Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 petrarca_mh_me_arafcf.pdf: 728580 bytes, checksum: fcd85cee42c96cde3425a6e4de7340fb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a influência do pH, tempo e temperatura sobre a estabilidade do derivado fumonisina B1-orto-ftaldialdeído, desenvolver e validar um método analítico para a determinação de fumonisina B1 em arroz, como também avaliar a ocorrência de fumonisina B1 em amostras de arroz polido, parboilizado polido, integral e parboilizado integral comercialiazdas no município de Araraquara, SP. Na otimização das condições cromatográficas, verificou-se que os parâmetros experimentais pH, tempo e temperatura influenciaram significativamente na estabilidade do derivado fumonisina B1-orto-ftaldialdeído. A partir de planejamento fatorial – delineamentos de Plackett & Burman e Composto Central Rotacional, e com referência no procedimento QuEChERS, foi possível deselvolver um método analítico para a determinação de fumonisina B1 em arroz. Um método de fácil execução, economicamente viável, rápido e com menor geração de resíduos orgânicos. Os parâmetros de desempenho do método analítico indicaram seletividade para a micotoxina fumonisina B1, linearidade, efeito de matriz significativo, exatidão e precisão, com limite de detecção de 50 µ g.kg-1 e limite de quantificação de 100 µg.kg-1. O método apresentou porcentagens de recuperação de 100,48, 104,97, 87,60 e 91,76% para o arroz polido, parboilizado polido, integral e parboilizado integral, respectivamente. Verificou-se contaminação por fumonisina B1 em aproximadamente 12% do total de 51 amostras analisadas. Das 20 amostras de arroz polido, apenas uma apresentou contaminação por fumonisina B1, com nível de 258,69 µ g.kg-1. Verificou-se que das 10 amostras de arroz parboilizado polido analisadas, duas apresentaram contaminação por fumonisina B1, com níveis entre 109,36 e 162,99 µg.kg-1, o que representou... / The aims of the study were to evaluate the influenc of pH, time and temperature on stability of the fumonisin B1-ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivative, develop and validate a analytical method for determination of the fumonisin B1 in rice, as also evaluate the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in polished, polished parboiled, whole and whole parboiled rice samples, marketed in Araraquara, SP. In chromatographic conditions optimizing, observed that experimental parameters pH, time and temperature significantly influenced on stability of the fumonisin B1-ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivative. From Palckett & Burman and Rotational Central Composite designs was obtained an analythical method for determination of fumonisin B1 in rice. An easy, cheap and fast method, with less generation of organic residuals. The performance parameters of the analytical method showed selectivity for the mycotoxin fumonisin B1, linearity, significant matrix effect, accuracy and precision, with detection limit of 50µg.kg-1 and limit of quantification of 100µg.kg-1. The method recovery was 100.48, 104.97, 87.60 and 91.76% for polished, polished parboiled, whole and whole parboiled rice samples, respectively. The contamination by fumonisin B1 was observed in approximately 12% of 51 samples analyzed. Contamination by fumonisin B1 was observed in approximately 12% of 51 samples analyzed. Only one polished rice sample showed contamination by fumonisin B1 whose level was of 258.69µ g.kg-1. Among the total of polished parboiled rice samples analyzed, two samples were contaminated by fumonisin B1, with levels between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Célia Maria de Sylos / Banca: Myrna Sabino / Banca: Eliane Maria Ravasi Stefano Simionato / Resumo: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a influência do pH, tempo e temperatura sobre a estabilidade do derivado fumonisina B1-orto-ftaldialdeído, desenvolver e validar um método analítico para a determinação de fumonisina B1 em arroz, como também avaliar a ocorrência de fumonisina B1 em amostras de arroz polido, parboilizado polido, integral e parboilizado integral comercialiazdas no município de Araraquara, SP. Na otimização das condições cromatográficas, verificou-se que os parâmetros experimentais pH, tempo e temperatura influenciaram significativamente na estabilidade do derivado fumonisina B1-orto-ftaldialdeído. A partir de planejamento fatorial - delineamentos de Plackett & Burman e Composto Central Rotacional, e com referência no procedimento QuEChERS, foi possível deselvolver um método analítico para a determinação de fumonisina B1 em arroz. Um método de fácil execução, economicamente viável, rápido e com menor geração de resíduos orgânicos. Os parâmetros de desempenho do método analítico indicaram seletividade para a micotoxina fumonisina B1, linearidade, efeito de matriz significativo, exatidão e precisão, com limite de detecção de 50 µ g.kg-1 e limite de quantificação de 100 µg.kg-1. O método apresentou porcentagens de recuperação de 100,48, 104,97, 87,60 e 91,76% para o arroz polido, parboilizado polido, integral e parboilizado integral, respectivamente. Verificou-se contaminação por fumonisina B1 em aproximadamente 12% do total de 51 amostras analisadas. Das 20 amostras de arroz polido, apenas uma apresentou contaminação por fumonisina B1, com nível de 258,69 µ g.kg-1. Verificou-se que das 10 amostras de arroz parboilizado polido analisadas, duas apresentaram contaminação por fumonisina B1, com níveis entre 109,36 e 162,99 µg.kg-1, o que representou... