Cette thèse porte sur les migrants illégalisés, étrangers dont la présence sur un territoire national est en contradiction avec la législation sur le séjour des extranationaux, dans trois pays : la France, l’Argentine et le Canada. L’illégalité migratoire doit dans un premier temps être comprise comme un processus historique d’illégalisation des mobilités migrantes par l’institution frontière. Un tel processus prend racines dans la constitution des Etats-nations, puis des politiques migratoires qu’ils mettent en œuvre. S’il est important de prendre en compte les spécificités historiques et géographiques propres à chaque pays, cette perspective donne à voir dans chaque cas la construction progressive d’un « espace de la clandestinité migratoire ». À partir d'une ethnographie fine, ce travail se propose dans un second temps faire la sociologie des pratiques, procédures, usages, opérations, autrement dit des tactiques des acteurs qui évoluent dans ces espaces. Se découvrent alors des lieux où peuvent se dire les expériences, où se construit une autonomie, où s’élabore une argumentation politique. Ceux que l’on nomme parfois les sans-papiers échappent ainsi – au moins en partie – à la négation sociale dont ils sont l'objet, et s'affirment comme étant dotés, au même titre que n'importe qui, d'une intelligence à la fois situationnelle et réflexive. C'est bien cette dialectique entre un ordre et les pratiques qui lui sont hétérogènes, voire subversives, que cette thèse met à jour. / This thesis examines the situation of illegalised migrants, that is of foreigners whose presence on a national territory is contrary to its legislation concerning the stay of non-nationals, in three countries: France, Argentina and Canada. Migratory illegality needs first to be understood as a historical process of illegalisation of migrant mobilities through the action of the border institution. This process has been rooted in the constitution of Nation-States, then in the migration policies they developed and implemented. Although it is important to take into account the historical and geographical specificities of each country, an analysis in terms of process reveals in each case the progressive construction of a “space of migratory clandestinity”. In a second stage, based on a detailed ethnography, I develop a sociology of practices, procedures, uses and operations – in other words of the tactics adopted by the actors evolving there. Places then appear where experiences can be told, where a certain degree of autonomy can be built and where a political argumentation can be elaborated. So-called “undocumented” people can thus escape - at least partially - from this statute socially imposed upon them to claim, just like anyone else, an intelligence that is both situational and reflexive. Understanding this dialectic between an order and practices that are heterogeneous to it, or indeed subversive of it, is the main objective of this thesis.

Freedom of Movement in the Environmental Law Abstract This thesis is concerning freedom of movement in the environmental law, i.e. the limitation of movement stemming from environmental legislation. Firstly, it is a current issue due to the COVID-19 pandemic - as the countryside has become a popular destination for many visitors. Secondly, it is a general issue - as the human population expands or as there are new possible ways of spending free time due to technological progress. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the current state of legislation in this area and to assess it in regard to satisfying its purpose, i.e. environmental protection. It was ascertained that the environmental legislation rather reached its goals, as it offered flexible protection to the specific needs of individual areas. The legislations drawbacks comprised of legal vacuums - it seldom contained provisions for movement in winter countryside or it did not include sufficiently general rules to apply on every manner of movement of people in nature. Another issue of the legislation is the lack of public awareness, its considerable fragmentation and limited chance of it being enforced due to understaffed public guards. Key words Environmental Law, Freedom of Movement, Environmental Protection

The legal regulation of hiking and some selected free-time activities in Czech legal system The theme of this thesis is "The legal regulation of hiking and some selected free-time activities in Czech legal system". The aim of it is comprehensive synopsis of the issue of practising hiking and other selected free-time activities in Czech legal system. It familiarizes its readers with constitutional law basis of freedom of movement and freedom of stay, as well as with common grounds of legal regulation of given activities. Thesis is focused on a few laws, which are the most important from the perspective of this thesis. These laws allow basic overview of the most important institutes which regulate protection of water, protection of forest, general and particular protection of nature and land, restriction of admittance, restriction or prohibition of activity and other. Furthermore thesis talks about basis of legal regulation of offenses contained in given laws. In next part thesis describes selected activities and limits of its practising. Thesis is especially focused on hiking, and related activities as camping, overnight staying in nature, bivouacking, fire-making, which have sort of privilege position (according to a title of thesis). Moreover thesis describes water tourism, horse-riding,...

