As jabuticabeiras são pertencentes da família Myrtaceae e ao gênero Plinia. Existem cerca de nove espécies desta fruteira, das quais se destacam Plinia trunciflora (jabuticaba de cabinho) que tem ocorrência natural na região Sudoeste do Paraná, P. cauliflora (jabuticaba paulista ou jabuticaba Açu) e P. jaboticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará), sendo que ambas produzem frutos tanto para a indústria como para consumo in natura. Apesar disso, não existem muitos pomares comercias com a cultura, prevalecendo-se o extrativismo. Isto pode estar aliado a falta de conhecimento técnico para o manejo das plantas a campo. Como tais espécies são encontradas na mata, o primeiro ponto é se estas podem se adaptar a outras condições de luminosidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o comportamento adaptativo da jabuticabeira muda e planta quando expostas ao ambiente com diferentes intensidades luminosas e qual desta é considerada como ideal para o crescimento, bem como, a influência deste comportamento na produção de compostos secundários nas folhas das plantas. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro envolvido com o estudo das mudas e o segundo com plantas a campo. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos – Paraná. O delineamento experimental foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e 4 repetições de 10 mudas ou 2 plantas por unidade experimental, segundo condição de viveiro e pomar, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram baseados de acordo com a intensidade luminosa, sendo estes, tratamento 1 - pleno sol, representando condição de pomar, com 0% de sombreamento artificial; tratamento 2 - cobertura lateral com tela de sombreamento e superior com plástico transparente, representando condição de clareira, tratamento 3 - cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, representando estádio em que o dossel da mata esteja se fechando, incidindo apenas irradiação solar indireta; tratamento 4 - cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, simulando condição de dossel fechado; com DFF (Densidade de fluxo de fótons) de 10% (90% de sombreamento); tratamento 5 - cobertura lateral e superior com tela de sombreamento, simulando condição de dossel mais aberto, com DFF de 65% (35% de sombreamento). Foram analisados, mensalmente variáveis ligadas as características de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, bem como, parte do período com características bioquímicas das folhas ligadas aos metabólitos secundários, da atividade microbiológica do solo e nas mudas das massas de matéria fresca e seca da raiz e parte aérea e do comprimento radicular. Para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de mudas de jabuticabeira Açú Paulista pode-se utilizar tela de sombreamento lateral com 80% de sombra e cobertura com filme agrícola de 150 micras bem como tela de sombreamento com 50%. Para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de jabuticabeira Híbrida recomenda-se o uso de tela de sombreamento de qualquer malha sobre a planta. Para produção de extratos a partir de metabólitos secundários produzidos pela planta, deve-se mantê-las em condição de cultivo a pleno sol. / The jabuticaba fruit tree from classified in the Myrtaceae family and Plinia genre. There are about nine species of this fruit tree, that include as most important, Plinia trunciflora (jabuticaba de cabinho), naturally occurring in southwestern Paraná State, Brazil, P. cauliflora (jabuticaba Paulista or Jabuticaba Açu) and P. jaboticaba (Vell) (jabuticaba sabará), with all the over species producing fruit for the industry or fresh consumption. Nevertheless, there aren‟t commercial orchards with this culture, with highest yield part from extractive. This fact can be combined with lack of technical knowledge for the plants produce in the field. As these species are found in the forest, the first point is whether they can adapt to other light intensity conditions. The aim of this work was to identify the adaptive behavior of jabuticaba fruit seedling and tree when they were put in different light intensities and what this can be considered ideal for the growth, as well as, its influence in the leaves secondary compounds production. Two experiments were conducted, with the first involved with the study of the seedlings and the second with plants in the field. The work was carried out at Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná State - Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized and a block design with four treatments and four replications of 10 seedlings or two plants per plot, according to nursery or orchard conditions, respectively. The treatments were base according to the light intensity. The treatments used were, 1 - full sun, similar the orchard condition, with 0% shading; 2 - side cover with shade cloth and top with transparent plastic, representing a gap forest condition; 3 - side and top cover with shade cloth, representing stage where the forest canopy is closing, focusing only indirect sunlight; 4 - side and top cover with shade cloth, simulating a closed canopy condition, with PPD (photon flux density) of 10% (90% shading); 5 - side and top cover with shade cloth, simulating a more open canopy condition with PPD 65% (35% shading). The growth and development seedling and plant characteristics were evaluated once by month, as also, during time part in the plants the secondary metabolites leaves, soil activity microbiological and the fresh and dry matter root and shoot and, root length from seedlings. For the growth and development of jabuticaba Açú Paulista seedling recommend to use of side cover with shade cloth and top with transparent plastic, representing a gap forest condition. In orchard, for the growth and development of plants jabuticaba Híbrida tree it was recommended the use of side and top cover with shade cloth of some type. For production of secondary metabolites of leaves, the plant must to be full sunlight condition orchard.