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aims of the study were to evaluate the influenc of pH, time and temperature on stability of the fumonisin B1-ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivative, develop and validate a analytical method for determination of the fumonisin B1 in rice, as also evaluate the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in polished, polished parboiled, whole and whole parboiled rice samples, marketed in Araraquara, SP. In chromatographic conditions optimizing, observed that experimental parameters pH, time and temperature significantly influenced on stability of the fumonisin B1-ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivative. From Palckett & Burman and Rotational Central Composite designs was obtained an analythical method for determination of fumonisin B1 in rice. An easy, cheap and fast method, with less generation of organic residuals. The performance parameters of the analytical method showed selectivity for the mycotoxin fumonisin B1, linearity, significant matrix effect, accuracy and precision, with detection limit of 50µg.kg-1 and limit of quantification of 100µg.kg-1. The method recovery was 100.48, 104.97, 87.60 and 91.76% for polished, polished parboiled, whole and whole parboiled rice samples, respectively. The contamination by fumonisin B1 was observed in approximately 12% of 51 samples analyzed. Contamination by fumonisin B1 was observed in approximately 12% of 51 samples analyzed. Only one polished rice sample showed contamination by fumonisin B1 whose level was of 258.69µ g.kg-1. Among the total of polished parboiled rice samples analyzed, two samples were contaminated by fumonisin B1, with levels between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

M. Tech. / Fusarium species are common contaminants of maize and are also capable of producing mycotoxins, in particular the fumonisin. These are implicated in animal and human mycotoxins fumonisin B1 (FB1) for example, has been associated in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in South Africa and other parts of the world, i.e., China and Iran. Because maize is the staple diet of the South African rural population, this study was designed with the aim of monitoring Fusarium spp. and FB1 in the food of rural people of Venda, Limpopo province of South Africa, during the course of processing maize into porridge which gave a means of estimating dietary exposure to this mycotoxin. Measurement of fumonisin in the excreta of these people allowed a determine of the extent to which FB1 the body is actually exposed to the mycotoxin.Fumonisin B1 has been identified as a major fungal contaminant on maize, especially in the home grown crops intended for human consumption. Thus the rural population of Limpopo Province is at high risk from FB1 exposure and it is therefore of importance to assess this exposure by the analysis of suitable samples.It can be seen that levels of FB1 in maize from Venda are quite high, as several of these samples had exceeded levels above 1750 μg/kg as recommended as maximum tolerance levels by theEuropean Commission. It is equally seen that a much higher proportion of this mycotoxin was destroyed by processing maize to porridge. And because porridge and other maize-based products are usually consumed on a daily basis, the low levels found in the present study must not be under-estimated, as such levels may accumulate over time and cause more severe chronic effects in humans. When setting daily tolerable levels of FB1 in foods in South Africa, it is imperative to take into account the food habits, especially those within the rural communities

Les mycotoxines telles que la fumonisine B1 (FB1) produites par les champignons du genre Fusarium sont particulièrement préoccupantes pour la filière maïsicole. L’ensilage de maïs est un processus de fermentation naturel susceptible de favoriser l’évolution des teneurs en FB1. La maîtrise du risque de contamination par la FB1 et la recherche de moyens permettant la décontamination des ensilages est donc nécessaire. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser le devenir de la FB1 dans les ensilages de maïs grain et de mettre en évidence l’existence d’agents microbiens capables de dégrader cette toxine. Pour cela, des mini-silos contenant du maïs grain naturellement contaminé en FB1 provenant de différents parcelles et issus des deux années de récolte ont été préparés. La stratégie analytique basée sur le dosage de la FB1 libre et la FB1 complexée par HPLC-MS/MS a révélé une diminution significative de la teneur en FB1 totale qui ne peut être attribuée à un mécanisme de complexation et résulte d’un mécanisme de dégradation. La recherche du microbiote associé à la dégradation de la FB1 a été réalisée par deux approches complémentaires : Une analyse métagénomique combinant l’extraction sélective de l’ADN microbien et le séquençage haut débit «shotgun» afin de comparer la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle d’un ensilage dégradant la FB1 et d’un ensilage moins dégradant. En parallèle, un criblage de microorganismes cultivables capables de métaboliser la FB1 a été conduit et a permis de confirmer les résultats de l’analyse globale. Ce travail apporte une première image du microbiote potentiellement associé à la dégradation de la FB1, ainsi que des activités microbiennes responsables. / Fungi of the genus Fusarium are one of the major contaminants of maize that can produce mycotoxins, such as the fumonisin B1 (FB1). Maize silage which is based on the fermentation