This thesis covers a product development process carried out in collaboration with Ericsson –Enclosure & Power and their development of Radio Base Stations (RBS). As Ericsson expands into new markets, the different customer demands on their support systems increases in number and variation. In order to improve their business structure and still provide a wide array of product solutions, they are currently developing a new modular product family. Today numerous methods for product modularization exist, but there is a lack of experience of using such methods at Ericsson – Enclosure & Power. This thesis is an exploration of what methods could be suitable to use in this context, and how to implement them in a beneficial way. The object of study is the Battery Base Unit (BBU), a mounting base for RBS cabinets that contains a compartment for backup batteries. A methodology is suggested for developing this product in a way that secures a proper modular structure. Part of the methodology consists of standard product development methods such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD), concept selection and prototyping. The other part consist of the modularization methods Function Structure Heuristics and Design Structure Matrix (DSM), that are employed first on functional level before developing concepts and secondly on component-based level while detailing the final concept. The thesis describes how these implementations have been made, how the product have been developed from idea to prototype and the resulting product modularity. The final design is evaluated against the product specification and the benefits and drawbacks of using a formalized modularization process for product development at Ericsson – Enclosure & Power are discussed. / Detta arbete handlar om den produktutveckling som utförts i samarbete med Ericsson –Enclosure & Power och deras utveckling av kabinett för radiobasstationer (RBS). Ericssons expansion på nya marknader ökar mängden krav på deras olika supportsystem. För att kunna vidareutveckla sin verksamhet och samtidigt erbjuda ett stort antal produktlösningar utvecklar de för närvarande en ny modulbaserad produktfamilj. Idag finns ett flertal metoder för produktmodularisering men man saknar erfarenhet av att arbeta med sådana metoder på Ericsson– Enclosure & Power. Detta arbete undersöker vilka metoder som är lämpliga att använda i detta sammanhang, och hur man på bästa sätt ska implementera dem. Objektet för denna studie är Batteribasenheten (BBUn) som är ett fundament för montering av RBS kabinettet med ett utrymme för reservbatterier. Ett övergripande tillvägagångssätt föreslås för att säkerställa att utvecklingen av denna produkt inkluderar en bra modulär uppbyggnad. Delvis består tillvägagångssättet av vanliga produktutvecklingsmetoder såsom Quality Function Deployment (QFD), koncepturval och prototyper. I övrigt består det i modulariseringsmetoderna Function Structure Heuristics och Design Structure Matrix (DSM) som används först på funktionsnivå innan konceptgenereringsfasen och därefter på komponentnivå under detaljutvecklingen av det slutliga konceptet. Detta arbete beskriver hur dessa metoder har implementerats, hur produktenhar utvecklats från idé till prototyp samt den resulterande produktmodulariteten. Den slutliga utformningen utvärderas mot den angivna kravspecificeringen och fördelarna och nackdelarna med att använda en formaliserad metod för produktutveckling på Ericsson – Enclosure & Power diskuteras.

There is a strong connection between a product’s architecture and the ease with which it can be evolved into future generations of products. The main goal of this dissertation is to create a measurement tool that can assess the extent to which a design exhibits different characteristics of being flexible for future evolution. The High Definition Design Structure Matrix (HDDSM) is presented as a product representation model that captures the specific types of interactions between components of a product. An interaction basis is defined that extends the detailed flows of signal, material, and energy used in functional modeling to include detailed spatial interactions. By including an external element to represent all interactions that cross outside of the product boundary, the HDDSM is shown to be a modular product model. A process for reverse engineering products and creating a HDDSM is presented and shown to significantly reduce the effort required to create a HDDSM model. The repeatability of the HDDSM model is evaluated by calculating the interrater agreement between models created by independent examiners. Four analysis processes are presented to analyze the HDDSM model for characteristics of evolvable design. These characteristics are taken from design guidelines for product flexibility for future evolution. The analyses produce quantitative metrics that allow an examiner to measure and compare how well a particular characteristic of evolvable design has been incorporated based only on the component interactions recorded in the HDDSM. Three of the metrics, the Space Potential Ratio, the Framework metric, and the Energy-Flow Module metric are shown to be consistent with a product’s flexibility for future evolution as measured by a Change Modes and Effects Analysis. / text