Resumo: Recentemente foi demonstrado que o boro exibe rápida e significante mobilidade no floema de algumas espécies produtoras de polióis. Os polióis como os açúcares alcoóis sorbitol, dulcitol e manitol possuem a capacidade de complexar o B conferindo a esse elemento alguma mobilidade dentro da planta. As espécies selecionadas foram o cajueiro (não produtora de sorbitol) e o pessegueiro (produtora de sorbitol). O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a mobilidade de B aplicado via foliar em mudas de cajueiro e pessegueiro. As espécies foram conduzidas separadamente em dois experimentos em casa de vegetação pertencente a UNESP/FEIS no município de Ilha Solteira-SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em parcelas subdivididas, em duas épocas (30 e 60 dias). Foram avaliados nas parcelas cinco tratamentos e nas subparcelas dois tipos de folha (folhas velhas e folhas novas). Os tratamentos estudados constituiram-se da adubação via solo e/ou via foliar com boro marcado ou não com 10B, da seguinte forma: sem adubação via solo e foliar com B (Sol -B Fol -B); sem adubação via solo com B e adubação foliar com 10B (Sol -B Fol 10 B); adubação via solo com B e sem adubação foliar (Sol B Fol -B); adubação via solo com B e foliar com 10B (Sol B Fol10B) e adubação via solo com 10B e foliar com B (Sol10B Fol B). Na adubação via solo o mesmo foi acrescido de B na dose de 0,5 mg kg-1 de solo e na adubação via foliar aplicação de solução com B na doses de 255 mg L-1, utilizando-se como fonte de B o ácido bórico e ácido bórico enriquecido com átomos de 10 B (99%). Foram avaliados quinzenalmente a altura e o número de folhas e o teor total de B e a porcentagem de B na folha velha e folha nova proveniente do fertilizante aos 30 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos / Abstract: Recently it was demonstrated the boron mobility in the phloem of some species producing polyols. The polyols or such alcohols sugar as sorbitol, mannitol and dulcitol are capable of complexing B giving to this element some mobility within the plant. This work had the objective to study the effect of fertilization with boron in the soil and leaves of cashew and peach seedling. They were conducted two experiments for 120 days in the greenhouse at UNESP, Ilha Solteira/SP. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications in a split plot, in two times for collection of leaves (30 and 60 days after application of treatments). We studied five treatments in plots and two ages of leaves in the subplots (old leaves and new leaves). The treatments studied were: no fertilizer with B in the soil and leaves (Sol -B Fol -B); without fertilizer with B in the soil and leaves with 10B (Sol - B Fol10B); fertilizing in the soil with B and leaves without B (Sol B Fol -B); fertilizing in the soil with B and leaves with 10B (Sol B fol10B) and fertilizing in the soil with 10 B and leaves with B (Sol10B Fol B). Were evaluated the height and the number of leaves biweekly and B total content and B percentage at the leaf from the fertilizer (% Bfopf) at 30 and 60 days. There was no fertilization effect with boron in the cashew seedling growing . The foliar fertilization with boron showed higher increase in the leaves number on peach seedlings at 60 days after fertilization. Boron foliar application is restricted or intermediate mobility in mobile cashew and peach evaluated at 30 and 60 days after fertilization / Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Coorientador: Regina Célia Faria Simão Canesin / Banca: Luiz de Souza Corrêa / Banca: Cassio Hamilton Abreu Junior / Mestre

Orientadores: Osvaldir Pereira Taranto, Edson Antonio da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_WilsonJuniordos_M.pdf: 2752404 bytes, checksum: 248dc6b0dc41a48205f35d33ca05b0f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A folha da mangueira (Mangifera indica L.) é uma fonte potencial de antioxidantes naturais, os quais possuem efeitos benéficos na saúde humana e evitam a deterioração de alimentos. No entanto, os métodos tradicionais para extração desses compostos bioativos têm com principal desvantagem o uso de solventes tóxicos, como o metanol e a acetona. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a extração de antioxidantes da folha da mangueira utilizando técnicas de extrações em uma e duas etapas com solventes GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe). A extração em uma etapa foi realizada com dióxido de carbono supercrítico, água e etanol. As temperaturas e pressões do dióxido de carbono supercrítico variaram entre 40 e 60 °C e 150 e 250 bar, respectivamente. As extrações com água e etanol foram feitas a 40 °C por 24 horas. A extração em duas etapas foi empregada através da combinação da extração supercrítica com a extração convencional. Neste caso, os resíduos das extrações supercríticas a 40 °C foram submetidos a uma nova extração com água ou etanol. Todos os extratos foram caracterizados quanto ao rendimento de fenólicos totais e a quantidade de mangiferina. A atividade antioxidante de todos os extratos foi determinada pelos métodos ORAC e DPPH. O solvente mais eficiente na extração dos compostos antioxidantes foi o etanol. Os resultados obtidos com o CO2 supercrítico foram superiores aos reportados na literatura, no entanto, foram baixos quando comparados às demais técnicas utilizadas neste trabalho. Na extração aquosa, o pré-tratamento da matriz vegetal com CO2 supercrítico a 40 °C e 150 bar aumentou em 65% o rendimento de fenólicos totais e 25% o rendimento de mangiferina, enquanto que o pré-tratamento a 40 °C e 250 bar propiciou um aumento de 30 e 75% (método ORAC e DPPH, respectivamente) na atividade antioxidante. No entanto, na extração etanólica, o pré-tratamento com CO2 não apresentou nenhuma influência significativa nos resultados. Finalmente, em todos os extratos, a atividade antioxidante apresentou correlação positiva com o rendimento de fenólicos totais, indicando que os fenóis são os principais antioxidantes da folha da mangueira / Abstract: The mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaf is a potential source of natural antioxidants, which have beneficial effects on human health and prevent food deterioration. However, the traditional methods to extract these bioactive compounds have as main drawback the use of toxic solvents, such as methanol or acetone. In this context, this work aimed at the antioxidants extraction of mango leaves using extraction techniques in one and two steps with GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) solvents. Single step extractions were performed with supercritical carbon dioxide, water and ethanol. Temperatures and pressures of supercritical carbon dioxide were between 40 and 60 °C and 150 and 250 bar, respectively. The extractions with water and ethanol were carried out in batches at 40 °C for 24 hours. Two-step extraction was applied combining supercritical extraction with conventional extraction. In this case, residues of supercritical extraction at 40 °C were submitted to an another extraction with water or ethanol. All extracts were analyzed for phenolic compounds content and the amount of mangiferin. The antioxidant activity was determined by ORAC and DPPH methods. The most efficient solvent in the antioxidant extraction was ethanol. The results obtained with supercritical CO2 were higher than those reported in literature, however, were low when compared to other techniques used in this study. In aqueous extraction, the pre-treatment of the vegetable matrix with supercritical CO2 at 40 °C and 150 bar increased approximately 65% the yield of the total phenolics and 25% the yield of mangiferin, whereas pre-treatment at 40 °C and 250 bar resulted in an increased of 30 and 75% (method ORAC and DPPH, respectively) in antioxidant activity. However, in ethanolic extraction, pre-treatment with CO2 showed no significant influence on the results. Finally, in all extracts, the antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the yield of total phenolics, indicating that phenols are the main antioxidants of the mango leaves / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

No description available.