of whole crop plant or grains is considered the main source of monogastrics and cattle feeding in Europe. The ensiling process could favor changes in FB1 content; however this has scarcely been documented. This led to questioning regarding the possibility of managing the microbiota during ensiling in order to reduce the level of mycotoxins exposure and improve feed quality. The aim of this work is to study the fate of FB1 during ensiling process of high moisture maize grain and to identify an endemic microbiota capable of degrading FB1. Laboratory scale silages were prepared with naturally contaminated FB1 grains from two cropping years. An analytical procedure allowed assessing both free and matrix associated FB1 forms and showed a significant decrease in total FB1 content that are not linked to the presence of bound FB1. Additionally, our data showed that the FB1 content decrease was mainly due to a degradation process. Identification of a potential microbiota responsible for FB1 degradation was conducted. A metagenomics approach combining a selective microbial DNA extraction and high-throughput shotgun sequencing showed microbial specific patterns between FB1 degrading and weakly degrading silage. These results were also supported by the isolation of microbial strains able to metabolize FB1. Ultimately, this work evidenced a microbiota associated to FB1 degradation and the functional diversity involved in this activity. Bacteria and yeasts have been obtained for further studies on degradation activities and their usage as silage starter.

O projeto avaliou os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e fumonisina B1 (FB1), isoladas e associadas, sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas poedeiras (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Duzentas e oitenta e oito aves, adquiridas com idade de 8 semanas, foram subdivididas em 6 grupos experimentais (48 aves por grupo) e submetidas a 6 tipos de tratamentos, constituídos por rações contendo AFB1 e FB1 nas concentrações: (0 AFB1+0 FB1), (0 AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (50 &microg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), (50 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (200 µg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), e (200 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1). As aves foram alimentadas durante 140 dias (5 ciclos de 28 dias). Os parâmetros de produtividade foram avaliados semanalmente, através do consumo de ração, peso dos ovos, índice de conversão alimentar e curva de produção. A qualidade dos ovos foi avaliada a cada ciclo de 28 dias, cada ovo produzido nesse dia foi analisado individualmente para a determinação do valor de unidade Haugh, gravidade específica e percentual do peso da casca. Ao final do 5º período experimental, o peso médio dos ovos foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) nas aves alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 &microg/kg AFB1, 200 µg/kg AFB1 e com o tratamento de associação de 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Em relação à produção de ovos, as codornas alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg apresentaram uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05), ao final do 3º, 4º e 5º ciclos. O consumo médio diário de ração foi significativamente menor (p< 0,05) nas aves alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg, ao final do 4º e 5º ciclos, enquanto que os níveis de 50 ou 200 µg/kg AFB1 provocaram uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05), ao final do 5º período experimental. Ao final do 1º, 2º e 5º ciclos, o consumo médio de ração foi significativamente menor (p< 0,05) nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Os índices de conversão alimentar e os valores de Unidades Haugh não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. A gravidade específica dos ovos foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) ao final do 5º ciclo, nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg + 200 µg/kg AFB1. Observou-se uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) na porcentagem do peso de casca, nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg ao final do 1º ciclo, entretanto, houve um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) nos tratamentos com 200 µg/kg AFB1 e também com 10 mg/kg FB1 + 50 µg/kg AFB1 ao final do 1º ciclo. Já ao final do 5º ciclo, o aumento na porcentagem de peso de casca (p < 0,05) ocorreu somente nas aves tratadas com 10 mg/kg FB1 + 200 µg/kg AFB1. Os resultados demonstraram que a administração prolongada de FB1 e AFB1, isoladas ou associadas nos níveis utilizados no presente experimento, pode causar prejuízos econômicos aos produtores de ovos de codornas. / This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg quality and performance of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two hundred twenty-eight birds were purchased at 8 week of age and randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups and given rations containing AFB1 and FB1 at the following levels: (0 AFB1+0 FB1), (0 AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (50 &microg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), (50 &microg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (200 &microg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), e (200 &microg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1). The birds were fed for 140 days (5 28-day laying periods). Each treatment consisted of four replicates of twelve