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L’imagerie motrice est la capacité à se représenter mentalement une action sans production concomitante de mouvement. Son efficacité reste assujettie au respect de nombreuses règles de pratique, parmi lesquelles la capacité à atteindre l'équivalence temporelle entre mouvements réels et imaginés. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que modifier la vitesse des mouvements imaginés se répercute sur la vitesse d’exécution réelle. De tels effets seraient toutefois modulés en fonction des exigences du mouvement imaginé. Le niveau d'expertise et le choix de stratégies individuelles relatif à la nature de la discipline sportive ont également un effet sur la durée des mouvements imaginés. Enfin, nos résultats démontrent que la capacité à préserver les caractéristiques temporelles du mouvement pendant l’imagerie est meilleure lorsque l’imagerie est effectuée avec un éveil physiologique proche de celui de la pratique réelle. Ces résultats sont discutés au regard du contexte de pratique de l'imagerie dans les activités physiques et sportives et sont confrontés aux travaux soulignant l’importance de recourir à des enregistrements physiologiques et d’étudier le degré de similitude entre pratique physique et imagerie motrice / Motor imagery resembles perceptual experience, but occurs in the absence of the appropriate external stimuli. Performing imagery efficiently requires some rules and conditions of practice to ascertain its effectiveness. The ability to reach temporal equivalence between actual and imagined movements, and the duration of mentally simulated actions should be correlated with the time taken to execute the same movement. The results of this work first showed that the effects of voluntarily changing imagery duration can alter the speed of the subsequent motor performance, but this effect is somewhat taskrelated. Both expertise level and individual strategies were also found to have an effect on temporal equivalence and are dependent on the specificities of the motor skills. Finally, chronometric data showed that the ability to reach the temporal equivalence between actual and imagined times is significantly greater for both the active and the basal imagery conditions, than when performed following relaxation. These results are discussed along the lines of practical application of imagery in sport. Also, characteristics of imagery experiences are studied reviewing the use of physiological recordings in relation to its accuracy and to the degree of similarity between actual motor performance and motor imagery

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the use of imagery in vocal professionals' efforts to achieve optimal performance based on research from sport psychology. The four Ws of imagery use: where, when, what, and why have been applied to this study from the fields of athletics (Munroe, Giacobbi, Hall, & Weinberg, 2000) and dance (Nordin & Cumming, 2005). These were adopted after many years of research in athletic performance excellence, with particular reference to the Analytic Framework of the Cognitive and Motivational Functions of Imagery (Paivio, 1985; Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, 1998). This theoretical framework was combined with those of previous interview studies investigating professional musical performers in their use of imagery (Bellon, 2006; Carter, 1993; Trusheim, 1987) and provided a foundation for this study. Theories from psychology explaining the effects of imagery were also integrated, including functional equivalence and neuroimaging. An exploratory design was chosen to investigate the comprehensive nature of this inquiry using a purposeful sample (N = 15). A semi-structured interview based on the four Ws was conducted with 15 solo classical vocal professionals, 10 females (sopranos and mezzos) and 5 males (tenors and a baritone) ranging in age from late twenties to late sixties, residing in several major cities of the United States. Vocalists used imagery during practice, before performance, at home, traveling, and a range of other times. Imagery content was divided into types and characteristics. Vocalists' use of imagery types encompassed execution, metaphorical, context, body-related, musical sound, and character/role images. Imagery was employed to perfect vocal production and quality, embody the character's qualities and emotional aspects for performance, visualize metaphorical and anatomical images to achieve proper vocal execution, achieve goals, and communicate with the audience. Imagery characteristics of vocalists involved visual, auditory, and kinesthetic senses, using primarily internal and some external perspectives. These professionals' imagery abilities were deliberate, controllable, and positive. Similar to competitive athletes, solo vocal performers engaged in imagery for many cognitive and motivational functions. Vocalists replicated dancers in artistic, and healing functions of imagery use in preparing for and achieving optimal performance.