Thesis (MScAgric (Plant Pathology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A survey was undertaken on apple and pear trees in the Western Cape Province to determine the aetiology of trunk diseases with reference to trunk diseases occurring on grapevine. Grapevine trunk diseases cause the gradual decline and dieback of vines resulting in a decrease in the vine’s capability to carry and ripen fruit. In recent years, viticulture has been expanding into several of the well established pome fruit growing areas. The presence of trunk pathogens in pome fruit orchards may affect the health of the pome fruit trees as well as cause a threat to young vineyards planted in close proximity to these potential sources of viable inoculum. Several genera containing species known to be involved in trunk disease on pome fruit and grapevine were found, including Diplodia, Neofusicoccum, Eutypa, Phaeoacremonium and Phomopsis. Diplodia seriata and D. pyricolum, were isolated along with N. australe and N. vitifusiforme. Four Phaeoacremonium species, P. aleophilum, P. iranianum, P. mortoniae and P. viticola, two Phomopsis species linked to clades identified in former studies as Phomopsis sp. 1 and Phomopsis sp. 7, and Eutypa lata were found. In addition, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense and Pa. variabile, and an unidentified Pyrenochaetalike species were found. Of these the Phaeoacremonium species have not been found on pear wood and it is a first report of P. aleophilum occurring on apple. This is also a first report of the Phomopsis species and Eutypa lata found occurring on pome trees in South Africa Two new coelomycetous fungi were also found including a Diplodia species, Diplodia pyricolum sp. nov., and a new genus, Pyrenochaetoides gen. nov. with the type species, Pyrenochaetoides mali sp. nov., were described from necrotic pear and apple wood. The combined ITS and EF1-α phylogeny supported the new Diplodia species, which is closely related to D. mutila and D. africana. The new species is characterised by conidia that become pigmented and 1-septate within the pycnidium, and that are intermediate in size between the latter two Diplodia species. Phylogenetic inference of the SSU of the unknown coelomycete provided bootstrap support (100%) for a monophyletic clade unrelated to known genera, and basal to Phoma and its relatives. Morphologically the new genus is characterised by pycnidial with elongated necks that lack setae, cylindrical conidiophores that are seldomly branched at the base, and Phoma-like conidia. The phylogenetic results combined with its dissimilarity from genera allied to Phoma, lead to the conclusion that this species represents a new genus. A pathogenicity trial was undertaken to examine the role of these species on apple, pear and grapevine shoots. N. australe caused the longest lesions on grapevine shoots, while Pyrenochaetoides mali, Pa. variabile, D. seriata and P. mortoniae caused lesions that were significantly longer than the control inoculations. On pears, D. pyricolum and N. australe caused the longest lesions, followed by D. seriata and E. lata. On apples, the longest lesions were caused by N. australe and P. iranianum. D. seriata, D. pyricolum, E. lata, N. vitifusiforme, Pa. brasiliense, P. aleophilum and P. mortoniae also caused lesions on apple that were significantly longer than the control. The study demonstrated that close cultivation of grapevine to apple and pear orchards may have inherent risks in terms of the free availability of viable inoculum of trunk disease pathogens. / No Afrikaans abstract available.