quail. Egg production and individual egg weight were checked daily. Feed consumption and feed utilization were determined weekly. Eggs laid in the last day of each 28-day laying period were collected and submitted to individual analysis for specific gravity, Haugh units and percent egg shell. Results showed that average egg weight at the end of the fifth cycle was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 &microg/kg AFB1, 200 &microg/kg AFB1 and also for the group fed 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 &microg/kg AFB1. Average egg production significantly decreased (p < 0,05) for groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg by the end of the third, fourth and fifth cycles. Feed consumption was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg, by the end of fourth and fifth cycles, whereas birds fed 50 or 200 &microg/kg AFB1 showed a significant decrease (p < 0,05) on feed consumption, by the end of fifth cycle. Birds exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 &microg/kg AFB1 also showed lower values (p < 0,05) of feed consumption, by the end of first, second and fifth cycles. Feed utilization and Haugh units were not affected (p > 0,05) by AFB1 and FB1. Average egg specific gravity was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group fed 10 mg FB1/kg + 200 &microg/kg AFB1, by the end of fifth cycle. Percent egg shell was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg, by the end of the first cycle, however, birds exposed to 200 &microg/kg AFB1 and also to 10 mg/kg FB1 + 50 &microg/kg AFB1, showed a significantly increase (p < 0,05) of percent egg shell, by the of the first cycle. Percent egg shell was significantly higher (p < 0,05) for group fed 10 mg/kg FB1 + 200 &microg/kg AFB1 , by the end of fifth cycle. The results obtained in the present study showed that the prolonged administration of FB1 and AFB1, singly or combined at the levels checked, may cause economic losses to the quail egg producers.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas em início de postura. Para esse fim, 128 aves de 7 semanas de idade foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em quatro grupos experimentais (32 aves por grupo), tendo sido administrada ração contendo 0 (controle), 10, 50 e 250 mg de FB1/kg, durante 28 dias. Cada tratamento esteve constituído por quatro replicatas de oito codornas. A produção e o peso dos ovos foram avaliados diariamente. O consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram mensurados semanalmente. Os ovos produzidos no último dia de cada período de 7 dias foram coletados e submetidos à analise individual de densidade, unidade Haugh e percentual de peso da casca em relação ao peso total do ovo. No vigésimo oitavo dia experimental, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de perfil de função hepática (proteína total, albumina, AST, GGT e ácido úrico) e hemograma. Dezesseis aves de cada tratamento foram sacrificadas por deslocamento cervical, e os fígados, rins e coração foram removidos, pesados e submetidos à análise histopatotológica. Comparado com os grupos controles, as codornas alimentadas com ração contendo concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg reduziram (p < 0,05) o consumo de alimentos e apresentaram menor (p < 0,05) ganho de peso. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar foi aumentada (p < 0,05) apenas para as aves que receberam 250 mg de FB1/kg na dieta. A produção média de ovos apresentou-se significativamente menor (p < 0,05) para o grupo exposto a 250 mg de FB1/kg. O peso dos ovos diminui significativamente (p < 0,05) para as aves alimentadas com ração contendo concentração de 250 mg de FB1/kg. As médias de densidade e unidade Haugh não foram afetadas (p > 0,05) pela FB1. O peso das cascas dos ovos diminuiu (p < 0,05) nos grupos que receberam concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg na dieta. Entretanto, o percentual de casca não foi afetado pela FB1. Comparados com os grupos controle, os tratamentos que receberam concentração >= 50 mg de FB1/kg na dieta apresentaram maior (p < 0,05) peso relativo de fígado. Os pesos relativos do rim e do coração não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pela FB1. Comparando-se com o controle, as aves que receberam concentração de 250 mg de FB1/kg na dieta apresentaram redução (p < 0,05) da porcentagem do hematócrito. Os demais parâmetros do hemograma avaliados não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pela FB1. Com exceção do número de leucócitos aumentado no tratamento 10 mg de FB1/kg de ração (p < 0,05), os parâmetros do leucograma avaliados não foram afetados pela FB1 (p > 0,05). O valor de AST para o tratamento 250 mg de FB1/kg de ração encontrou-se aumentado (p < 0,05) quando comparado ao controle. Os outros parâmetros de bioquímica sérica avaliados no presente estudo não foram afetados pela FB1 (p > 0,05). Com relação aos achados histopatológicos, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, em tecido hepático, renal e miocárdio, comparando-se com o grupo controle. Esses resultados sugerem que codornas são sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos da FB1, em níveis que foram descritos como sendo de ocorrência natural, em condições de campo. Os dados indicaram que a exposição a FB1 em níveis >=50 mg de FB1/kg podem afetar adversamente o desempenho de codornas, o que enfatiza a importância do controle da contaminação por FB1 nas rações de codornas. / A 28-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg production and egg quality of young laying Japanese quail fed contaminated rations. To this end, 128 7-wk-old birds were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (32 birds per group) and given rations containing 0 (controls), 10, 50 and 250 mg FB1/ kg feed. