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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Synthèse et étude d'ADN et d'ARN G-quadruplexes à topologies contrôlées. Applications pour la caractérisation et la sélection de ligands / Synthesis and study of topologically controlled DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes. Applications for the characterization and the selection of ligands

Bonnat, Laureen 19 December 2017 (has links)
Les acides nucléiques riches en guanines ou en cytosines peuvent se replier sur eux-mêmes et former des systèmes tétramériques tels que les G-quadruplexes (G4) ou les i-motifs. Ces motifs, abondamment représentés dans certaines régions du génome humain semblent contribuer à la régulation cellulaire et suscitent depuis plusieurs années un intérêt grandissant. Ils sont notamment présents dans la région télomérique, mais aussi dans les promoteurs d’oncogènes ou au sein des génomes viraux et sont impliqués dans certaines pathologies humaines. Ils représentent ainsi des cibles thérapeutiques et diagnostiques potentielles. Cependant, les G4 adoptent in-vitro des topologies variées qui compliquent le développement de ligands spécifiques et affins. Dans ce contexte, le laboratoire a développé le concept du TASQ pour ‘‘Template Assembled Synthetic G-Quadruplex’’ dans le but d'accéder à des G4 se structurant en une topologie définie.Le premier chapitre décrit l’assemblage de mimes de motifs G4 contraints en une topologie unique. En utilisant un gabarit cyclodécapeptide rigide et différentes méthodes de conjugaison, nous avons assemblé des motifs G4 ARN parallèle et hybride ADN/ARN dérivant de la séquence télomérique ainsi qu’un motif G4 d’ADN présent dans la séquence promotrice du VIH-1. L’utilisation du concept TASQ nous a également permis de préparer un motif G-triplexe (G3), intermédiaire à la formation des motifs G4. Nous avons montré une forte stabilisation de tous les édifices G4 contraints ainsi préparés.Le second chapitre concerne les études de caractérisation et de sélection de ligands vis-à-vis des motifs G4 et G3 contraints. La caractérisation repose sur l’évaluation de l’affinité et de la sélectivité de différentes familles de ligands pour ces édifices, par résonance plasmonique de surface ou par interférométrie bio-couche. La sélection de ligands a été réalisée par la méthode SELEX dans le but d’obtenir des aptamères affins et spécifiques d’un motif G4 contraint. / Guanines or cytosines rich nucleic acids can fold into tetrameric G-quadruplexes (G4) or i-motifs structures. G4 motifs are found within the human genome and should contribute to cellular regulation. In particular G4 are found at telomeric region and also in promoters of oncogenes or within viral genomes. They are suspected of participating in the regulation of human pathologies and have therefore been envisioned as potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets. However, the intrinsic conformational polymorphism of G4 motifs complicates the development of specific and affine ligands. In this context, the laboratory has developed the TASQ concept for "Template Assembled Synthetic G-Quadruplex" with the aim to obtain a defined G4 topology.The first chapter reports on the assembly on the peptide template of RNA and DNA:RNA hybrid G4 structures that derive from the human telomeric sequence as well as of DNA G4 structure found within the HIV virus promoter. G-triplex (G3) motif which is supposed to be an intermediate during the formation of the G4 motifs has also been prepared. By using appropriate ligations of the oligonucleotide strands on the peptide template we were able to control the folding of G-quadruplex motifs and stabilize them.The second chapter reports the studies for the characterization and the selection of ligands against G4 and G3 motifs. The evaluation of the affinity and selectivity of different families of ligands for these constrain motifs was performed by using surface plasmon resonance or by bio-layer interferometry. The selection of ligands was carried out by the SELEX method in order to obtain affine and specific aptamers of a constrained G4 motif.
82

Investigation of G-quadruplex and Small Molecule Interactions at the Single Molecule Level

Maleki, Parastoo 06 December 2018 (has links)
No description available.
83

Substrate-Selective Copper Catalysts as Catalytic Metallodrugs: from G-Quadruplex Targeting Small-Molecular Nucleases to Artificial Glycosidases

Yu, Zhen 07 December 2017 (has links)
No description available.
84

Interactions of DNA binding proteins with G-Quadruplex structures at the single molecule level