Efficient use of irrigation and nutrients are becoming increasingly important in commercial orchards in the Hawkesbury area. Proper irrigation scheduling practices can help in the better use of irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts. Field experiments were conducted during February 1999 to June 2000 to understand soil-water use, and to evaluate farmer’s irrigation practice under an alley cropping system consisting of turf and stone fruits. The study was carried out at Atlas Farm, 3.5 km from the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury campus. The experimental site is a floodplain of the Hawkesbury River. The river flows within 1 km of the farm boundaries. The study was conducted under the farmer’s existing irrigation water and nutrient management practices. The main aims of the thesis were to study the movement and redistribution of soil-water and soil-moisture dynamics in the turf and stone fruit alley cropping system and to understand deep percolation losses and nitrogen leaching using the water balance approach. The study indicated that drainage occurred mainly after heavy rainfall and when there was rainfall for a few consecutive days. Thus irrigation application should be delayed if there is a likelihood of rain in a few consecutive days to prevent loss of water due to deep drainage. Furthermore, the study showed irrigation scheduling was essential to reduce nitrate leaching in the field; that irrigation depths should be varied according to the stage of crop growth, and the proper timing of irrigation application could help reduce deep percolation and runoff losses. / Master of Science (Hons) (Agriculture)

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The control of excessive vegetative growth is important in deciduous fruit orchards. Currently the plant growth regulator prohexadione-calcium (p-Ca) is used to control apple shoot growth in the Untited States of America and some European countries. The effect of P-Ca on the shoot and fruit growth of apples (Malus domestica B.), pears (Pyrus cummunis L.), plums (Prunus sa/icina L.) and nectarines (Prunus persica L.) was evaluated. Inhibition of shoot growth can effect fruit growth. Therefore I did a literature review on the fruit growth of pome- and stone fruit. Split pit, a physiological disorder associated with an increased fruit growth rate in stone fruit, was also investigated. During the course of the 2001 / 2002 season two trials were conducted in the Villiersdorp area of the Western Cape on 'Golden Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' apple trees. Single and multiple applications of P-Ca at different rates, with and without the surfactant Dash®, were applied. One of these trials was continued during the 2002 / 2003 season. In the 2001 / 2002 season, P-Ca reduced shoot growth in both trials on 'Golden Delicious'. The shoot growth of 'Granny Smith' was reduced in both trials where PCa was applied three or four times. There was an improvement in the fruit size of 'Golden Delicious' in both trials, but there was no improvement in the fruit size of 'Granny Smith'. In the 2002 / 2003 season, the single P-Ca application did not reduce shoot growth. Unfortunately 'Golden Delicious' was harvested before any data were obtained. Once again P-Ca had no effect on the fruit size of 'Granny Smith'. Dash® did not improve the effect ofP-Ca. In the 2002 / 2003 season we replicated one trial on five different pear cultivars in the Wolsely area of the Western Cape. Single and multiple applications of P-Ca at different rates were compared to a girdling treatment (2 weeks after full bloom). 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie', 'Flamingo', 'Forelle' and 'Packham's Triumph' pear trees were used and Dash®was added to all 0f the treatments. P-Ca reduced shoot growth in all of the pear cultivars. Girdling reduced shoot growth only in 'Forelle'. P-Ca increased fruit set of 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie' and 'Forelle', however, this was associated with a reduced fruit size of 'Early Bon Chretien' and 'Rosemarie'. Girdling did not increase fruit set, but increased fruit size of 'Flamingo' and 'Early Bon Chretien'. P-Ca reduced return bloom of 'Packham's Triumph' and 'Forelle', whereas girdling increased return bloom in all the cultivars except 'Packham's Triumph'. In the 2002 / 2003 season, trials were also conducted on 'Pioneer' and 'Songold' plums and 'May Glo' nectarine in the Wemmershoek and Stellenbosch area of the Western Cape. Single applications at different rates of P-Ca were applied. Dash® was added to all of the treatments. The higher rates of P-Ca reduced the shoot growth of 'Pioneer'. P-Ca only reduced shoot growth of 'Songold' initially and but did not reduce shoot growth of 'May Glo'. P-Ca had no influence on fruit size of 'Pioneer', 'Songold' or 'May Glo'. P-Ca did not aggravate the occurrence of split pit. In conclusion, P-Ca reduced shoot growth in apples and pears when applied at the appropriate rates. Although P-Ca reduced shoot growth of 'Pioneer' plum, more research needs to be done on stone fruit to optimise timing and rate of P-Ca applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beheer van oormatige lootgroei is van kardinale belang in vrugtebome. Tans word die plantgroeireguleerder proheksadioon-kalsium (P-Ca) gebruik om die lootgroei van appels te beheer in die Verenigde State van Amerika en sekere lande in Europa. Die effek van P-Ca op lootgroei en vruggrootte is in proewe op appels (Malus domestica B.), pere (Pyrus cummunis L.), pruime (Prunus salicina L.) en nekatriens (Prunus persica L.) geëvalueer. Aangesien lootgroei inhibisie moontlik vruggroei kan vesnel, is 'n literatuurstudie oor die vruggroei van kern-en steenvrugte gedoen. Die ontwikkelling