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of eight quail. Egg production and egg weights were checked daily. Feed consumption and feed use were determinated weekly. Eggs laid in the last day of each 7-d period were collected and subjected to individual analysis for specific gravity, Haugh units and percentage eggshells. On day 28, 12 quail from each treatment (4 replicates of 3 birds each) were bled by cardiac puncture and samples used for serum chemistry analyses (total protein, albumin, AST, GGT, and uric acid). Sixteen quail from each treatment were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and liver, kidney, and heart were removed, weighed and collected for histopathological examination. Compared with controls, quail fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg had reduced (p < 0.05) feed intake and lower (p < 0.05) body weight gain. However, feed use was only reduced (p < 0.05) for birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg. Average egg production was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for group exposed to 250 mg FB1/ kg. Egg weight was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) for birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg. Average specific gravity and Haugh units were not affected (p > 0.05) by FB1. Eggshell weight was reduced (p < 0.05) for birds fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg. However, percentage eggshell was not affected by FB1. Compared with controls, quail fed >= 50 mg FB1/ kg had increased (p < 0.05) relative liver weight. Relative kidney weight and relative heart weight were not affected (p > 0.05) by FB1. Compared with controls, birds fed 250 mg FB1/ kg diet had reduced (p < 0.05) hematocrits. FB1 had no effet on hematological values evaluated (p > 0.05) but on hematocrits. Despite the icreased (p < 0.05) on total white blood cell count for quail fed 10 mg FB1/ kg diet, FB1 had no effect on heterophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts (p > 0.05). Compared with controls, AST concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in quail fed 250 mg FB1/ kg diet. It was not observed any histopathological change in liver, kidney and heart samples from any treatment group, compared with controls. These results suggest that quail are sensitive to the toxic effects of FB1 at levels that have been reported to occur in feedstuff under field conditions. Data indicated that exposure to FB1 at levels >= 50 mg/ kg could adversely affect quail performance, emphasizing the importance of controlling fumonisin contamination in quail rations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:17:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006- Glenda Ribeiro de Oliveira.pdf: 475801 bytes, checksum: 8ca6884856073fd041daad94f50fca0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-24 / The intake of mycotoxin-contamined feeds may lead to nutrient losses and can have adverse effects on animal health and on productivity. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the mycobiota present in poultry feed samples, obtained from three factories in the region of S?o Jos? do Vale do Rio Preto, RJ, Brazil; 2) to evaluate the natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and zearalenone using the method enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) competitive, commercial kits of Beacon Analytical Systems Inc, USA and 3) to verify the data results by the ELISA to AFB1 and FB1 comparing them with the high precision liquid chromatography methodology (HPLC) Fungal counts were similar between all culture media tested (103 CFU.g-1). Penicillium spp. (41,26%) was the most prevalent genus followed by Aspergillus spp. (33,33%) and Fusarium spp. (20,63%). Aflatoxin B1 was found in 66,27% samples examined by ELISA kits and values ranged between 2 and 21&#956;g.kg-1. Fumonisin B1 was found in 97,87% and levels ranged between 0,3 and 9,1&#956;g.g-1, cooccurring with aflatoxin B1 in 66,7% of the samples. Low concentrations of zearalenone were found (<1 &#956;g.g-1) in 77,1% poultry feed samples. Correlation between the ELISA kits (AFB1 and FB1) and the HPLC analysis was obtained. Values were r2= 0,9922 and r2=0,9823, respectively. In general, the highest mycotoxin levels were found during the hottest month of sampling. The present study shows the simultaneous occurrence of two carcinogenic mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 together with another Fusarium mycotoxin (zearalenone) in feed intended for poultry consumption. Many samples contained AFB1 levels near the maximum permissible and it could affect young animals. A synergistic toxic response is possible in animals under simultaneous exposure. / A ingest?o de ra??es contaminadas por micotoxinas pode acarretar perdas no seu valor nutritivo e causar efeitos adversos ? sa?de animal e ? produtividade. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: 1)estabelecer a freq??ncia e a preval?ncia da micobiota presente em amostras de ra??es de frangos de corte provenientes de tr?s f?bricas em S?o Jos? do Vale do Rio Preto-RJ, 2)verificar a ocorr?ncia natural de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), fumonisina B1 (FB1) e zearalenona (ZEA), utilizando a t?cnica biol?gica de imunoensaios-ELISA competitivo, com kits comerciais (Beacon Analytical Systems Inc, USA) e 3)verificar os resultados obtidos pelo m?todo de ELISA, comparando-os com a t?cnica de Cromatografia L?quida de Alta Efici?ncia (CLAE) para AFB1 e FB1. A contagem dos prop?gulos f?ngicos foi similar entre todos os meios de cultura testados (103 UFC g-1). Penicillium spp (41,26%) foi o g?nero de maior preval?ncia seguido por Aspergillus spp (33,33%) e Fusarium spp. (20,63%). Aflatoxina B1 foi encontrada em 66,27% das amostras analisadas pelos kits de ELISA,com valores variando entre 2 e 21&#956;g.kg-1. Fumonisina B1 foi encontrada em 97,87% e os valores variaram entre 0,3 e 9,1&#956;g.g-1, co-ocorrendo com aflatoxinaB1 em 66,7% das amostras. Baixas concentra??es de zearalenona foram encontradas (< 1&#956;g.g-1)em 77,1% das amostras de ra??o. Foi obtida correla??o entre os kits de ELISA (AFB1 e FB1) e as an?lises em CLAE, com valores de r2= 0,9922 e 0,9823, respectivamente. Em geral, os maiores n?veis de micotoxinas foram encontrados durante os meses mais quentes do ano. O presente estudo mostra a ocorr?ncia simult?nea de duas micotoxinas carcinog?nicas, AFB1 e FB1, juntamente com outra Fusarium micotoxina (zearalenona) em ra??es destinadas ao consumo de frangos. Algumas amostras apresentaram n?veis de AFB1 pr?ximos ao m?ximo permitido, o que poderia afetar aves jovens. Uma resposta t?xica sin?rgica ? poss?vel em animais sob exposi??o simult?nea.

Ubiquitous in agro-environments, Fusarium species infect and damage economically important crops and contaminate food commodities with harmful secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. In addition, human infection by pathogenic Fusarium strains has now emerged as a major problem particularly among individuals with suppressed immunity. Trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, rnoniliforme and fumonisins are potent toxins produced by Fusorium species including F. poae, F. nygami, F. oxysporum, F. proilferatum and F. verticillioides. The last three, together with F. solani and F. chlamydosporum are presently recognised as major role players in the occurrence of fusarioses in individuals with compromised immunity. In subsistence situations in rural areas of South Africa, a variety of traditional leafy vegetables, collectively known as morogo, supplement maize-based staple diets with minerals and vitamins. The utilisations of these traditional vegetables are generally based on indigenous knowledge pertaining to production and processing. Morogo plants are not natural hosts to mycotoxigenic and mycotic Fusarium species that are mainly associated with pathogeneses of grain crops such as maize. However, morogo growing in close proximity of maize in typical subsistence agricultural situations might be at risk of Fusarium contamination from maize. The study was conducted in the Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site (DDSS), a rural area in the Limpopo Province characterised by the production of maize and different types of traditional morogo for household subsistence. HIVIAIDS is prevalent in the Limpopo Province. Chronic dietary exposure to Fusarium toxins and disseminated fusarioses might enhance disease outcomes associated with AIDS in affected individuals, thus adding to the burden of disease in DDSS communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in traditional morogo and ago-environments in DDSS. Questionnaires were employed to obtain relevant information and indigenous knowledge from communities of Sefateng. Madiga, Mantheding and Moduane related to the utilisation of raditional morogo. At each village thepe (amaranth) and lerotho (African cabbage) were sampled on two occasions, namely before maize planting (M-) and when maize was fully grown (M+). Maize, soil and air were sampled at the same time. Botanical species identification was carried out on specimens of lerotho and thepe from each village. Lerotho. thepe, maize, soil and air samples were subjected to mycological analysis to determine the average fungal levels and Fusarium species that occurred. Samples of fresh and traditionally sun-dried samples of thepe and lerotho were analysed by HPLC for fumonisins. Average fungal plate counts of morogo from all four villages were notably higher in lerotho compared to thepe. Lerotho sampled from M- fields of Madiga, Mantheding and Moduane exhibited higher average fungal levels than those from the M+ fields. However, in lerotho sampled from the M+ field of Sefateng average fungal levels were significantly higher than that of the M- field. Fungal levels in maize growing close to morogo were lowest in Sefateng and highest in Moduane. The highest fungal counts in soil were reported for Sefateng's M- field and the lowest for Sefateng M+ field. Fungal levels were high in air samples of M+ fields of all four villages and the lowest in M- field of Sefateng. The majority Fusarium isolates retrieved from morogo and environmental samples belonged to known mycotoxigenic and/or mycotic species, though predominant species and levels thereof varied in samples from M- and M+ fields of the four villages. Fusarium levels in thepe from both M- and M+ fields were shown to be lower as in lerotho. In samples of the Sefateng M- field, F. poae occurred predominantly in lerotho, thepe, soil as well as air, while F. subglutinans was the predominant species in lerotho and air samples of Mantheding. In Sefateng samples from M+ field, F. chlamydosporum predominated among isolates retrieved from lerotho, F. prolifiratum and F. gramenearum among those from maize and F. solani among those from soil and air. F. proliferatum dominated among isolates from lerotho, maize, soil and air of M+ sites of Madiga and F. chlamydosporum in soil and air samples of Mantheding. HPLC analysis detected fumonisin B1 in traditionally sun-dried as well as fresh samples of lerorho as well as thepe. The occurrence of mycotoxigenic and rnycotic Fusarium species in traditional morogo and agro-environments might be an aggravating health risk factor for DDSS communities. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Ubiquitous in agro-environments, Fusarium species infect and damage economically important crops and contaminate food commodities with harmful secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. In addition, human infection by pathogenic Fusarium strains has now emerged as a major problem particularly among individuals with suppressed immunity. Trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, rnoniliforme and fumonisins are potent toxins produced by Fusorium species including F. poae, F. nygami, F. oxysporum, F. proilferatum and F. verticillioides. The last three, together with F. solani and F. chlamydosporum are presently recognised as major role players in the occurrence of fusarioses in individuals with compromised immunity. In subsistence situations in rural areas of South Africa, a variety of traditional leafy vegetables, collectively known as morogo, supplement maize-based staple diets with minerals and vitamins. The utilisations of these traditional vegetables are generally based on indigenous knowledge pertaining to production and processing. Morogo plants are not natural hosts to mycotoxigenic and mycotic Fusarium species that are mainly associated with pathogeneses of grain crops such as maize. However, morogo growing in close proximity of maize in typical subsistence agricultural situations might be at risk of Fusarium contamination from maize. The study was conducted in the Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site (DDSS), a rural area in the Limpopo Province characterised by the production of maize and different types of traditional morogo for household subsistence. HIVIAIDS is prevalent in the Limpopo Province. Chronic dietary exposure to Fusarium toxins and disseminated fusarioses might enhance disease outcomes associated with AIDS in affected individuals, thus adding to the burden of disease in DDSS communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in traditional morogo and ago-environments in DDSS. Questionnaires were employed to obtain relevant information and indigenous knowledge from communities of Sefateng. Madiga, Mantheding and Moduane related to the utilisation of raditional morogo. At each village thepe (amaranth) and lerotho (African cabbage) were sampled on two occasions, namely before maize planting (M-) and when maize was fully grown (M+). Maize, soil and air were sampled at the same time. Botanical species identification was carried out on specimens of lerotho and thepe from each village. Lerotho. thepe, maize, soil and air samples were subjected to mycological analysis to determine the average fungal levels and Fusarium species that occurred. Samples of fresh and traditionally sun-dried samples of thepe and lerotho were analysed by HPLC for fumonisins. Average fungal plate counts of morogo from all four villages were notably higher in lerotho compared to thepe. Lerotho sampled from M- fields of Madiga, Mantheding and Moduane exhibited higher average fungal levels than those from the M+ fields. However, in lerotho sampled from the M+ field of Sefateng average fungal levels were significantly higher than that of the M- field. Fungal levels in maize growing close to morogo were lowest in Sefateng and highest in Moduane. The highest fungal counts in soil were reported for Sefateng's M- field and the lowest for Sefateng M+ field. Fungal levels were high in air samples of M+ fields of all four villages and the lowest in M- field of Sefateng. The majority Fusarium isolates retrieved from morogo and environmental samples belonged to known mycotoxigenic and/or mycotic species, though predominant species and levels thereof varied in samples from M- and M+ fields of the four villages. Fusarium levels in thepe from both M- and M+ fields were shown to be lower as in lerotho. In samples of the Sefateng M- field, F. poae occurred predominantly in lerotho, thepe, soil as well as air, while F. subglutinans was the predominant species in lerotho and air samples of Mantheding. In Sefateng samples from M+ field, F. chlamydosporum predominated among isolates retrieved from lerotho, F. prolifiratum and F. gramenearum among those from maize and F. solani among those from soil and air. F. proliferatum dominated among isolates from lerotho, maize, soil and air of M+ sites of Madiga and F. chlamydosporum in soil and air samples of Mantheding. HPLC analysis detected fumonisin B1 in traditionally sun-dried as well as fresh samples of lerorho as well as thepe. The occurrence of mycotoxigenic and rnycotic Fusarium species in traditional morogo and agro-environments might be an aggravating health risk factor for DDSS communities. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