Modularization is a strategy used by many companies, to help them provide their customers with a high variety of customized products efficiently. This is done through the customization of different independent modules, which are connected by standardized interfaces that are shared throughoutthe entire module variety. Scania, being one of the large companies that provide modular products, has been successfully improving their modularization concepts for many years, and is one of the most iconic companies when it comes to modularization of buses, trucks and engines. But with the increasing need ofelectronics integrated in the vehicles, it is becoming more and more important to modularize the electrical system. There is currently an existing, modularized, product architecture for the electrical system, and Scania wants to know how well modularized it is, as there is no unified way that indicates what is considered to be the better solution.To analyze the current state of the electrical system, a systematic method of modularization was used, which would help answer three important questions: Are the modules well defined? Is there a way to systematically compare alternative solutions? What criteria are more important to focus on? Since there is no unified way of modularization, many modularization methods have been created, and each one has been optimized for a certain purpose. This project compares three different modularization methods and then uses one of the methods which is deemed to be the preferred method to help provide the answers that the company seeks when investigating the modularity of the electrical system. As the electrical system is very complex, and the project has limited amount of resources, it was decided to choose one of the control units as an example, which was the APS (air processing system). The literature study showed that the most rewarding method to use was the MFD (Module Function Deployment), as it provides more information about the product and what criteria the company should focus on. It was then decided to use the relevant steps in MFD to analyze the state of the APS as an example of how this method works. / Modularisering är en strategi som används av många företag, för att hjälpa dem att erbjuda sina kunder en mängd olika anpassade produkter på ett effektivt sätt. Detta görs genom anpassning av olika oberoende moduler, som är kopplade med standardiserade gränssnitt som utnyttjas av alla modulvarianterna. Scania, som är ett av de stora företagen som erbjuder modulariserade produkter, har framgångsrikt förbättrat sina modulariseringskoncept under många år och är ett av de mest ikoniska företagen närdet gäller modularisering av bussar, lastbilar och motorer. Men med det ökande behovet av elektronik integrerad i fordonen blir det allt viktigare att modularisera det elektriska systemet. Det finns för närvarande en befintlig, modulär produktarkitektur för det elektriska systemet, och Scania vill veta hur väl modulariserat det är, eftersom det inte finns något enat sätt som anger vad som anses vara den bättre lösningen. För att analysera det elektriska systemets nuvarande tillstånd, måste en systematisk metod förmodularisering användas, vilket skulle hjälpa till att svara på tre viktiga frågor: Är modulerna väldefinierade? Finns det ett sätt att systematiskt jämföra alternativa lösningar? Vilka kriterier är viktigare att fokusera på? Eftersom det inte finns något enhetligt sätt att modularisera har många modulariseringsmetoder skapats, och var och en har optimerats för ett visst ändamål. I projektet jämförs tre olika modulariseringsmetoder och använder sedan en av de metoder som anses vara den föredragna metoden för att hjälpa till att ge svaren som företaget söker när man undersöker modulariteten hos det elektriska systemet. Eftersom det elektriska systemet är väldigt komplext och projektet har begränsat antal resurser beslutades det att välja en av kontrollenheterna som ett exempel, vilket var APS (luftbehandlingssystem). Litteraturstudien visade att den mest givande metoden att använda var MFD (Module FunctionDeployment), eftersom det ger mer information om produkten och vilka kriterier företaget ska fokusera på. Det bestämdes sedan att använda de relevanta stegen i MFD för att analysera APS tillståndet som ett exempel på hur den här metoden fungerar.