The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is a large-scale reading comprehension assessment, which assesses Grade 4 learners’ reading literacy achievement. The findings from the last cycle of PIRLS 2016 indicated that South African Grade 4 and 5 learners performed poorly in reading comprehension. This finding confirms the previous cycles’ results where South African learners achieved the lowest results across the participating countries. Approximately eight out of ten Grade 4 learners cannot read for meaning in any of the tested languages. Due to the poor results in PIRLS, the President of South Africa stated that every ten-year old child should be able to read for meaning, thus cementing reading literacy as a national aim. The aim of this mixed methods research was to determine whether the PIRLS Literacy 2016 and PIRLS 2016 limited release texts are equivalent across languages, specifically English, Afrikaans and isiZulu. Four research sub-questions were explored to assist in addressing the main research question posed by this study: To what extent are the PIRLS 2016 released texts in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu, in Grade 4 and Grade 5 equivalent? As this study took the form of a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, the first phase investigated the South African Grade 4 and 5 results by firstly looking at descriptive statistics, such as percentages and means. After the initial exploration of the data, I conducted Rasch analyses to determine whether the items from the limited release texts showed measurement invariance – in other words, whether the items behaved differently for different groups of learners. As part of the Rasch analyses, individual item-fit statistics and differential item functioning (DIF) were conducted using RUMM2030. In phase two, the limited release texts were analysed by experts who attended workshops and completed open-ended questionnaires regarding the equivalence of the identified texts. The qualitative phase was conducted in order to complement and extend on the quantitative findings of phase one. The findings revealed that the limited release texts, with their accompanying items, were not equivalent across the different languages. However, by looking at the items that displayed DIF, there is not a clear pattern as the items did not universally favour one language nor did the texts discriminate universally against a particular language. An in-depth look at the texts and items themselves revealed that the Flowers on the Roof text is considered the poorest translation into Afrikaans and isiZulu. Overall, all the texts were considered to be appropriate for South African learners as the texts made use of rich vocabulary and introduced the learners to new ideas and concepts. Thus, this study offers new insights into the equivalence of the PIRLS assessments as well as possible reasons for the non-equivalence for each of the limited release texts. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations and further research are provided. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / PhD / Unrestricted

The aim of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the film adaptation of Ian McEwan's novel Atonement that was directed by Joe Wright and written by Christopher Hampton in 2007. The thesis focuses on the instances of functional equivalence in the film. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part elaborates on the phenomenon of functional equivalence and briefly discusses the main approaches to film adaptations. The practical part examines individual examples of functional equivalence in the film, describes and analyses corresponding passages in the novel and scenes in the film. It describes the scenes in which Hampton introduces the characters with special attention to the changes that were made to fully do so and then inspects the other segments of the film that were transformed to seamlessly transfer the adapted material to screen. Keyworrds Film, adaptation, novel, equivalence, scene, passage, theme, narration

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo repertoriar os termos do licenciamento ambiental brasileiro e oferecer equivalentes em língua inglesa, visando à construção futura de um glossário deste tema. A motivação para a pesquisa advém da necessidade de criar um instrumento que possa contribuir para a comunicação entre profissionais do meio ambiente e o público estrangeiro, cujo benefício se estende aos profissionais da tradução, intermediadores da comunicação. A pesquisa se realiza em dois corpora, compostos de legislação ambiental e de manuais de licenciamento ambiental voltados a orientar aos cidadãos, nos idiomas português e inglês. Para a sua realização, recorreu-se aos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999a), que compreende os termos como unidades léxicas pertencentes às línguas naturais, que adquirem estatuto terminológico no âmbito das comunicações especializadas. Na Linguística de Corpus (SARDINHA, 2004), disciplina que se ocupa da coleta e exploração de conjuntos textuais para fins