Orientador: Mariana Claudia Broens / Banca: Osvaldo Frota Pessoa Junior / Banca: Carmem Beatriz Milidoni / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão crítica sobre dois modelos explicativos encontrados na Ciência Cognitiva, a saber, o modelo funcionalista e o modelo sistêmico. O primeiro desses modelos orientou epistemologicamente as pesquisas tradicionais da Ciência Cognitiva no que diz respeito a compreensão das capacidades cognitivas. O Segundo modelo, por sua vez, constitui uma vertente inovadora adotada pela Ciência Cognitiva Dinâmica. Ao apresentar as mudanças no percurso investigativo, do primeiro ao segundo modelo da Ciência Cognitiva, abordamos os fundamentos teóricos de cada um destes de modo a tratar dos seus principais pressupostos ontológicos. / Abstract: This work aims at presenting a critical reflexion on two explanation models found in Cognitive Science, that is the functionalist and systemic ones. The first has epistemologically directed traditional researches in Cognitive Science with regard to the comprehension of cognitive abilities. The second constitutes an innovative variant adopted by Dynamic Cognitive Science. By indicating the changes in the investigating course, from the first model to the second one, we will approach the theoretical foundations of each of those models thus dealing with their main ontological assumptions. / Mestre

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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a mudança gramatical que tem afetado a palavra afinal. Para isso, iniciamos nossas buscas em dicionários sincrônicos e etimológicos, que favoreceram reconhecer a ampliação do espectro funcional desse item; em seguida, coletamos dados da língua falada e, em face do pouco número de ocorrências, partimos para dados da língua escrita. Norteados pela fundamentação teórica que deriva de Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), reconhecemos um percurso unidirecional seguido pelo item afinal, bem como pudemos reconhecer alguns padrões funcionais associados aos usos desse item. Também, verificamos que as rotas percorridas pelo encadeamento dos padrões funcionais podem assumir um movimento tanto da esquerda para a direita - resultando em gramaticalização; quanto da direita para a esquerda resultando em lexicalização. / This research presents a study on the grammatical change that has been affecting the word \"afinal\". For this we initiate our searches in synchronous and etymologic dictionaries; that has promoted to recognize the enlargement of the functional spectrum of this item. After that, we collected data from the spoken language and, in face of the scarce number of occurrences; we decided to deal with the written language. Guided by the theoretical basis that derives from Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer (1991), we recognize a unidirectional way, followed by the item \"AFINAL\", as well as we could recognize some functional standards associated to the use of this item. We also, verify that the routes covered by the functional standards chaining may assume a movement from the left to the right - resulting in grammaticalization, and also from the right for the left, resulting in lexicalization.

The St. Johns Bridge is a 1,207 foot span suspension bridge crossing the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, connecting the Portland communities of St. Johns and Linnton on the eastern and western banks, respectively. Commissioned in 1928, the bridge was completed in 1931, with much fanfare in the local community. The two neighborhoods are some distance from downtown Portland, and the bridge brought prestige to an otherwise nondescript locale. It was designed by the New York-based firm of Steinman & Robinson. David Barnard Steinman (1886-1960) acted as the public face for the firm, however, and the design of the bridge has traditionally been ascribed to him in the literature. Steinman was one of the most prominent bridge engineers of the twentieth century, and is recognized today, as he was even within his lifetime, as such. It was a position which he worked fervently to attain. Steinman wrote extensively concerning the St. Johns Bridge and spoke of it as his own; his extensive use of the St. Johns Bridge as an example of aesthetics in bridge engineering is related to the early twentieth-century debate between engineers and architects regarding the role of each in bridge design. As an engineer who sought, without the aid of the architect, to build bridges which were objects of beauty, he asserted the role of the engineer as artist. The predisposition toward the engineered machine aesthetic in the intellectual climate of the avant-garde in the early twentieth century enabled Steinman to style himself as such an artist--even though the St. Johns Bridge, which he frequently employed in this regard, was not a work of functionalist aesthetics. While the architectural avant-garde was borrowing from the engineer for artistic rejuvenation, Steinman was in an advantageous position to argue for the engineer-artist, thereby casting the engineer as an individual sui generis, equal to and without need of the architect.

