposure. There also appears to be a strong market for smoke-free rental housing. The response rate for this study was low at 8.5% and as such the results must be interpreted with caution. Future research should be completed in other jurisdictions and with larger sample sizes. Landlord surveys and air quality monitoring studies are also needed. While additional research is needed, the current study suggests this is an important public health issue, and provides additional evidence supporting the need to explore policy options in the public and private realm for smoke-free housing.

Background and Objectives: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is widely recognized as a serious health hazard. No safe level of exposure to ETS has been identified (USDHHS, 2006; WHO, 2007). The importance of smoke-free spaces in improving health outcomes for both smokers and non-smokers is clearly understood and as such, many individuals living in Ontario have made their homes smoke-free. Although those living in units within multi-unit dwellings (MUDs) have the option of making their own unit smoke-free, they may still be involuntarily exposed to ETS drifting from smoking units to their unit. The present study explores tenant’s perceptions of this drifting ETS and the potential market for smoke-free rental housing. Methods: Anonymous surveys were sent to 3724 households within rented MUDs (apartments and row housing) with five or more units in Kitchener, Ontario. In addition to demographic questions, the survey addressed respondents’ experiences with, perceptions of, and reactions to drifting ETS and their views on smoke-free rental housing. Three hundred and five surveys were returned, and 291 met the final inclusion criteria to be included in the analysis. Survey data were weighted by age and education level. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were run to answer the research questions. Results: Over half of the respondents who do not smoke in their unit on a daily basis indicated they were exposed to drifting ETS in their home at least ‘sometimes’. Of those who were exposed, 89.5% were bothered and nearly half were bothered ‘a lot’. This suggests drifting ETS is a concern for many tenants living in MUDs. The majority of tenants indicated they did not live in a smoke-free building however there was a strong interest in smoke-free rental housing. Nearly 90% of tenants showed at least some interest in smoke-free rental housing, and many tenants would prefer to live in a building with the strongest possible restrictions on smoking in place. Younger tenants, non-smokers, those who spent less time at home on weekends and those who perceived indoor smoking as a fire risk were more likely to be interested in smoke-free rental housing. Conclusions and Significance: This study provides insight into the magnitude of the problem of drifting ETS in MUDs and can be used to inform policy on smoke-free MUDs. Many respondents indicated they were exposed to drifting ETS and the majority of those who were exposed were bothered by this exposure. There also appears to be a strong market for smoke-free rental housing. The response rate for this study was low at 8.5% and as such the results must be interpreted with caution. Future research should be completed in other jurisdictions and with larger sample sizes. Landlord surveys and air quality monitoring studies are also needed. While additional research is needed, the current study suggests this is an important public health issue, and provides additional evidence supporting the need to explore policy options in the public and private realm for smoke-free housing.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The urban one inside of the physical aspect is constituted by built spaces and free spaces. These last ones are important in the question of the sustainable of the cities and in the improvement of the quality of life in the urban one. Inside of this context the present study it looks for to understand and to reflect on the availability, form of use, typology and the vegetal covering of the found free spaces in an urban area, located in the zone south-Southeast of the city of João Pessoa, composed for four quarters (Água Fria, Anatólia, Jardim Cidade Universitária and Jardim São Paulo), that still it has areas without occupation, thus constituting, a supply favorable to the real estate speculation, as also, presents in its structure examples of indifference with the question of the importance of these spaces for the recreation, mobility and conservation of the urban environment and its influences in the improvement of the quality of life. In accordance with the typology, uses and lacks found in the area, resultants of physical surveys, register photographic and search (interviews and questionnaires), it was gone deep reflection in the public sidewalks and in the informal spaces they appear in function of the necessity of the population. Thus, one concludes that the population perceives that its quality of life is related to the use forms and appropriation of these public spaces, for all the citizens, are healthful they, or with some difficulty of locomotion, propitiating the mobility inside of the urban one and guaranteeing to all, health, leisure, socialization and mainly, citizenship / O urbano dentro do aspecto físico é constituído por espaços edificados e espaços livres. Estes últimos são importantes na questão da sustentabilidade das cidades e na melhoria da qualidade de vida no urbano. Dentro desse contexto, o presente estudo procura entender e refletir sobre a disponibilidade, forma de uso, tipologia e a cobertura vegetal dos espaços livres encontrados numa área urbana, localizada na zona sul-sudeste da cidade de João Pessoa, composta por quatro bairros (Água Fria, Anatólia, Jardim Cidade Universitária e Jardim São Paulo), que ainda possui áreas sem ocupação, constituindo assim, um estoque favorável à especulação imobiliária. Também apresenta, na sua estrutura, exemplos de descaso com a questão da importância desses espaços para a recreação, mobilidade e conservação do ambiente urbano e sua influência na melhoria da qualidade de vida. De acordo com a tipologia, usos e carências encontrados na área, resultantes de levantamentos físicos, registros fotográficos e pesquisa direta (entrevistas e questionários), aprofundou-se a reflexão nos passeios públicos e nos espaços informais, que surgem em função da necessidade da população. Assim, conclui-se que, a população percebe que sua qualidade de vida está relacionada às formas de uso e apropriação desses espaços públicos, por todos os cidadãos, sejam eles saudáveis, ou com alguma dificuldade de locomoção, propiciando a mobilidade dentro do urbano e garantindo a todos, saúde, lazer, socialização e principalmente, cidadania