Being aware of the increasing complexity of the current designs of agricultural machinery, and about the further progress of this characteristic that constitutes trend for the next developments, the implementation of structured and systematic models for approaching the design information on agricultural machinery becomes an issue. The present work intends to define an information platform for understanding the influencing factors on design and its placement as a set of directions for the deployment of the function structure. Such modeling is done from the undertaking of an exploratory research on the knowledge areas of agricultural machinery and mechanization, and engineering design of mechanical systems; its implementation is done using the representation structure of the agricultural machinery development process as main resource, in form of a set of tables resembling an electronic spreadsheet. The influencing factors on design are defined from basic characteristics of the agricultural machine lifecycle phases after its production and manufacturing, and are configured through a model of classes and attributes, which makes possible to define a methodology for their survey. The function structure is constituted from the systems engineering approach, in the form expressed by the theory of technical systems, and is deployed from the analysis of the agricultural operation. Such constitutes basis for declaring the global function and for deploying the auxiliary function chains taking the types of auxiliary effects defined in the theory of technical systems as criteria for their definition. The proposal on modeling the function structure includes considering the control actions of the agricultural machine, from the known definitions of manual action and processed action. The modeling results are evaluated using the case study technique with a centrifugal fertilizer spreader as case unit. An information model is proposed, which gathers and classifies the influencing factors on design by classes and attributes, and establishes general considerations for deploying the function structure. Through this approach, the declaration of the influencing factors on design is formalized and so it is taken in consideration for deploying the function structure. This structure is based upon the definition of the agricutltural operation to be executed by the machine, is declared in form of a global function and is deployed by the usage of heuristics which involve semantic and physical interpretation, known from the literature. The final representation of the function chain involves the physical understanding of the necessary mechanical actions to accomplish the intended transformation, and includes control considerations, developed from the understanding of the closed loop cycle. Such results compose a useful systematic model for improving information traceability in the agricultural mechnery development process / Reconhecida a crescente complexidade das máquinas agrícolas atuais, e a tendência de progressão dessa característica para os novos desenvolvimentos, torna-se importante a implementação de modelos estruturados e sistemáticos para a abordagem das informações ligadas ao desenvolvimento de novas máquinas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo definir uma plataforma de informação para o entendimento dos fatores de influência no projeto e sua colocação como diretriz para o desdobramento da estrutura de funções. Tal modelagem é realizada a partir da realização de uma pesquisa exploratória nas áreas de máquinas e mecanização agrícola, e de projeto de sistemas mecânicos; a implementação é feita com a utilização da estrutura de representação do processo de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas, na forma de tabelas em planilha eletrônica. Os fatores de influência no projeto são definidos a partir de características básicas das fases do ciclo de vida da máquina após a sua produção e manufatura, e configurados na forma de um modelo de classes e propriedades, possibilitando definir uma metodologia para o seu levantamento. A estrutura de funções é constituída a partir da abordagem de engenharia de sistemas, evoluída na forma da teoria de sistemas técnicos, e é desdobrada a partir do exame da operação agrícola. Tal exame constitui base para a declaração da função global e para o desdobramento das cadeias auxiliares em função dos tipos de efeitos auxiliares definidos na teoria de sistemas técnicos. A proposta de modelagem da estrutura de funçõe inclui a abordagem das ações de controle da máquina agrícola, tomando por base as definições já conhecidas de ação manual e de ação processada. Os resultados são examinados empregando a técnica de estudo de caso para um distribuidor centrífugo de fertilizantes. É proposto no trabalho um modelo de informação que reúne e classifica os fatores de influência no projeto em classes e propriedades, e estabelece considerações gerais para o desdobramento da estrutura de funções. Dessa forma, a declaração dos fatores de influência no projeto é formalizada e assim tomada em consideração para o desdobramento da estrutura de funções. Essa estrutura toma por base a definição da operação agrícola a ser executada pela máquina, é declarada na forma de uma função global, e é desdobrada mediante a utilização de heurísticas que envolvem interpretação semântica e física, conhecidas da literatura. A representação final da cadeia de funções envolve o entendimento físico das ações mecânicas necessárias à conclusão da transformação pretendida, e agrega considerações de controle, desenvolvidas a partir do entendimento do ciclo de laço fechado. Tais resultados compõem um modelo sistemático útil à melhoria da rastreabilidade das informações no processo de desenvolvimento de máquinas agrícolas

With the tendency of agile work space and remote working, the importance of communication tools, especially the computer-mediated ones, is highlighted in increasing employees’ overall work-performance. Car, as a place where people spend most of time, is somewhere business-related communication could be conducted. However, the method of finding important communication tools from the perspective of software development and the method to design a business-communication application (BCA) in a car machine are still in exploration. The purpose of this master thesis is to design a function structure of businesscommunication application and its prototype in a car machine, to help employees increase their work performance. This thesis has two results: A method of finding the importance order of communication tools A method to design a function structure of BCA and a prototype of BCA on a car machine, based on the importance order of communication tools / Med en ökad tendens till flexibelt arbetsutrymme och fjärrarbete får kommunikationsverktygens betydelse för att öka den totala arbetsprestandan ökad uppmärksamhet. Bilen, som är en plats där människor tillbringar mycket tid, skulle kunna användas för arbetsrelaterad kommunikation. Men metoderna för att hitta viktiga kommunikationsverktyg ur perspektivet av mjukvaruutveckling och metoderna för att utforma en affärskommunikationsapplikation i en bil är fortfarande under utveckling.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utforma funktionsstrukturen och prototypen som svarar mot denna för arbetsrelaterad kommunikation i bilar för att hjälpa anställda att upprätthålla arbetskapaciteten. Denna avhandling har två resultat: En metod för att hitta prioriteten av betydelsen av de olika kommunikationsverktygen En metod för att designa en funktionsstruktur av arbetsrelaterad kommunikation och en prototyp av tillämpningen på denna funktionsstruktur applicerad i en bil.