The management of international waterways presents riparian nations with a challenging set of political, economic, environmental, and geographic difficulties. Historically, the Nile Basin has exemplified many of these problems as witnessed by inter-basin conflict, devastating floods, crippling drought, and unstable political and economic development. Despite their tumultuous past the ten riparian nations of the Nile Basin established a supranational water management institution in 1999, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), in order to develop collective solutions to their common water related problems. However, serious challenges to the cooperative process threaten to derail the NBI and enflame underlying causes of conflict. This thesis seeks to determine how the NBI has affected water related decision making in the Nile Basin. This will be achieved by examining patterns of decision-making before and after the establishment of the NBI. Specifically, the impact of the NBI will be tested by examining patterns of decision-making within three measures of conflict, namely the allocation of water resources, the sharing of technical data and expertise, and the financing of water related projects and programs.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore a thought-provoking consequence of the functionalist theory of mind. Given the current organizational structure of Earth and field theories of consciousness in neuroscience, Earth is probably conscious. The argument is explored through an examination of the current organizational structure of Earth and field theories of consciousness in neuroscience, which leads to the conclusion that Earth is conscious. Various theories of mind have been proposed by neuroscientists and philosophers alike in an attempt to qualify what consciousness is and what provides the basis for consciousness to occur. Support, in the form of data and information, for this thesis was found through reviews of philosophic and neuroscientific literature. Using a functionalist argument and field theories of consciousness, I argue for the possibility of Earth’s consciousness due to its organization. Based on the likelihood of human consciousness being spatially distributed, I illustrate how Earth’s organization is sufficiently similar. However, there is controversy surrounding functionalist theories of mind. This is detailed with Ned Block’s (1978) objection to functionalism, the Chinese Nation thought experiment. I place this objection in conversation with Paul and Patricia Churchland’s (1981) work on inverted qualia, absent qualia, and the method to identify systems with and without qualia. A further objection to my conclusion is explored with Kammerer’s (2015) Sophisticated Anti-Nesting Principle is addressed. Finally, this thesis draws some inspiration from Eric Schwitzgebel’s (2014) paper “If Materialism is True, the United States is Probably Conscious,” but the conclusion is projected to a larger scale, resulting in implications for morality, politics, and theories of mind.

The thesis extends the use of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) to describe and analyse the semiotic systems beyond language by providing a detailed and systematic approach to the description of multimodal hypertext systems. The thesis uses a social semiotic approach to the text in order to develop an analytical framework for the description of hypertext through the two dimensions of rank and metafunction. This approach is employed to describe, assess and evaluate the pathways that student user groups construct using hypertext resources during a task-based information search session. The resources realised at the ranks of element, screen and pathway are described across four metafunctions: Representational, Interactive, Compositional and Logical. The data which forms the basis of the thesis was collected from a Year 4-5-6 classroom in a primary school in Sydney, Australia. The substantive contributions of this thesis detail the resources of the hypertext analytical framework. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This research is based on neo-functionalism to analysis the extent of cooperation in Taiwan and Mainland China in the sector of automobile industry, and how it will affect the government policy between Cross-Strait relations. Since Mainland China to open up its market, there are more and more Taiwanese businessmen to invest in Mainland China. The relation between Taiwan and Mainland China is more closely, especially after accession in WTO. According to the discourse of neo-functionalism interest groups¡]industrial elites¡^and political elites will affect the government attitudes in decision-making. The elite of automobile industry from both sides of Taiwan Straits press both governments to put the policy of ¡§three direct links¡¨ into practice, is the case in point.

In the period of post-Cold War, regional integration is one of the most important trend of international politics, European Union (EU) is the most successful example at present. The EU enlargement to Central and Eastern European countries is a new challenge for itself to run the regional organization. The old EU members would conflict with new EU members for their own advantages. Central and Eastern European countries have broken away from Russia¡¦s control, and expect its modernization will be enhanced by accession to the EU, but the conditions of EU in the area of politics and economy must be reached by Central and Eastern European countries. In this thesis the EU enlargement will be analyzed by Neo-functionalism and Liberal Intergovernmentalism.

<p>Mercosur, som i dag består av Argentina, Brasilien, Paraguay, Uruguay och Venezuela, bildades 1994 i ett försök att förstärka det ekonomiska samarbetet och befästa den omogna demokratin i regionen. Regionalt samarbete inleddes även i avsikt att öka stabilitet och säkerhet i regionen då samarbetet föddes ur askan av en instabil och nedbruten ekonomi. Den dramatiska förändringen från ett inåtvänt militärt styre under större delen av 1900-talet till en liberalisering av både den ekonomiska och politiska sfären, var en annan anledning till regionalt samarbete. Den här uppsatsen behandlar sambandet mellan dessa två fenomen; regional integration och demokrati, och deras parallella utveckling. Den regionala integrationen i området kring Mercosur är annorlunda än andra integrationsprojekt genomförda i världen. Detta är till stor del på grund av den starka statliga interventionalism och presidentialism som historiskt haft en framträdande roll, tillsammans med avsaknad av insyn och brist på civil delaktighet i den politiska sfären. Dessa karakteristiska drag gör det svårt att applicera redan framtagna teorier på Mercosur då dessa främst är utarbetade med hänsyn till Europeiska Unionen. Utvecklingen mot demokrati är betraktad som nödvändighet i förändringsprocessen mot ett förbättrat regionalt samarbete och därmed också regional integration, trots att demokratin fortfarande är begränsad.</p> / <p>Mercosur, which today includes the member states Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezula, was created in 1994 in an attempt to enhance economic cooperation and consolidate democracy in the region. Regional cooperation was also initiated in order to increase stability and security in the region. This since the integration project surged out of the ashes of an unstable, broken economy and a recent shift from an introvert military regime towards a liberalisation of both the economical and the political sphere. This thesis treats the connection between these two phenomena; regional integration and democracy, and their parallel development. The regional integration through Mercosur is different to other integration projects. Among other things this is due to the strong history of state intervention and scarce civil participation, as well as a prominent presidentialism and a current lack of transparency. This makes the implementation of already existing theories that may explain the development of Mercosur hard to apply, since these theories are developed with consideration to the European Union. The development towards democracy is seen as an essential cornerstone in the shift towards a more cooperative stance between the regional neighbours. Even though democracy in the region still is of limited nature, its emergence promoted regional integration.</p>