de pesquisas linguísticas, buscou-se orientação quanto ao uso e processamento de corpora. A investigação dos equivalentes pautou-se no conceito de equivalência funcional resultante dos estudos de tradução jurídica (GÉMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). A análise dos corpora para a recolha dos termos se deu por meio do programa AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) e suas ferramentas. Elaborou-se uma árvore de domínio e fluxogramas do licenciamento ambiental que, somados aos dados de frequência e distribuição, constituíram os parâmetros para a identificação e validação dos termos. Os 371 termos validados apontam para a interdisciplinaridade do domínio do licenciamento ambiental, de modo que foram identificados termos inerentes ao tema, de pertinência temática, e termos que permeiam a temática colaborando para sua compreensão, de pertinência pragmática. Tal constatação permitiu que fosse realizada uma classificação dos termos em quatro categorias: licenciamento ambiental, gestão ambiental, direito e outras áreas. Tal classificação resultou no conhecimento acerca da composição da terminologia da área estudada. Quanto aos equivalentes, as diferenças jurídicas e culturais existentes entre Brasil e Estados Unidos ficaram evidenciadas na terminologia estudada, com a apuração de termos para os quais um equivalente funcional não poderia ser oferecido. Para esses casos, outros recursos foram utilizados, tais como a expansão lexical e a equivalência literal. Os desafios encontrados reforçam o interesse e a necessidade em prosseguir com a pesquisa rumo à confecção de um glossário do licenciamento ambiental. / This research aims at collecting the most relevant terms of the Brazilian environmental licensing and their equivalents in English as a first step to the construction of a glossary of this topic. The motivation for the research comes from the need to create an instrument that can contribute to communication between professionals of the environment and the foreign public, what can also benefit professional translators, who mediate communication. The research is carried out in two corpora, composed of environmental legislation and guidance manuals for citizens, in Portuguese and in English. It is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999a), which comprises the terms as lexical units belonging to natural languages and that acquire terminological status within the specialized communications. In Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004), a discipline that deals with the collection and exploitation of textual language sets for research purposes, it sought guidance on the use and processing of corpora. The investigation of equivalents was based on the concept of functional equivalence derived from legal translation studies (GEMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). The study of the corpora for the collection of terms was performed with the software AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) and its tools. In addition to statistical data, such as frequency and distribution, a domain tree and flowcharts of the environmental licensing were built and used as parameters to identify and validate the terms. The 371 terms validated point to the interdisciplinary nature of the environmental licensing domain, so there were terms inherent to the theme, of thematic relevance, and terms of pragmatic relevance, which permeate a theme and contribute to its understanding. This finding allowed a classification of terms into four categories: environmental licensing, environmental management, law and other areas. This classification resulted in knowledge about the composition of the terminology of the studied area. Regarding the equivalents, the existing legal and cultural differences between Brazil and the United States were evidenced in the studied terminology, with the occurrence of terms for which a functional equivalent could not be offered. For these cases, other resources were used, such as lexical expansion and literal equivalence. The challenges reinforce the interest and the need to continue the research in order to produce a glossary of environmental licensing.

In this thesis, we investigate impulsive differential systems with delays of the form And more generally of the form The dissertation consists of five chapters. The first chapter serves as introduction, contains preliminary considerations and assertions that will be encountered in the sequel. In chapter 2, we construct the adjoint systems and obtain the variation of parameters formulas of the solutions in terms of fundamental matrices. The asymptotic behavior of solutions of systems satisfying the Perron condition is investigated in chapter 3. In chapter4, we give a result that characterizes the behavior of solutions in the case there is a bounded solution. Moreover, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of periodic solutions is obtained. In the last chapter, a series of consequences on the existence of periodic solutions of functionally equivlent impulsive systems with delays is established.

