This study examined press freedom in Saudi Arabia coverage in two study periods, which are the Gulf and Yemen wars. Six Saudi newspapers, which represent Saudi regions, have been content analyzed. They are: Al Riyadh, Al Yaum, Al Nadwah, Mecca, Okaz, and Al Jazirah. The major questions are: What are the most salient issues Saudi newspapers dealt with in their editorials during the study period? What are the differences between the two periods of study? And what are the differences between the editorial features of the Gulf and Yemen wars? The normative theory-press freedom theory was conducted for this study. The results support the lack of press freedom during the Gulf War. In contrast, some newspapers have significantly improved their performance during the Yemen War, using a higher level of press freedom.

Freedom of testation is distinct from the right of a testator to nominate the executor of his choosing. Regulation 910 allows for the administration of deceased estates by the surviving spouse, person related by consanguinity to the deceased, or persons nominated as executor in a will. It will be purely incidental if such person has any idea how to administer an estate. Chief Master’s Directive 20 of 2015 further provides that the Master may not insist on the appointment of an agent to assist the executor where a person was nominated as such in a will, consequently leaving the estate to be administered by a layperson. The Courts have hinted towards the need for a figure such as the independent executor. An independent executor is a person who has no conflict between his own interests and his interests as an executor. Although a testator has the freedom to nominate an executor in terms of the Administration of Estates Act, such a nomination is distinct from the right to freedom of testation. If the legislator were to intervene by amending the law to only permit for independent outsiders to administer deceased estates, this will not be a limitation on the right to freedom of testation. Furthermore, an independent outsider as trustee in family trusts is a requirement. It is argued that the same should be implemented with appointing executors. The Master has enacted forms that must be lodged by trustees to determine whether a trustee is an independent outsider. Similar forms do not exist for the appointment of executors, but should be required. This dissertation works toward the recommendation that the legislator needs to intervene to permit only independent outsiders as executors. The Master must be put in a position whereby he can proactively determine whether a person is an independent outsider, rather than having to remove an executor after receiving a complaint by an aggrieved party. Such an independent executor must then be assisted by a professional person with the necessary skills and knowledge to administer an estate, thereby protecting the interests of the estate. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Private Law / LLM / Unrestricted

This study argues that the right to form political parties remains elusive in Swaziland in spite of the country’s claim that it is democratic. Discusses the following issues: (1) Whether political pluralism is the only means of actualising the right to freedom of association, and (2) whether the limitation imposed on the right to freedom of association by section 79 of the Constitution of Swaziland is justifiable / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Henry Ojambo, Faculty of Law, Makarere University, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Enacted after a protracted review process characterised by many false starts, tensions and at times violence, the Constitution of Kenya 2010 envisions a radical break from a politically repressive past. It envisages extensive political transformation; a momentous shift in the political configuration of the polity in terms of its governance structures and the equilibrium of power among its institutions. It also entails a change in the normative arrangements, culture, attitudes and practices that surround politics and the exercise of public power. Crucially, as part of the transformation project, the Constitution has made a resolute commitment to fundamental rights and freedoms. Key among these is the right to freedom of expression. Freedom of expression enjoys protection in democratic constitutions around the world and in international law, albeit in different formulations. The right has repeatedly received affirmation in apex courts, including in Kenya, as the ?bedrock of democratic governance,? and similar praises. Except for jitters raised by the recent enactment of a plethora of expression-restricting laws and increased controversial prosecutions, there has been a general assumption that the protection of the right in Kenya is solid. This study aims, in part, at evaluating and deconstructing that assumption. In particular, the thesis answers the following research questions: (a) what is the nature and scope of the right to freedom of expression and its limitations in Kenya? (b) what are the transformative goals of Kenya?s 2010 Constitution? (c) what is the role of the right to freedom of expression in Kenya?s project of transformation?, and (d) do the limitations of freedom of expression under Kenyan law meet the standards of the 2010 Constitution? The thesis concludes that the transformation envisaged in the Constitution cannot be complete without fundamental changes in the law, practice and attitudes that surround freedom of expression. This is because, as the thesis shows, freedom of expression has the role of legitimating, facilitating, and defending the envisioned change. While the Constitution has created a framework with the potential to support transformation, freedom of expression restrictions contained in statutes, English common law and judicial precedents undercut the protection of the right. In other words, while some of these restrictions serve legitimate purposes, the constitutional validity of others is suspect. This situation, in turn, undermines the transformative aspirations of the 2010 Constitution. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted

La haine a laissé dans nos sociétés de douloureuses cicatrices à travers les siècles. L'explosion du terrorisme et l'essor des tensions communautaires laissent craindre le retour d'une déstabilisation durable de notre société. C'est notamment au droit pénal qu'il appartient d'être en mesure d'endiguer ce phénomène, mais une telle entreprise n'est pas sans difficultés. En premier lieu, celle de comprendre et définir la haine, tant dans ses effets sur le psychique que sur les formes multiples de ses manifestations. Les vecteurs modernes de transmission de la haine sont étroitement liés à la capacité de la haine à avoir de l'emprise sur les plus vulnérables. La maîtrise d'internet est une des clés de cette lutte mais est loin d'être chose aisée. La complexité technologique et juridique de ce contrôle ralentit considérablement le travail du législateur. Cet obstacle, associé à l'explosion du terrorisme, place les juridictions pénales dans une situation particulièrement ardue. Si le seul moyen de désamorcer la haine est d'intervenir avant qu'elle n'atteigne un point de non retour, sa prévention est une tâche complexe. L'équilibre avec le respect des libertés publiques est extrêmement précaire, la liberté d'expression étant bien souvent la première à être altérée. Sanctionner les propos incitant à la haine ou encore négationnistes conduit pourtant nécessairement à censurer des propos. Les modalités de cette censure font l'objet de multiples débats et se confrontent souvent à des fortes oppositions. La place des institutions régionales et internationales est en l'espèce fondamentale, notamment pour orienter un droit français vieillissant. La législation en matière de haine est en effet encore largement enfermée dans le droit de la presse alors que la haine utilise de nos jours bien d'autres moyens de se propager. L'éducation et le renseignement sont les deux clés qui permettront de se projeter dans un futur où la haine sera suffisamment maîtrisée, à la condition bien entendu que l'ensemble des acteurs de la lutte contre la haine travaillent de concert, tant sur le plan national qu'international. / Hate left painful scars in our societies that will never be forgotten. The rise of terrorism and the growing tensions among communities raise concerns about a possible long term instability of our society. Criminal law is the one able to stop this phenomenon but such a task is not without difficulties. The first of them is to understand and define hate, both on its effects on the mind and the shaped of its demonstrations. The modern means of hate transmission are tightly tied to the hate ability to have a strong hold on the most vulnerable people. The control of internet is one of the key to succeed but is far from an easy thing. The complexity of it, both technological and legal, slows down the legislator work. This obstacle, associated with the wave of terrorism, put the criminal courts in a tough situation. If the only way to prevent hate is to stop it before reaching the point of non return, preventing it is complex. The balance with the fundamental liberties is very delicate and the freedom of speech is often the first one hurt. Punishing incitement to hatred or denial of crimes against humanity leads necessarily to censorship. The conditions of this censorship are the subject of many debates and strong oppositions. In this case, the role of regional and international institutions is fundamental, especially to direct the aging french law towards the right direction. The criminal law regarding hate is indeed still widely limited to the press legislation while hate now used many different means to spread. The legislator and justice need to work together in order to create new offenses, improve the already existing offenses and prevention, always respecting fundamental liberties. Globally, it is all the countries together that must face together these new threats.