Critical infrastructure networks (CIN) are essential systems that provide key socio-eco-nomical services. They can be classified into different sectors such as energy supply, in-formation and communication, water, food, health, transport, among others. Their pro-tection from hazards and constant improvements are crucial for ensuring the appropriate operation of a society and economy. In this context, the current study focused on analyzing the factors affecting the function-ing of one particular CIN in the water sector: the urban drainage networks (UDNs). More specifically, the present research focused on evaluating how does the structure of UDNs influence their function. Concepts and methods from complex network theory were used to evaluate structural properties of sewers systems and function was evaluated in terms wastewater flow quantitates and occurrence of node flooding and combined sewer over-flow (CSOs) events, considered as indicators if network performance. Initial results suggested that network metrics can be used as surrogate variables of UDNs main functions, i.e. transport and collection of wastewater. However, efficiency of this de-pended on the type of layout, i.e. physical arrangement of the network. Following studies focused then on developing a graph-theory based method to quantify the structure of an UDN and use it to evaluate the influence of layout on its function. Results suggested that sewer networks with a more meshed layout had a better performance, i.e. adverse events such as urban pluvial flooding and CSO discharges were less likely to occur, than UDNs with a branched layout. Furthermore, transitioning from a tree-like structure to a more meshed system was identified to be a cost-efficient measure for urban flooding manage-ment. It is concluded that the structure of an UDN, in terms of its layout, has a strong influence on its performance and therefore on its resilience. It is expected that the obtained results could serve as support for better management and operational actions of UDNs and could also serve as basis for the development of a new structural resiliency analysis based mainly on the UDN configuration.:1. General Introduction 2. Centrality and Shortest Path Length measures for the functional analysis of Urban Drainage Networks 3. Meshness of sewer networks and its implications for flooding occurrence 4. The Role of Sewer Network Structure on the Occurrence and Magnitude of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) 5. Determination of Optimal Meshness of Sewer Network Based On a Cost-Benefit Analysis 6. Influence of Meshness on Urban Drainage Networks Resilience and its Implications 7. Conclusions and Outlook 8. Supplementary Information

<div>The accelerating expansion of agricultural and urban areas fragments and degrades forests</div><div>and their capacity to provide essential ecosystem services while increasing physiological stress</div><div>and mortality rates of trees growing near forest edges. Previous studies have documented that</div><div>edges are hotter and drier than forest interiors and trees nearer the edge grow slower. However,</div><div>the physical structure of a forest’s canopy may serve to mitigate to these effects. This study</div><div>quantifies forest fragmentation across the Central Hardwoods Region (CHR; containing Missouri,</div><div>Illinois, and Indiana) and characterizes structural differences between the canopies of forest edges</div><div>and forest interiors. Importantly, we distinguish between edges that neighbor developed land and</div><div>agricultural lands since these landcover types may impose distinct effects on forest structure. We</div><div>characterized forest canopy structure in a subset of the CHR region using the 2016-2020 Indiana</div><div>3DEP Lidar Program data. Our findings indicate edge forest (forests within 30m of an edge) makes</div><div>up 29.8% of the total forest in our study extent, with urban and agricultural edges accounting for</div><div>17.8% and 72.8% of the edge edges in the region, respectively. Analysis of 15 separate structural</div><div>metrics derived from aerial laser scanning (ALS) showed no significant structural differences</div><div>between developed and agricultural edge canopies but did find differences between structure of</div><div>canopies in forest cores and those in forest edges of any kind. As developed and agricultural lands</div><div>increase so too will forest fragmentation and the creation of new forest edges. If there are no</div><div>significant differences between forest edge types, then we could begin to treat edges without</div><div>distinction. This could lead to simplified management practices for foresters and urban foresters</div><div>alike to protect and preserve forest fragments.</div>