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 3157125 bytes, checksum: 913d86ece1d4e97c7c36ed45b43122d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The urban one inside of the physical aspect is constituted by built spaces and free spaces. These last ones are important in the question of the sustainable of the cities and in the improvement of the quality of life in the urban one. Inside of this context the present study it looks for to understand and to reflect on the availability, form of use, typology and the vegetal covering of the found free spaces in an urban area, located in the zone south-Southeast of the city of João Pessoa, composed for four quarters (Água Fria, Anatólia, Jardim Cidade Universitária and Jardim São Paulo), that still it has areas without occupation, thus constituting, a supply favorable to the real estate speculation, as also, presents in its structure examples of indifference with the question of the importance of these spaces for the recreation, mobility and conservation of the urban environment and its influences in the improvement of the quality of life. In accordance with the typology, uses and lacks found in the area, resultants of physical surveys, register photographic and search (interviews and questionnaires), it was gone deep reflection in the public sidewalks and in the informal spaces they appear in function of the necessity of the population. Thus, one concludes that the population perceives that its quality of life is related to the use forms and appropriation of these public spaces, for all the citizens, are healthful they, or with some difficulty of locomotion, propitiating the mobility inside of the urban one and guaranteeing to all, health, leisure, socialization and mainly, citizenship. / O urbano dentro do aspecto físico é constituído por espaços edificados e espaços livres. Estes últimos são importantes na questão da sustentabilidade das cidades e na melhoria da qualidade de vida no urbano. Dentro desse contexto, o presente estudo procura entender e refletir sobre a disponibilidade, forma de uso, tipologia e a cobertura vegetal dos espaços livres encontrados numa área urbana, localizada na zona sul-sudeste da cidade de João Pessoa, composta por quatro bairros (Água Fria, Anatólia, Jardim Cidade Universitária e Jardim São Paulo), que ainda possui áreas sem ocupação, constituindo assim, um estoque favorável à especulação imobiliária. Também apresenta, na sua estrutura, exemplos de descaso com a questão da importância desses espaços para a recreação, mobilidade e conservação do ambiente urbano e sua influência na melhoria da qualidade de vida. De acordo com a tipologia, usos e carências encontrados na área, resultantes de levantamentos físicos, registros fotográficos e pesquisa direta (entrevistas e questionários), aprofundou-se a reflexão nos passeios públicos e nos espaços informais, que surgem em função da necessidade da população. Assim, conclui-se que, a população percebe que sua qualidade de vida está relacionada às formas de uso e apropriação desses espaços públicos, por todos os cidadãos, sejam eles saudáveis, ou com alguma dificuldade de locomoção, propiciando a mobilidade dentro do urbano e garantindo a todos, saúde, lazer, socialização e principalmente, cidadania.