This thesis examines the basic attitude of individual (presented as Homo economicus) on the market, as well as the part of the group that he/she lives in. First part deals with economic phenomenon, where Homo economicus is placed on the market and his role is described through some examples of transactions and certain processes on microeconomics and macroeconomics level. The other part deals with human nature, which is connected with Homo economicus. The aim of this chapter is to prove that there is some part of human nature that exist in all of us and thus in Homo economicus as well. Some of the main passions and urges are described and attached to individual, deepening the general picture of Homo economicus. This part of the thesis gives a different approach to Homo economicus' nature, based on a more social structure where one is placed in a society, which is presented through individual's interaction with others, as well as through the need of accomplishing himself/herself as a human being in the society. Lastly, the aim is to show that Homo economicus is inevitably connected to human nature. In order to achieve the ambition, he/she needs society, needs the others, and from that need a qualitative jump can occur because one is pushing the society forward. The importance of society in...

The aim of this thesis is to capture the view of the first generation of skateboarders on the emergence and development of skateboarding in Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 1980s. The research will be based on two important pillars, i.e. the explanation of the contemporary context in Czechoslovakia, with an overlap into the history of skateboarding in the USA and the qualitative method of oral history that I will use in the second pillar of the research to capture witnesses' memories. Half-structured interviews with 6 narrators, i.e. representatives of the first skateboarding generation, will be carried out within the oral history method. The source of the research will be based on interviews, scholarly literature, period articles from newspapers and periodicals and, last but not least, historical materials such as photographs or videos for a comprehensive study of the subject.

Discrimination againts consumer in the provision of goods and services Abstract The topic of this thesis is the prohibition of discrimination of consumers in the provision of goods and services. Recently, this issue has been the object of interest thanks to the Constitutional Court's judgment from 17 April 2019, in which the Constitutional Court dealt with consumer discrimination directly. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the concept of discrimination in the area of provision of goods and services and to compare the principle of non-discrimination with other principles acting in conflict. For this reason, the thesis is divided into two main parts. The introduction is followed by the first part that is fully devoted to the analysis of the concept of consumer discrimination and other terms related to it. The second part of the work deals with the principles against which the principle of non-discrimination directly acts. The first part, entitled Consumer Discrimination, is divided into five subchapters. The main introductory chapter deals in detail with the analysis of the concept of discrimination and deals with discriminatory criteria in individual subchapters. The second chapter mentions cases of different treatment, which by law are not and cannot be considered as discrimination of the consumer. The...

This paper hopes to serve as a primer, firstly for this Author, regarding the concept of Institutional Economics; a foundation and an enabling environment, which allows economics to function and to be free. Firstly, we focus on the topic of institutions within the scope of economic development, and ask the simple question, “Why some countries are poor, and why some countries are rich?” In terms of set up, this paper is guided by Dani Rodrik & Arvind Subramanian’s 2003 article, “The Primacy of Institutions (and what this does and does not mean).” I looked at how institutions, market openness and geography effect economic development. Both an OLS and pooled OLS model are employed, with the results showing that, institutions account for the largest variation in income. The data is sourced from the Heritage Foundation, 2019 Index of Economic Freedom. Secondly, a discussion of Brunei Darussalam, my home country is presented, trying to link ideas of institutional economics, economic freedom, entrepreneurship and economic development.

This dissertation takes as its founding premise that modern subjects interpret and experience the political as somehow alienating or other—as a form of experience that is not fundamental but is only significant as a means to some further end. It is common in late modern societies to think of the political as subservient to economic and social ends, and to make it so. In light of this, my dissertation addresses two major problems: the erosion of distinctly political experience in modernity and the attempt to show how such experience can be recovered. By erosion I mean both the deterioration of the “public space,” a political concept that comes from Hannah Arendt, and the general impoverishment of political discourse. I argue, with Arendt, that political experience is recoverable through articulating a concept of the public space in which the need of creating and maintaining it for the sake of political experience as an experience in which freedom can arise. The dissertation is therefore an interpretation and extension of Arendt’s political thought, with a major objective being to seek a path forward in combating the alienation and instrumentality that, I argue, characterizes contemporary citizens’ experience of the political.