O projeto avaliou os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e fumonisina B1 (FB1), isoladas e associadas, sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas poedeiras (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Duzentas e oitenta e oito aves, adquiridas com idade de 8 semanas, foram subdivididas em 6 grupos experimentais (48 aves por grupo) e submetidas a 6 tipos de tratamentos, constituídos por rações contendo AFB1 e FB1 nas concentrações: (0 AFB1+0 FB1), (0 AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (50 &microg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), (50 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (200 µg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), e (200 µg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1). As aves foram alimentadas durante 140 dias (5 ciclos de 28 dias). Os parâmetros de produtividade foram avaliados semanalmente, através do consumo de ração, peso dos ovos, índice de conversão alimentar e curva de produção. A qualidade dos ovos foi avaliada a cada ciclo de 28 dias, cada ovo produzido nesse dia foi analisado individualmente para a determinação do valor de unidade Haugh, gravidade específica e percentual do peso da casca. Ao final do 5º período experimental, o peso médio dos ovos foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) nas aves alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 &microg/kg AFB1, 200 µg/kg AFB1 e com o tratamento de associação de 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Em relação à produção de ovos, as codornas alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg apresentaram uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05), ao final do 3º, 4º e 5º ciclos. O consumo médio diário de ração foi significativamente menor (p< 0,05) nas aves alimentadas com 10 mg FB1/kg, ao final do 4º e 5º ciclos, enquanto que os níveis de 50 ou 200 µg/kg AFB1 provocaram uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05), ao final do 5º período experimental. Ao final do 1º, 2º e 5º ciclos, o consumo médio de ração foi significativamente menor (p< 0,05) nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 µg/kg AFB1. Os índices de conversão alimentar e os valores de Unidades Haugh não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. A gravidade específica dos ovos foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) ao final do 5º ciclo, nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg + 200 µg/kg AFB1. Observou-se uma diminuição significativa (p < 0,05) na porcentagem do peso de casca, nas aves tratadas com 10 mg FB1/kg ao final do 1º ciclo, entretanto, houve um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) nos tratamentos com 200 µg/kg AFB1 e também com 10 mg/kg FB1 + 50 µg/kg AFB1 ao final do 1º ciclo. Já ao final do 5º ciclo, o aumento na porcentagem de peso de casca (p < 0,05) ocorreu somente nas aves tratadas com 10 mg/kg FB1 + 200 µg/kg AFB1. Os resultados demonstraram que a administração prolongada de FB1 e AFB1, isoladas ou associadas nos níveis utilizados no presente experimento, pode causar prejuízos econômicos aos produtores de ovos de codornas. / This study evaluated the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on egg quality and performance of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two hundred twenty-eight birds were purchased at 8 week of age and randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups and given rations containing AFB1 and FB1 at the following levels: (0 AFB1+0 FB1), (0 AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (50 &microg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), (50 &microg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1), (200 &microg/kg AFB1+0 FB1), e (200 &microg/kg AFB1+10 mg/kg FB1). The birds were fed for 140 days (5 28-day laying periods). Each treatment consisted of four replicates of twelve quail. Egg production and individual egg weight were checked daily. Feed consumption and feed utilization were determined weekly. Eggs laid in the last day of each 28-day laying period were collected and submitted to individual analysis for specific gravity, Haugh units and percent egg shell. Results showed that average egg weight at the end of the fifth cycle was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg, 50 &microg/kg AFB1, 200 &microg/kg AFB1 and also for the group fed 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 &microg/kg AFB1. Average egg production significantly decreased (p < 0,05) for groups fed 10 mg FB1/kg by the end of the third, fourth and fifth cycles. Feed consumption was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg, by the end of fourth and fifth cycles, whereas birds fed 50 or 200 &microg/kg AFB1 showed a significant decrease (p < 0,05) on feed consumption, by the end of fifth cycle. Birds exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg + 50 &microg/kg AFB1 also showed lower values (p < 0,05) of feed consumption, by the end of first, second and fifth cycles. Feed utilization and Haugh units were not affected (p > 0,05) by AFB1 and FB1. Average egg specific gravity was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group fed 10 mg FB1/kg + 200 &microg/kg AFB1, by the end of fifth cycle. Percent egg shell was significantly lower (p < 0,05) for group exposed to 10 mg FB1/kg, by the end of the first cycle, however, birds exposed to 200 &microg/kg AFB1 and also to 10 mg/kg FB1 + 50 &microg/kg AFB1, showed a significantly increase (p < 0,05) of percent egg shell, by the of the first cycle. Percent egg shell was significantly higher (p < 0,05) for group fed 10 mg/kg FB1 + 200 &microg/kg AFB1 , by the end of fifth cycle. The results obtained in the present study showed that the prolonged administration of FB1 and AFB1, singly or combined at the levels checked, may cause economic losses to the quail egg producers.