van gesplete pit by steenvrugte ('n fisiologiese defek geassosieer met versnelde vruggroei) is ook ondersoek. Gedurende die 2001 / 2002 seisoen is P-Ca in twee afsonderlike proewe in die Villiersdorp area van die Wes Kaap geëvalueer. Enkel en veelvuldige toedienings van verskeie konsentrasies P-Ca, met en sonder die benatter Dash", is op 'Golden Delicious' en 'Granny Smith' bome toegedien. Een proef is herhaal gedurende die 2002 / 2003 seisoen. In die 2001 /2002 seisoen het die P-Ca behandelings in beide proewe die lootgroei van 'Golden Delicious' verminder. Die lootgroei van 'Granny Smith' is in beide proewe verminder waar P-Ca 3 of 4 keer toegedien is. Die vruggrootte van 'Golden Delicious', maar nie 'Granny Smith' nie, is in beide proewe deur die P-Ca verbeter. In die 2002 / 2003 seisoen kon die enkeltoedienings van P-Ca nie die lootgroei verminder van 'Golden Delicious' of 'Granny Smith' nie. 'Golden Delicious' is geoes voor enige inligting oor die vruggrootte ingesamel kon word. Weereens het PCa geen invloed op die vruggrootte van 'Granny Smith' gehad nie. Dash® het nie die effek van P-Ca verbeter nie.In die 2002 / 2003 seisoen is proewe met P-Ca gedoen op 5 verskillende peer kultivars in die Wolsely area van die Wes Kaap. P-Ca is teen verskillende konsentrasies, met enkel en veelvuldige bespuitings toegedien en vergelyk met 'n ringelerings behandeling (2 weke na volblom). 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie', 'Flamingo', 'Forelle' en 'Packham's Triumph' bome is gebruik en die benatter Dash® is by al die behandelings gevoeg P-Ca toedienings het lootgroei verminder in 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie', 'Flamingo', 'Forelle' en 'Packham's Triumph'. Ringelering kon slegs die lootgroei van 'Forelle' verminder. P-Ca het die vrugset van 'Early Bon Chretien', 'Rosemarie'en 'Forelle' verhoog. Die toename in vrugset het gelei tot 'n afname in die vruggrootte van 'Early Bon Chretien' en 'Rosemarie'. Ringelering het die vruggrootte van 'Flamingo' en 'Early Bon Chretien' verbeter. P-Ca het 'n afname in die hoeveelheid reproduktiewe knoppe in die volgende seisoen, van 'Packham's Triumph' en 'Forelle' veroorsaak. Ringelering het 'n toename in die hoeveelheid vegetatiewe knoppe in die volgende seisoen gehad vir al die kultivars, behalwe 'Packham's Triumph'. Geduerende dieselfde seisoen is daar ook proewe gedoen op 'Pioneer' en 'Songold' pruime en 'May Glo' nektarienbome in onderskeidelik die Wemmershoek en Stellenbosch areas van die Wes Kaap. Bome is met enkel toedienings van verskillende konsentrasies P-Ca behandel en die benatter Dash® is by al die behandelings bygevoeg. Die hoër dosisse P-Ca het die lootgroei van 'Pioneer' verminder. P-Ca kon slegs die aanvanklike lootgroei op 'Songold' verminder en kon nie lootgroei van 'May Glo' beperk nie. P-Ca het geen invloed op die vruggrootte van 'Pioneer', 'Songold' of 'May Glo' gehad nie. P-Ca het nie die voorkoms van gesplete-pit vererger nie. Om saam te vat kan gesê word dat P-Ca lootgroei op appels en pere goed beperk teen die regte konsentrasies. Alhoewel P-Ca lootgroei suksesvol beheer het op 'Pioneer', moet daar meer werk gedoen word op steenvrugte.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Excessive shoot growth of fruit trees may have various negative effects. These include a decrease in fruit set, fruit size, red colour and in return bloom. Cultural practices that are currently in use, such as the use of dwarfing rootstocks, girdling and pruning do not always give sufficient shoot growth control. The use of plant growth retardants, in combination with these cultural practices, offer additional possibilities. Trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of the new plant growth retardant prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) on apple, pear and plum shoot growth. In addition, the effect of P-Ca on fruit set, fruit size, yield, fruit quality and return bloom were also evaluated. During the 1999/2000 season P-Ca was applied to full bearing twelfth leaf 'Golden Delicious' trees on M793 rootstock, twenty-sixth leaf 'Granny Smith' trees on seedling rootstock, ninth leaf 'Royal Gala' trees on M793 rootstock, seventh leaf 'Rosemarie' trees on seedling rootstock and eighth leaf 'Songold' trees on 'Marianna' rootstock in the Villiersdorp area in the Western Cape (33°59' S, 19°17' E; ca. 365 m a.s.l.; Mediterranean climate). P-Ca was applied at concentrations of 3 x 50, 4 x 50 and 3 x 67 mg.l' to the apple trees. The first application was at petal drop with no surfactant added with any of the treatments. P-Ca was applied at concentrations of2 x 62.5,125,250 and 2 x 125 mg.l" to the pear and plum trees. The first application was at petal drop and pit-hardening for the pear and plum trees respectively. Agral-90 was used as surfactant only with the first spray applied to the pear trees. During the 2000/2001 season the same 'Golden Delicious' and 'Royal Gala' trees were used as in the 1999/2000 season. Thirteenth leaf 'Granny Smith' trees on M793 rootstock in the Villiersdorp area were used. Sixth leaf 'Rosemarie' trees on BP3 rootstock, fifth leaf 'Golden Russet Bose' trees on BP3 rootstock, seventh leaf 'Forelle' trees on BP3 rootstock and 16th leaf 'Packham's Triumph' trees on seedling rootstock in the Wolseley area in the Western Cape were used. P-Ca was again applied at concentrations of 3 x 50,4 x 50 and 3 x 67 mg.l' to the apple trees. The first application in the 'Golden Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' trees was at full bloom and at petal drop in the 'Royal Gala' trees. The last application was at 45 days before harvest. No surfactant was added with any of the sprays. P-Ca was applied at concentrations of 50, 75, 150, 2 x 50,2 x 75 and 3 x 50 mg.l" to the pear trees with the first spray