Ray, Sujay 18 November 2014 (has links)
No description available.
85

FOLDING DYNAMICS OF G-QUADRUPLEXES DURING TRANSCRIPTION AND IN A NANO-CONFINEMENT

Shrestha, Prakash 02 January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
86

Interactions of RecQ-Family Helicases with G-quadruplex Structures at the Single Molecule Level

Budhathoki, Jagat B. 18 July 2016 (has links)
No description available.
87

G-quadruplexes in the Social Amoeba «Dictyostelium discoideum» / Les G-quadruplexes dans l’Amibe Sociale «Dictyostelium discoideum»

Saad, Mona 13 December 2018 (has links)
Les G-quadruplexes sont des structures non-canoniques fascinantes de l’ADN et/ou de l’ARN qui surviennent dans les régions riches en Guanines. La surreprésentation de ces structures dans des régions spécifiques comme les promoteurs des oncogènes et les télomères, suggère leur intervention dans les processus cellulaires clés comme la transcription, la réplication ou bien la maturation de l’ARN. De nouveaux outils in silico, in vitro et in cellulo pour la prédiction des G-quadruplexes ont été proposés, reflétant la pertinence croissante de ces structures. Des cibles potentielles de G-quadruplexes ont été décrites dans le génome humain, chez la levure, des bactéries, virus et bien d’autres. Cependant, un des problèmes dans l’étude des G4s dans le génome humain est le grand nombre de séquences susceptibles de former des structures G4s (370,000 PQS selon Quadparser et plus d’un million en utilisant un seuil de 1.5 selon G4Hunter). Il est alors presque impossible de déconvoluer les effets biologiques reliés aux G-quadruplexes dans les cellules humaines. Pour cela, nous avons choisi Dictyostelium discoideum – dont le génome est pauvre en G4s - comme modèle eucaryote pour compléter les études sur le génome humain. Avec une analyse in silico du génome de dicty en utilisant G4Hunter, un algorithme développé dans notre laboratoire, nous avons pu détecter entre 249 (seuil=2) et 1055 (seuil=1.5) séquences pouvant adopter une structure G4. D’une façon intéressante, bien que les promoteurs soient plus pauvres encore en GC que le reste du génome de dicty, la densité des G4s dans ces régions est significativement plus haute. En utilisant une combinaison de différentes méthodes biophysiques et biochimiques, nous avons démontré que parmi les séquences prédites, 14 séquences qui sont présentes dans des gènes susceptibles de jouer des rôles importants dans dicty forment des structures G4 stables. En plus, cinq gènes de dicty contenant des séquences G4s dans leurs promoteurs ont été étudiés pour l’effet d’un nouveau ligand G4 dérivé de Porphyrine sur leur expression. Nous avons démontré que ce nouveau ligand inhibe l’expression de ces gènes significativement. Globalement, nos résultats constituent le premier pas dans le but d’adopter Dictyostelium discoideum comme un nouveau modèle pour l’étude des G-quadruplexes. / G-quadruplexes (G4) are fascinating non-canonical DNA/RNA secondary structures that occur in genomic Guanine-rich regions. The over-representation of such structures in specific regions such as promoters of oncogenes and telomeres, suggests their involvement in key processes such as transcription, replication or RNA maturation. The development of in silico, in vitro and in cellulo tools for G4 prediction is emerging, reflecting the increasing relevance of these structures. Putative G4 forming sequences (PQS) have been reported in Homo sapiens, yeast, bacteria, viruses and many others. However, one of the problems in studying G4 structures in the human genome is indeed the high number of putative G4 forming sequences (370,000 PQS according to Quadparser and over 1 million when using a threshold of 1.5 with G4Hunter). It is therefore difficult to deconvolute G4-related biological effects in human cells. For this, we chose Dictyostelium discoideum - a G4 poor genome - as a eukaryotic model to complement the human studies. By an in silico analysis of dicty genome with G4Hunter a home-made algorithm, we detected 249 (threshold=2) to 1055 (threshold=1.5) G4-prone motifs. Interestingly, despite an even lower GC content in comparison to the whole dicty genome, the density of G4 motifs in dicty promoters is significantly higher than in the rest of the genome. By using a combination of different biophysical and biochemical methods, we demonstrated that 14 dicty sequences located in key genes fold into stable G4 structures. In addition, five dicty genes containing G4-prone motifs in their promoters were studied for the effect of a new Porphyrin derivative on their expression. Our results demonstrated that the new ligand decreased the expression of the several dicty genes significantly. Overall, our results constitute the first step to adopt Dictyostelium discoideum as a model for G4 studies.
88