This Master's thesis is focused on zero equivalence in legal texts. The theoretical part deals with technical text and legal language in general. Legal Spanish is characterized and compared to the legal Czech. Translation of the legal language is described along with some obstacles that may be associated with it. At the end of the theoretical part, there are several findings summarized, and the methodology for the practical part is delineated. In the practical part the reader is acquainted with the concept of equivalence and functional equivalence. Equivalence is divided into absolute, partial, and zero equivalence. The following chapters are concerned with the translation of the terminology with zero equivalence, specifically translation methods, strategies and stages. Furthermore, several legal terms are selected and evaluated on the basis of their equivalence. The terms are searched in order to discover their occurrences and counterparts in dictionaries, legal text databases and parallel corpus. Moreover, their possible translation is proposed and applied translation strategies named. The aim of the thesis is to define legal terminology with zero equivalence and provide the classification of the translational strategies that are frequently applied in translation of this kind of lexicon.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo repertoriar os termos do licenciamento ambiental brasileiro e oferecer equivalentes em língua inglesa, visando à construção futura de um glossário deste tema. A motivação para a pesquisa advém da necessidade de criar um instrumento que possa contribuir para a comunicação entre profissionais do meio ambiente e o público estrangeiro, cujo benefício se estende aos profissionais da tradução, intermediadores da comunicação. A pesquisa se realiza em dois corpora, compostos de legislação ambiental e de manuais de licenciamento ambiental voltados a orientar aos cidadãos, nos idiomas português e inglês. Para a sua realização, recorreu-se aos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999a), que compreende os termos como unidades léxicas pertencentes às línguas naturais, que adquirem estatuto terminológico no âmbito das comunicações especializadas. Na Linguística de Corpus (SARDINHA, 2004), disciplina que se ocupa da coleta e exploração de conjuntos textuais para fins de pesquisas linguísticas, buscou-se orientação quanto ao uso e processamento de corpora. A investigação dos equivalentes pautou-se no conceito de equivalência funcional resultante dos estudos de tradução jurídica (GÉMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). A análise dos corpora para a recolha dos termos se deu por meio do programa AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) e suas ferramentas. Elaborou-se uma árvore de domínio e fluxogramas do licenciamento ambiental que, somados aos dados de frequência e distribuição, constituíram os parâmetros para a identificação e validação dos termos. Os 371 termos validados apontam para a interdisciplinaridade do domínio do licenciamento ambiental, de modo que foram identificados termos inerentes ao tema, de pertinência temática, e termos que permeiam a temática colaborando para sua compreensão, de pertinência pragmática. Tal constatação permitiu que fosse realizada uma classificação dos termos em quatro categorias: licenciamento ambiental, gestão ambiental, direito e outras áreas. Tal classificação resultou no conhecimento acerca da composição da terminologia da área estudada. Quanto aos equivalentes, as diferenças jurídicas e culturais existentes entre Brasil e Estados Unidos ficaram evidenciadas na terminologia estudada, com a apuração de termos para os quais um equivalente funcional não poderia ser oferecido. Para esses casos, outros recursos foram utilizados, tais como a expansão lexical e a equivalência literal. Os desafios encontrados reforçam o interesse e a necessidade em prosseguir com a pesquisa rumo à confecção de um glossário do licenciamento ambiental. / This research aims at collecting the most relevant terms of the Brazilian environmental licensing and their equivalents in English as a first step to the construction of a glossary of this topic. The motivation for the research comes from the need to create an instrument that can contribute to communication between professionals of the environment and the foreign public, what can also benefit professional translators, who mediate communication. The research is carried out in two corpora, composed of environmental legislation and guidance manuals for citizens, in Portuguese and in English. It is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999a), which comprises the terms as lexical units belonging to natural languages and that acquire terminological status within the specialized communications. In Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004), a discipline that deals with the collection and exploitation of textual language sets for research purposes, it sought guidance on the use and processing of corpora. The investigation of equivalents was based on the concept of functional equivalence derived from legal translation studies (GEMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). The study of the corpora for the collection of terms was performed with the software AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) and its tools. In addition to statistical data, such as frequency and distribution, a domain tree and flowcharts of the environmental licensing were built and used as parameters to identify and validate the terms. The 371 terms validated point to the interdisciplinary nature of the environmental licensing domain, so there were terms inherent to the theme, of thematic relevance, and terms of pragmatic relevance, which permeate a theme and contribute to its understanding. This finding allowed a classification of terms into four categories: environmental licensing, environmental management, law and other areas. This classification resulted in knowledge about the composition of the terminology of the studied area. Regarding the equivalents, the existing legal and cultural differences between Brazil and the United States were evidenced in the studied terminology, with the occurrence of terms for which a functional equivalent could not be offered. For these cases, other resources were used, such as lexical expansion and literal equivalence. The challenges reinforce the interest and the need to continue the research in order to produce a glossary of environmental licensing.