A presente tese aborda o tema da livre circulação de capitais e da coordenação de políticas econômicas na União Européia e no Mercosul. Objetiva-se demonstrar em que consiste essa liberdade de fluxo de capitais e expor a maneira pela qual ela se desenvolveu nos processos de integração europeu e sulino, trazendo-se em seguida as medidas de coordenação econômica adotadas por cada um desses blocos, como demonstração de que tal coordenação é fundamental para a criação de um ambiente propício à circulação segura do capital. Numa parte introdutória, expõe-se a teoria da formação dos blocos de integração, bem como apresentam-se os contextos históricos em que cada um dos blocos objeto deste estudo foi criado. Após, na Parte I, desenvolve-se uma análise detalhada a respeito da circulação de capitais na União Européia, desde as primeiras previsões do Tratado e as medidas de implementação, até a mais recente reforma de Lisboa. E, em seguida, ainda na mesma Parte, faz-se a pesquisa de tal liberdade no âmbito do Mercosul, mas esta numa sistemática setorial diferenciada. Já na Parte II, o foco é dado ao regime de coordenação e unificação das políticas econômicas européias voltadas à estabilidade monetária e cambial, as quais são responsáveis por criar um cenário efetivo de livre circulação de capital. E, na mesma linha, analisam-se os intentos mercosulinos de coordenar no seio do bloco a condução de tais políticas adstritas ao capital. Por fim, finaliza-se a pesquisa com a aferição da liberdade de capitais de cada bloco frente às estruturas de coordenação econômica por cada qual desenvolvidas. / This monographic work concerns the free movement of capital and the coordination of economic policies within the European Union and Mercosul. It seeks to present an approach of the freedom of capital and its development throughout the European and Southern American integration processes, as well as of the system of economic coordination, so that to demonstrate the need of a coordinated scenario for a safe free movement of capital. To introduce the subject matter, it presents the theory of economic integration process and the historical basis for the establishment of each union. Then, in Part I, it comes a deep analysis about the monetary movement within the European Union, embracing the first provisions set forth in the Treaty and the implementation measures, as well as the most recent Lisbon reform. In addition, still in Part I, such an analysis is made within Mercosul, through a different sector method for explaining the measures to establish the free movement of capital. Achieving Part II, it focuses on the coordination and unification of European economic policies concerning the monetary and exchange stability, which are the ones responsible for a real free movement of capital scenario. Then, by the same token, it analyses the Mercosul attempts to coordinate its capital related policies. At the end, this paper evaluates the freedom of capital movement of each union before the framework of economic coordination developed by each one.

<p>This thesis analyses the scope of the treaty articles 43 and 48 concerning the freedom of establishment of companies. The interpretations of these articles made by the Commission and the European Court of Justice are analysed to see whether they are consistent. The analysis encompasses the provisions and directives in the field of EC Company Law as well as the essential case law from the ECJ regarding these issues. The conclusion that must be drawn from this thesis is that the Court of Justice adds the momentum in these issues whilst the Commission is held up by political considerations.</p>

This thesis analyses the scope of the treaty articles 43 and 48 concerning the freedom of establishment of companies. The interpretations of these articles made by the Commission and the European Court of Justice are analysed to see whether they are consistent. The analysis encompasses the provisions and directives in the field of EC Company Law as well as the essential case law from the ECJ regarding these issues. The conclusion that must be drawn from this thesis is that the Court of Justice adds the momentum in these issues whilst the Commission is held up by political considerations.