when 4 to 5 leaves were unfolded and the last one 45 days before harvest. Agral-90 was added as surfactant with all the pear sprays. The pear trial also included a girdling treatment. P-Ca effectively inhibited shoot growth of all three apple cultivars in both seasons. Regrowth occurred in both seasons in all the cultivars, therefore it is not clear which treatment(s) is optimal for reducing shoot growth. P-Ca increased fruit size in 'Royal Gala' in the 1999/2000 season and decreased yield expressed as kg fruit harvested 1 em trunk circumference in 'Golden Delicious' in the 2000/2001 season. This reduction in yield can be attributed to the low number of flower clusters in the spring of 2000 following P-Ca treatment in 1999. P-Ca decreased the number of developed seeds in 'Royal Gala' in both seasons and increased the number of seeds with aborted embrios in the 200012001 season. After four weeks of cold storage (± 5°C) and one week at room temperature (± 20°C), P-Ca had no effect on the occurrence of bitter pit in 'Golden Delicious'. The 'Granny Smith' trees were harvested before fruit analysis could be done in the 2000/2001 season. In pear, girdling was not effective in inhibiting shoot growth in any of the cultivars, but P-Ca proved to be an effective inhibitor of shoot growth of 'Rosemarie' and 'Golden Russet Bose', and to a lesser degree 'Packham's Triumph', but not 'Forelle'. Despite the re-growth that occurred ca. four weeks after harvest in 'Rosemarie' in the 2000/20001 season, it appears that a single high rate (250 and 150 mg.l' for the 1999/2000 and 2000/2001 seasons respectively) P-Ca application is more effective than a single low rate or multiple low rates in inhibiting shoot growth. In the 200012001 season P-Ca increased fruit set in 'Rosemarie' and 'Forelle'. In both seasons P-Ca reduced 'Rosemarie' fruit size while girdling increased 'Forelle' and 'Packham's Triumph' fruit size in 2000/2001. P-Ca increased 'Rosemarie' fruit firmness and 'Forelle' fruit colour in the 2000/2001 season and decreased the percentage of 'Packham's Triumph' fruit with cork spot. Girdling increased 'Packham's Triumph' fruit colour and TSS concentration while decreasing fruit firmness in 2000/2001. P-Ca reduced return bloom in 'Forelle' and 'Packham's Triumph' in 2001, while girdling increased 'Golden Russet Bose' and 'Forelle' return bloom. Due to poor flowering and thus low fruit number in 'Golden Russet Bose', fruit set in 2000 could not be determined and no fruit analysis could be done. In 'Songold' all four P-Ca treatments inhibited shoot growth, but the 2 x 125 mg.l' treatment were the most effective, both in terms of total shoot growth and in reduction of the re-growth that occurred ca. two weeks before the first commercial harvest date. P-Ca increased fruit firmness and decreased TSS concentration both at harvest and after four weeks of cold storage at dual temperature (10 days at -O.soC + 18 days at 7.S°C). In conclusion P-Ca is an effective inhibitor of shoot growth of the apples 'Golden Delicious', 'Granny Smith' and 'Royal Gala', the pears 'Rosemarie', 'Golden Russet Bose' and 'Packham's Triumph' and the plum 'Songold', but more work is needed to control re-growth. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oormatige lootgroei van vrugtebome kan verskeie negatiewe effekte tot gevolg he, insluitende 'n afname in vrugset, vruggrootte, rooi kleur en 'n verlaging in die daaropvolgende jaar se blom. Boordpraktyke soos die gebruik van dwergende onderstamme, ringelering en snoei, beheer nie altyd lootgroei doeltreffend nie. Die gebruik van groeireguleerders, in kombinasie met hierdie boordpraktyke, bied bykomende geleenthede. Proewe is uitgevoer om die effek van die nuwe groeireguleerder proheksadioon-kalsium (PCa) op appel, peer en pruim lootgroei te evalueer. Die effek van P-Ca op vrugset, vruggrootte, opbrengs, vrugkwalitiet en die daaropvolgende jaar se blom is ook geevalueer. Gedurende die 1999/2000 seisoen is P-Ca toegedien aan voldraende twaalfde blad 'Golden Delicious' bome op M793 onderstamme, ses-en-twintigste blad 'Granny Smith' bome op saailing onderstamme, negende blad 'Royal Gala' bome op M793 onderstamme, sewende blad 'Rosemarie' bome op saailing onderstamme en agste blad 'Songold' bome op 'Marianna' onderstamme in die Villiersdorp area in die Wes Kaap (33°25' S, 19°12' 0; ligging ong. 270 m.; Meditereense klimaat). P-Ca is aan die appelbome toegedien teen konsentrasies van 3 x 50, 4 x 50 en 3 x 67 mg.l' met die eerste toediening by blomblaarval. Geen benatter is by enige van die toedienings gevoeg nie. P-Ca is aan die peer- en pruimbome toegedien teen konsentrasies van 2 x 62.5, 125, 250 en 2 x 125 mg.l' met die eerste toediening by blomblaarval en pitverharding vir onderskeidelik die peer- en pruimbome. Agral-90 is as benatter gebruik slegs saam met die eerste toediening op die peerbome. Tydens die 2000/2001 seisoen is dieselfde 'Golden Delicious' en 'Royal Gala' bome gebruik as in die 1999/2000 seisoen. Derde blad 'Granny Smith' bome op M793 onderstamme in die Villiersdorp area is gebruik. Sesde blad 'Rosemarie' bome op BP3 onderstamme, vyfde blad 'Golden Russet Bose' bome op BPI onderstamme, sewende blad 'Forelle' bome op BP3 onderstamme en sestiende blad 'Packham's Triumph' bome op saailing onderstamme in die Wolseley area in die Wes Kaap is gebruik. P-Ca is weereens aan die appelbome toegedien teen konsentrasies van 3 x 50, 4 x 50 en 3 x 67 mg.l". Die eerste toediening aan die 'Golden Delicious' en 'Granny Smith' bome was by volblom en die eerste toediening aan die 'Royal Gala' bome by blomblaarval. Die laaste toediening is 45 dae voor oes gedoen. Geen benatter is met enige van die toedienings bygevoeg nie. P-Ca is aan die peerbome toegedien teen konsentrasies van 50, 75, 150,2 x 50, 2 x 75 en 3 x 50 