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo repertoriar os termos do licenciamento ambiental brasileiro e oferecer equivalentes em língua inglesa, visando à construção futura de um glossário deste tema. A motivação para a pesquisa advém da necessidade de criar um instrumento que possa contribuir para a comunicação entre profissionais do meio ambiente e o público estrangeiro, cujo benefício se estende aos profissionais da tradução, intermediadores da comunicação. A pesquisa se realiza em dois corpora, compostos de legislação ambiental e de manuais de licenciamento ambiental voltados a orientar aos cidadãos, nos idiomas português e inglês. Para a sua realização, recorreu-se aos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999a), que compreende os termos como unidades léxicas pertencentes às línguas naturais, que adquirem estatuto terminológico no âmbito das comunicações especializadas. Na Linguística de Corpus (SARDINHA, 2004), disciplina que se ocupa da coleta e exploração de conjuntos textuais para fins de pesquisas linguísticas, buscou-se orientação quanto ao uso e processamento de corpora. A investigação dos equivalentes pautou-se no conceito de equivalência funcional resultante dos estudos de tradução jurídica (GÉMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). A análise dos corpora para a recolha dos termos se deu por meio do programa AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) e suas ferramentas. Elaborou-se uma árvore de domínio e fluxogramas do licenciamento ambiental que, somados aos dados de frequência e distribuição, constituíram os parâmetros para a identificação e validação dos termos. Os 371 termos validados apontam para a interdisciplinaridade do domínio do licenciamento ambiental, de modo que foram identificados termos inerentes ao tema, de pertinência temática, e termos que permeiam a temática colaborando para sua compreensão, de pertinência pragmática. Tal constatação permitiu que fosse realizada uma classificação dos termos em quatro categorias: licenciamento ambiental, gestão ambiental, direito e outras áreas. Tal classificação resultou no conhecimento acerca da composição da terminologia da área estudada. Quanto aos equivalentes, as diferenças jurídicas e culturais existentes entre Brasil e Estados Unidos ficaram evidenciadas na terminologia estudada, com a apuração de termos para os quais um equivalente funcional não poderia ser oferecido. Para esses casos, outros recursos foram utilizados, tais como a expansão lexical e a equivalência literal. Os desafios encontrados reforçam o interesse e a necessidade em prosseguir com a pesquisa rumo à confecção de um glossário do licenciamento ambiental. / This research aims at collecting the most relevant terms of the Brazilian environmental licensing and their equivalents in English as a first step to the construction of a glossary of this topic. The motivation for the research comes from the need to create an instrument that can contribute to communication between professionals of the environment and the foreign public, what can also benefit professional translators, who mediate communication. The research is carried out in two corpora, composed of environmental legislation and guidance manuals for citizens, in Portuguese and in English. It is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999a), which comprises the terms as lexical units belonging to natural languages and that acquire terminological status within the specialized communications. In Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004), a discipline that deals with the collection and exploitation of textual language sets for research purposes, it sought guidance on the use and processing of corpora. The investigation of equivalents was based on the concept of functional equivalence derived from legal translation studies (GEMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). The study of the corpora for the collection of terms was performed with the software AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) and its tools. In addition to statistical data, such as frequency and distribution, a domain tree and flowcharts of the environmental licensing were built and used as parameters to identify and validate the terms. The 371 terms validated point to the interdisciplinary nature of the environmental licensing domain, so there were terms inherent to the theme, of thematic relevance, and terms of pragmatic relevance, which permeate a theme and contribute to its understanding. This finding allowed a classification of terms into four categories: environmental licensing, environmental management, law and other areas. This classification resulted in knowledge about the composition of the terminology of the studied area. Regarding the equivalents, the existing legal and cultural differences between Brazil and the United States were evidenced in the studied terminology, with the occurrence of terms for which a functional equivalent could not be offered. For these cases, other resources were used, such as lexical expansion and literal equivalence. The challenges reinforce the interest and the need to continue the research in order to produce a glossary of environmental licensing.