A presente tese aborda o tema da livre circulação de capitais e da coordenação de políticas econômicas na União Européia e no Mercosul. Objetiva-se demonstrar em que consiste essa liberdade de fluxo de capitais e expor a maneira pela qual ela se desenvolveu nos processos de integração europeu e sulino, trazendo-se em seguida as medidas de coordenação econômica adotadas por cada um desses blocos, como demonstração de que tal coordenação é fundamental para a criação de um ambiente propício à circulação segura do capital. Numa parte introdutória, expõe-se a teoria da formação dos blocos de integração, bem como apresentam-se os contextos históricos em que cada um dos blocos objeto deste estudo foi criado. Após, na Parte I, desenvolve-se uma análise detalhada a respeito da circulação de capitais na União Européia, desde as primeiras previsões do Tratado e as medidas de implementação, até a mais recente reforma de Lisboa. E, em seguida, ainda na mesma Parte, faz-se a pesquisa de tal liberdade no âmbito do Mercosul, mas esta numa sistemática setorial diferenciada. Já na Parte II, o foco é dado ao regime de coordenação e unificação das políticas econômicas européias voltadas à estabilidade monetária e cambial, as quais são responsáveis por criar um cenário efetivo de livre circulação de capital. E, na mesma linha, analisam-se os intentos mercosulinos de coordenar no seio do bloco a condução de tais políticas adstritas ao capital. Por fim, finaliza-se a pesquisa com a aferição da liberdade de capitais de cada bloco frente às estruturas de coordenação econômica por cada qual desenvolvidas. / This monographic work concerns the free movement of capital and the coordination of economic policies within the European Union and Mercosul. It seeks to present an approach of the freedom of capital and its development throughout the European and Southern American integration processes, as well as of the system of economic coordination, so that to demonstrate the need of a coordinated scenario for a safe free movement of capital. To introduce the subject matter, it presents the theory of economic integration process and the historical basis for the establishment of each union. Then, in Part I, it comes a deep analysis about the monetary movement within the European Union, embracing the first provisions set forth in the Treaty and the implementation measures, as well as the most recent Lisbon reform. In addition, still in Part I, such an analysis is made within Mercosul, through a different sector method for explaining the measures to establish the free movement of capital. Achieving Part II, it focuses on the coordination and unification of European economic policies concerning the monetary and exchange stability, which are the ones responsible for a real free movement of capital scenario. Then, by the same token, it analyses the Mercosul attempts to coordinate its capital related policies. At the end, this paper evaluates the freedom of capital movement of each union before the framework of economic coordination developed by each one.

A presente tese aborda o tema da livre circulação de capitais e da coordenação de políticas econômicas na União Européia e no Mercosul. Objetiva-se demonstrar em que consiste essa liberdade de fluxo de capitais e expor a maneira pela qual ela se desenvolveu nos processos de integração europeu e sulino, trazendo-se em seguida as medidas de coordenação econômica adotadas por cada um desses blocos, como demonstração de que tal coordenação é fundamental para a criação de um ambiente propício à circulação segura do capital. Numa parte introdutória, expõe-se a teoria da formação dos blocos de integração, bem como apresentam-se os contextos históricos em que cada um dos blocos objeto deste estudo foi criado. Após, na Parte I, desenvolve-se uma análise detalhada a respeito da circulação de capitais na União Européia, desde as primeiras previsões do Tratado e as medidas de implementação, até a mais recente reforma de Lisboa. E, em seguida, ainda na mesma Parte, faz-se a pesquisa de tal liberdade no âmbito do Mercosul, mas esta numa sistemática setorial diferenciada. Já na Parte II, o foco é dado ao regime de coordenação e unificação das políticas econômicas européias voltadas à estabilidade monetária e cambial, as quais são responsáveis por criar um cenário efetivo de livre circulação de capital. E, na mesma linha, analisam-se os intentos mercosulinos de coordenar no seio do bloco a condução de tais políticas adstritas ao capital. Por fim, finaliza-se a pesquisa com a aferição da liberdade de capitais de cada bloco frente às estruturas de coordenação econômica por cada qual desenvolvidas. / This monographic work concerns the free movement of capital and the coordination of economic policies within the European Union and Mercosul. It seeks to present an approach of the freedom of capital and its development throughout the European and Southern American integration processes, as well as of the system of economic coordination, so that to demonstrate the need of a coordinated scenario for a safe free movement of capital. To introduce the subject matter, it presents the theory of economic integration process and the historical basis for the establishment of each union. Then, in Part I, it comes a deep analysis about the monetary movement within the European Union, embracing the first provisions set forth in the Treaty and the implementation measures, as well as the most recent Lisbon reform. In addition, still in Part I, such an analysis is made within Mercosul, through a different sector method for explaining the measures to establish the free movement of capital. Achieving Part II, it focuses on the coordination and unification of European economic policies concerning the monetary and exchange stability, which are the ones responsible for a real free movement of capital scenario. Then, by the same token, it analyses the Mercosul attempts to coordinate its capital related policies. At the end, this paper evaluates the freedom of capital movement of each union before the framework of economic coordination developed by each one.