<p>U radu se iskazuje potreba za obavljanjem reinţenjeringa preduzeća (RP), kao radikalno novog totalnog procesnog organizovanja preduzeća sa tendencijom ostvarivanja TQM-a (totalno procesno organizovanje preduzeća po prvi put je inţenjering preduzeća (IR)). Takođe, u radu se daje odgovarajuća metodologija za obavljanje inţenjeringa I reinţenjeringa preduzeća i iskazuje ĉinjenica da obavljanje svakog inţenjeringa i reinţenjeringa preduzeća, kao i funkcionisanje TQM-a podrazumeva postojanje menadţmenta u preduzeću koji se stalno inovira.<br />Rad istiĉe ĉinjenicu da u procesnom organizovanju preduzeća treba da se razlikuje selekcionistiĉki pristup koji prvenstveno odgovara naprednim preduzećima u razvijenoj svetskoj privredi i totalistiĉki pristup, koji rad obrađuje, a koji prevashodno odgovara svim ostalim preduzećima. Osnovni kriterijum koji odreĊuje kad koji pristup treba da bude upotrebljen je kvalitet posedovanne marketin&scaron;ke organizacione culture. Ako je posedovana marketin&scaron;ka organizaciona kultura zadovoljavajuća onda za ostvarivanje procesnog organizovanja treba da bude upotrebljen postojeći selekcionistiĉki pristup, dok u suprotnom sluĉaju, koji je daleko rasprostranjeni, treba da bude primenjen totalistiĉki pristup, koga rad obrađuje.<br />U radu je obrađen model za identifikaciju kvaliteta postojeće marketin&scaron;ke organizacione kulture preduzeća i iskazan naĉin pokretanja reinţenjeringa na primeru konkretnog preduzeća sloţenog karaktera i naĉin kako se identifikuju koristi od njegovog obavljanja u poĉetnoj fazi obavljanja (prve dve godine od njegovog pokretanja).<br />Obavljeno istraţivanje je prevashodno analitiĉko deskriptivnog karaktera u okviru kog se dokazivanje postavljenih operativnih hipoteza vr&scaron;ilo po odgovarajućim radnim poglavljima koja nose njihove nazive. Takođe, u sklopu obavljanja istraţivanja data su odgovarajuća razja&scaron;njenja pojmova: vizija, misija, op&scaron;ti cilj, strategija ostvarivanja op&scaron;teg cilja, identifikovanje radne strukture i strukture radnih procesa, modeliranje poslovne strukture i strukture poslovnih procesa, i definisanje procesne organizacione strukture preduzeća sa uspostavljanjem novog baziĉnog marketin&scaron;ki orjentisanog organizacionog modela. Ostvarivanje ovakvog organizacionog poduhvata definisano je odgovarajućom specijalnom grafiĉkom interpretacijom. Na primeru jednog sloţenog preduzeća dokazano je, kroz poĉetne rezultate, da jedan ovakav pristup daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate.</p> / <p>The paper shows the need for the re-engineering of the company (RP), as performing a radical new process of organizing the total tendency of TQM implementation, called Enterprise Engineering (IE). It also provides an appropriate methodology for their performing and reflect the fact that the performance of each engineering and re-engineering enterprises, as well as the functioning of TQM, implies the existence of management in a company, that is constantly innovating.<br />The paper highlights the fact that in the process organizing the company we shoulddistinguish differ process selection approach (that is suitable for advanced enterprises in developed world economy) and totalistic approach (which mainly corresponds to other companies). The main criterion that determines when that approach should be used, is the quality of subsumed marketing organizational culture. If the marketing possessed organizational culture is satisfactory then for the process of organizing should be used selection approach, while in the opposite case, which is far distributed, should be applied totalistic approach, which this paper deals with.<br />The paper describes a model for identification the quality of the existing marketing organizational culture, of the company and shown the way to start re-engineering through example of a particular complex company and find way how to identify the benefits of its performance in the beginning phase (the first two years of its launch).<br />Conducted research has primarily analytical-descriptive character, within which is done proving the set of operational hypotheses through relevant chapters which take their names. Also, through research performing are given adequate clarifications of terms: vision, mission, objective, strategy for achieving public goals, identifying the labor structure and structure of work processes, modeling the business structure and the structure of business processes, defining process organized structure of the company to establish a new base market oriented organizational model. The exercise of such organizational enterprise defines appropriate special graphical interpretation.</p>