Nesta pesquisa o objetivo é trazer à tona a discussão sobre a acessibilidade universal, no espaço livre projetado. Buscando evidenciar dificuldades encontradas não só por pessoas com deficiências, mas também por toda a sociedade, no uso do território. Focando na sensibilização dos profissionais, especialmente arquitetos paisagistas. Este estudo busca discutir aspectos da concepção de projetos que, embora existam legislações e normas que tratem da questão de forma bastante ampla, a prática da construção da cidade \" real\" não garante os direitos adquiridos legalmente. Os espaços livres de uso público são locais onde se desenvolve a cidadania e têm fundamental importância no processo de inclusão social. Alguns espaços construídos, embora de acordo com a norma (NBR 9050 - Acessibilidade a Edificações, Mobiliário, Espaços e Equipamentos Urbanos), muitas vezes, não atende à pessoa com deficiência (PCD), porque o meio externo não é acessível. / In this research the purpose is to bring to light the discussion about universal accessibility on the designed free space, by trying to make evident the difficulties found not only by the disabled, but also by the entire society. It focuses on the professional, especially architects and landscape architects. This study tries to argue different aspects of the project conception which, even though there are laws and norms that handle the issue in an ample way, the practice of the \"real\" city construction does not guarantee the rights acquired legally. The public free spaces are spaces where the citizenship is developed and are really important in the process of social inclusion. Some of the built spaces sometimes doesn´t consider the disabled, although they follow the law (NBR 9050), because the exterior is not accessible.

Este trabalho destina-se ao estudo dos sistemas de espaços livres, tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de São Paulo e o conjunto de intervenções urbanas realizadas na sua periferia durante a gestão da então prefeita Marta Sulicy, denominado Programa Centros de Bairro. São apresentados conceitos que nortearam o processo de pesquisa, destacando-se os de espaço, lugar, paisagem, espaços livres e sistema de espaços livres; e que são o resultado da primeira etapa de trabalhos do Projeto Temático de Pesquisa QUAPÁ-SEL , buscando a partir daí compreender, em linhas gerais, a configuração e formação dos Espaços Livres Públicos da cidade de São Paulo. Num segundo momento, a partir da implantação do Programa Centros de Bairro, identifica-se nos meandros da idealização do Programa e na efetiva vivência da implantação das praças e de suas relações com os bairros, a manifestação das diversas formas de apropriação desses espaços e sua relação com a configuração do Sistema de Espaços. / periferiaThis work has the purpose to study free spaces systems, having as a case of study the city of Sao Paulo and the group of urban interventions done on its suburb during the mandate of the Mayor Marta Suplicy at the time, called Centros de Bairro. Concepts are presented, that oriented the research process, placing in evidence the ones of space, place, landscape, free spaces and system of free spaces; that are the result of the first part of works of the thematic projet of research QUAPA-SEL, looking forward to comphehend, in general, the configuration and formation of Public Free Spaces of the city of Sao Paulo. As a second step, after the implantation of the Centros de Bairro, Its seen in the details of the idea of the program and in its effective experience of the implementation of squares and its relations with the neighborhoods, the manifestation of different ways of appropriation of these spaces and its relation to the configuration of the system of spaces.

The aim of this thesis is to understand how the political mobilisation of migrant domestic workers (MDWs) employed in Lebanon started and continued. It also tries to comprehend how some of them could found a politically active collective of MDWs, the Alliance of Domestic Workers in Lebanon (Alliance), by analysing what factors enabled and restrained the open political activism of MDWs from their first steps as activists until now. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with two founding members and seven international and Lebanese organisations, the MDWs´ political mobilisation is chronologically recaptured. Extending Lahusen´s definition of political mobilisation, the thesis critically reflects on Johnston´s concept for protest to evolve in repressive states. The analysis shows that the women activists are left in a lawless position and refer to the free spaces of Lebanese and international non-profit organisations, where their activism begins. These organisations help the women to build up their protest capital, enabling them to start their own group, the Alliance. Within their own group they organise themselves not only against the injustice they experience as MDWs but also emancipate themselves from their dependency on the NGOs. The findings approve that though international and Lebanese organisations have played a crucial part in successfully mobilising the women, the MDWs´ experience of lack of influence inside these free spaces, shapes the group´s actions, collective identity and course. Their political mobilisation can be seen as a long-term, organic process, in which knowledge, collective identity, collective action and experience are tightly interwoven and are the motor behind the members´ activism.