mg.l' met die eerste toediening toe vier tot vyf blare ontvou was en die laaste een 45 dae voor oes. Agral-90 is as benatter gebruik met al die peer bespuitings. By die peer proef is ook 'n ringeleer behandeling ingesluit. In beide seisoene het P-Ca die lootgroei van al drie appel kultivars verminder. Hergroei het in beide seisoene in al drie kultivars plaasgevind. Dit is dus onduidelik watter behandeling(s) optimaal is vir lootgroei beheer. In die 1999/2000 seisoen het P-Ca 'Royal Gala' vruggrootte verbeter. In die 2000/2001 seisoen is 'Golden Delicious' opbrengs, uitgedruk as kg vrugte geoes / cm stamomtrek, verlaag. Hierdie verlaging in opbrengs kan toegeskryf word aan die lae blom aantal in die lente van 2000 wat gevolg het op die P-Ca behandeling in 1999. In beide seisoene het P-Ca die aantal ontwikkelde sade in 'Royal Gala' verminder terwyl die aantal sade met geaborteerde embrios verhoog is in die 2000/2001 seisoen. Na vier weke koelopberging (± 5°C) en een week by kamertemperatuur (± 20°C) het P-Ca geen effek op die voorkoms van bitterpit in 'Golden Delicious' gehad nie. Die 'Granny Smith' bome is in die 2000/2001 seisoen geoes voordat enige data ingesamel kon word. Ringelering het geen effek op lootgroei gehad in enige van die peer kultivars nie, maar P-Ca het lootgroei effektief beheer in 'Rosemarie' en 'Golden Russet Bose' en tot 'n mindere mate 'Packham's Triumph', maar het geen effek op 'Forelle' lootgroei gehad nie. Ten spyte van die hergroei wat voorgekom het in die 'Rosemarie' bome ongeveer vier weke na oes in die 2000/2001 seisoen, wil dit voorkom asof P-Ca toegedien teen 'n enkele hoe konsentrasie (250 en 150 mg.l' vir die 1999/2000 en 2000/2001 seisoene onderskeidelik) meer effektief was om lootgroei te beheer as 'n enkele lae konsentrasie of veelvuldige lae konsentrasies. P-Ca het vrugset in 'Rosemarie' en 'Forelle' verhoog in die 2000/2001 seisoen. In beide seisoene het P-Ca 'Rosemarie' vruggrootte verlaag terwyl ringelering 'Forelle' en 'Packham's Triumph' vruggrootte verbeter het in die 2000/2001 seisoen. P-Ca het 'Rosemarie' vrugfermheid en 'Forelle' vrugkleur verhoog in die 2000/2001 seisoen en die aantal 'Packham's Triumph' vrugte met kurkvlek verlaag. Ringelering het 'Packham's Triumph' vrugkleur en TSSkonsentrasie verhoog, maar vrugfermheid verlaag in die 2000/2001 seisoen. P-Ca het die aantal blomme in 'Forelle' en 'Packham's Triumph' verlaag in 2001, terwyl ringelering blom in 'Golden Russet Bosc' en 'Forelle' verhoog het. As gevolg van 'n lae blom- en dus vruggetal in 'Golden Russet Bosc' kon vrugset In 2000 nie bepaal word nie en geen vrugontledings kon gedoen word nie. Al vier P-Ca behandelings het lootgroei in 'Songold' beheer, maar die 2 x 12S mg.l' toediening was die effektiefste, beide in terme van totale lootgroei en in beheer van die hergroei wat ongeveer twee weke voor die eerste kommersieele oesdatum plaasgevind het. PCa het vrugfermheid verhoog en die TSS-konsentrasie verlaag, beide tydens oes en na vier weke koelopberging by dubbel temperatuur (10 dae by -O.soC + 18 dae by 7.S0C). Om saam te vat kan gese word dat P-Ca 'n effektiewe inhibeerder van lootgroei van die appels 'Golden Delicious', 'Granny Smith' en 'Royal Gala', die pere 'Rosemarie', 'Golden Russet Bosc' en 'Packham's Triumph' en die pruim 'Songold' is. Meer werk is egter nodig om die hergroei te beheer.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A gabirobeira (Campomanesia spp.) e o baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog) são duas fruteiras nativas do Cerrado com grande potencial devido ao seu aproveitamento alimentar e suas múltiplas possibilidades de utilização. A cultura de tecidos pode colaborar tanto para o cultivo quanto para a preservação destas espécies. Assim, neste trabalho, foram realizados experimentos com diversos fitorreguladores no cultivo in vitro das duas fruteiras. No experimento feito com a gabirobeira, foram testadas três poliaminas (espermina, espermidina e putrescina) em duas concentrações (0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1) para a multiplicação in vitro da gabirobeira utilizando, como explantes, segmentos nodais de plantas estabelecidas in vitro. Os resultados mostraram que as poliaminas não foram eficientes no desenvolvimento dos explantes de gabirobeira. Porém, o subcultivos de segmentos nodais pode funcionar como método de multiplicação in vitro da gabirobeira. Já nos estudos relacionados ao baruzeiro, foram realizados trabalhos comparando a ação de sete fitorreguladores (espermina, espermidina, putrescina, 2iP, cinetina, zeatina e BAP) e também a combinação de doses de BAP e ANA na multiplicação in vitro do baruzeiro, utilizando dois tipos de explantes: sementes e segmentos nodais de plantas estabelecidas in vitro. Para as sementes, a zeatina foi o fitorregulador que proporcionou a formação do maior número de brotações, enquanto a variação das doses de BAP e o uso de ANA não foram efetivos para a multiplicação in vitro. Quando os explantes utilizados foram segmentos nodais, a espermina foi o fitorregulador que, isoladamente, favoreceu a maior taxa de brotações por explante, enquanto a combinação de 0,5 mg L-1 de ANA e 12 mg L-1 de BAP mostrou-se a mais promissora para gerar brotações em segmentos nodais de baruzeiro. Assim, os dados aqui apresentados são importantes para a multiplicação in vitro da gabirobeira e do baruzeiro e podem subsidiar estudos futuros a relacionados ao tema. / The gabirobeira (Campomanesia spp.) and the baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.) are fruit trees native to the Brazilian Cerrado, both present great potential due to the value of their fruits as food and their multiple possibilities of usage. Tissue cultures can collaborate not only on cultivation, but also on the preservation of these