Dans le contexte actuel de crise financière, le recours des Etats membres aux golden shares est révélateur d’un mouvement de protection des entreprises nationales à l’encontre des investisseurs étrangers. Or, ce mécanisme tombe sous le coup des normes de l’Union. De l’application de ces règles émerge un cadre juridique autonome qui soumet ce régime de propriété particulier des Etats membres au respect de la libre circulation des capitaux et de la liberté d’établissement. Si les golden shares ne sont pas interdites per se, le contrôle strict, effectué tant par la Commission que la Cour de justice, souligne la faible marge de manœuvre qui est octroyée aux Etats membres dans l’utilisation du dispositif. Ce contrôle a une double incidence. Il permet, tout d’abord, de souligner certaines incohérences éventuelles qu’une telle analyse pourrait engendrée dans le droit de l’Union. En ce sens, une remise en question des éléments du cadre juridique peut s’avérer fortuite. Il révèle, ensuite, les limites à la constitution d’un véritable marché intérieur. Les Etats membres sont enclins à se réapproprier le dispositif des golden shares par des moyens détournés. Leurs tentatives révèlent un malaise plus profond, celui de la crainte des investissements étrangers dans les entreprises nationales opérant dans des secteurs stratégiques. Se pose alors la question de l’opportunité d’un mécanisme commun de contrôle des investissements étrangers. La réponse à la crise se veut ainsi à l’échelle de l’Union, et plus seulement à celle des Etats membres. / In the currrent context of financial crisis, the recourse of Member States to golden shares reveals the ongoing movement to protect domestic firms against foreign investors. This mechanism however falls within the scope of EU norms. From the application of these rules emerges an autonomous legal framework which submit this particular ownership regime of Member States to comply with the free movement of capital and freedom of establishment. If golden shares are not prohibited per se, the strict control undertaken by both the Commission and the Court of Justice only leaves a limited marge de manoeuvre to Member States in the use of such device.This control has a dual incidence. Firstly, it allows to point out some inconsistencies that such analysis could generated in EU law. To that extent, calling into question the elements of the legal framework may be relevant. Secondly, it reveals the limits of the constitution of a truly internal market. Member States are likely to restore the golden shares mechanism by devious means. Their attempts reveal a deeper malaise, the fear of foreign investment in domestic companies operating in strategic sectors. This questions the opportunity of a common instrument to control foreign investment. Response to the crisis must be taken at the level of the European Union, and not anymore at Member States’.

This study explores perceptions of women’s freedom of movement since the 27 May 2015 Constitutional Court ruling CCZ 15/15, outlawing arbitrary arrests of women after dusk on grounds of loitering with intent to solicit for prostitution, focusing on Zimbabwe’s Avenues community. It traces issues surrounding women’s mobility under patriarchy since colonialism which through the 1960 Vagrancy Act marked the inception of its legal regulation premising stereotypic arrests by state agents. Guided by Pragmatic and Feminist philosophy the researcher adopts a Mixed Method Strategy to gather new knowledge on the complex issue. Employing Radical Feminist Theory under Feminism it critiques government efforts and their efficacy towards ensuring gender equality in mobility. The study argues that while useful legal mechanisms and laws have been adopted to enable women’s right to mobility, ideological and physical challenges continue to hamper this realisation. Empowering the Gender Commission with binding powers, ensuring sufficient security in public areas and educating women about their rights are some recommendations proffered to address challenges faced by women in the exercise of their right to movement. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)