species. Thereby, experiments with different growth regulators on in vitro cultivation of both fruit trees were performed in this work. In the experiment performed on the gabirobeira, three polyamines (spermine, spermidine and putrescine) in two concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) – designated to in vitro multiplication of the gabirobeira – were tested using nodal segments from plants established in vitro as explants. The results showed that polyamines were not efficient for the development of the gabirobeira explants. However, nodal segment subculturing can work as a method for in vitro multiplication of the gabirobeira. Furthermore, in the studies related to the baruzeiro, experiments were performed comparing the action of seven growth regulators (spermine, spermidine, putrescine, 2iP, kinetin, zeatin and BAP) and the combination of doses of BAP and NAA on in vitro multiplication of the baruzeiro, in which two types of explants were used: seeds and nodal segments from plants established in vitro. For seeds, zeatin was the growth regulator that provided the generation of the greatest number of shoots, whereas the variation of BAP doses and the use of NAA were not effective for in vitro multiplication. When nodal segments were used as explants, spermine was the growth regulator to single-handedly provide the highest rate of shoot formation per explant, whereas the combination of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 12 mg L-1 of BAP revealed itself to be the most promising for the shoot induction in nodal segments from the baruzeiro. Therefore, the mentioned data are important to in vitro multiplication of the gabirobeira and the baruzeiro, and it can also support future research concerning the subject. / Tese (Doutorado)

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-28T19:41:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ladyslene Christhyns de Paula - 2015.pdf: 1525732 bytes, checksum: 4fcbdced13934388c78559440d071220 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T13:00:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ladyslene Christhyns de Paula - 2015.pdf: 1525732 bytes, checksum: 4fcbdced13934388c78559440d071220 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T13:00:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ladyslene Christhyns de Paula - 2015.pdf: 1525732 bytes, checksum: 4fcbdced13934388c78559440d071220 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil is a country of great diversity in species of native fruits, yet little explored, but with huge agro-industrial and nutritional potential, being mangaba one of these promising fruit. Research indicates that the intake of conventional, exotic and native fruits provide not only essential nutrients, but also bioactive compounds that promote beneficial effects on human health, reducing the risk of chronic diseases and even cancer, due to the interaction between these compounds and their antioxidant potential. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in raw fruits mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), and the influence of conservation methods: freezing, freeze-drying and foam layer before these biocompounds. The samples were evaluated at Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory of Food of Faculty of Pharmacy of Federal University of Goiás, as regard of: ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and total antioxidant activity by DPPH methods, ABTS and FRAP. Analyses were performed in triplicate for each sample, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The results showed significant correlation between the content of total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity by FRAP method, showing that ascorbic acid content, contributed to the antioxidant activity of the samples. Thus, there is a possibility of using mangaba, both for consumption and fresh using, referred to as different methods of preservation, possibly enabling the use of the fruit as a functional food. / O Brasil é um país com grande diversidade em espécies de frutas nativas, ainda pouco exploradas, mas com enorme potencial agroindustrial e nutricional, sendo a mangaba, uma destas frutíferas promissoras. Pesquisas apontam que a ingestão de frutas convencionais, exóticas e nativas fornecem não somente os nutrientes essenciais, mas também, compostos bioativos que promovem efeitos benéficos à saúde humana, reduzindo o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e até mesmo o câncer, devido à interação entre estes compostos e seu potencial antioxidante. Este estudo teve como proposta, avaliar o comportamento dos compostos bioativos e da atividade antioxidante em frutos in natura de mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), bem como a influência dos métodos de conservação: congelamento, liofilização, secagem em camada de espuma, frente a estes biocompostos. As amostras foram avaliadas no Laboratório de Química e Bioquímica de Alimentos, da Faculdade de Farmácia, da Universidade Federal de Goiás, quanto ao teor de: ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos totais, carotenoides e atividade antioxidante total pelos métodos DPPH, ABTS e FRAP. As análises foram realizadas em triplicata, para cada amostra, e os resultados expressos em média ± desvio padrão. Os resultados demonstraram correlação significativa entre o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante total pelo método do FRAP, dem onstrando que o teor de ácido ascórbico, contribuiu para a atividade antioxidante das amostras analisadas. Assim, verifica-se a possibilidade do uso da mangaba, tanto para o consumo na forma in natura, quanto submetido aos diferentes métodos de conservação, possibilitando possivelmente a utilização deste fruto como alimento funcional.