Caractérisation du rôle de la voie de réponse aux dommages à l'ADN et des lysosomes dans la mort cellulaire et la sénescence induites par un ligand G-quadruplexe / Deciphering the role of DNA damage response and lysosomal pathways in cell death and senescence induced by a G-quadruplex ligand

Beauvarlet, Jennifer 07 December 2018 (has links)
Les G-quadruplexes (G4) sont des structures non canoniques des acides nucléiques qui peuvent être formés dans des régions d’ADN ou d’ARN riches en guanines. Les ligands G4 (LG4), sont des molécules capables d’interagir et de stabiliser les structures G4, qui présentent de nombreuses propriétés anti-cancéreuses. Nous avons travaillé avec le LG4 20A, appartenant à la famille des triarylpyridines, qui stabilise efficacement les structures G4 in vitro. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été de déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires responsables des effets anti-prolifératifs du 20A dans des cellules cancéreuses. Dans cette étude, nous avons montré que le 20A induit un arrêt de la croissance cellulaire de cellules en culture et dans un modèle de xénogreffe tumorale, grâce à l’induction de la sénescence et de la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Ces réponses sont associées à l’activation de la voie des réponses aux dommages à l’ADN (DDR) via la kinase ATM, qui favorise l’autophagie (un processus catabolique) et la sénescence, tout en protégeant les cellules de l’apoptose. De plus, nous avons observé que le 20A induit un échec de la cytokinèse, conduisant à l’accumulation de cellules binucléées qui présentent une résistance à la mort cellulaire. De façon inattendue, nous avons trouvé que le 20A s’accumule dans les lysosomes, induisant une augmentation de la taille de ces derniers. La combinaison du 20A et de l’agent lysomotropique chloroquine, potentialise de façon importante la perméabilisation de la membrane lysosomale (LMP) et la mort cellulaire. En particulier, cette combinaison sensibilise de façon notable ces cellules binucléées à la mort cellulaire. L’ensemble de ces résultats révèle une relation entre les processus de mort cellulaire et de sénescence induits par le LG4 20A, et les voies de DDR et lysosomales. Ces régulations devraient être prises en considération lors de l’utilisation d’agents antiprolifératifs susceptibles d’interférer avec les fonctions lysosomales. / G-quadruplexes (G4) are unusual nucleic acid structures that can be formed by guanine-rich DNA and RNA. Through their ability to stabilize G4 structures, G4 ligands (G4L) have been described to display potent anticancer properties. Here, we studied the G4L 20A belonging to the triarylpyridine family of compounds that have the ability to efficiently bind to and stabilize G4 structures in vitro. The objectives of this work were to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the anti-proliferative effects of 20A in cancer cells. In this study, we showed that 20A causes cancer cell growth arrest in cell culture and a mice tumour xenograft model, through induction of senescence and apoptotic cell death. These cellular responses are associated with the induction of the DNA damage response pathway (DDR), in particular ATM activation, which promotes the induction of both autophagy (a lysosomal catabolic pathway) and senescence, while protecting cells against apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that 20A induces failure of cytokinesis which results in the accumulation of binucleated cells that display marked resistance to 20A-induced cell death. Unexpectedly, we found that 20A accumulates in the lysosomal compartment and causes lysosome enlargement. The combination of a lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, and 20A promotes a significant induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and a robust cell death. In particular, this combination significantly sensitizes binucleated cells to cell death. Altogether, our results uncover the relationship of the DDR and lysosomal pathways to cell death and senescence induced by the G4L 20A. Such regulation should also be taken into account when using antiproliferative drugs susceptible to interfere with the lysosomal functions.
89

Computational studies of biomolecules

Chen, Sih-Yu January 2017 (has links)
In modern drug discovery, lead discovery is a term used to describe the overall process from hit discovery to lead optimisation, with the goal being to identify drug candidates. This can be greatly facilitated by the use of computer-aided (or in silico) techniques, which can reduce experimentation costs along the drug discovery pipeline. The range of relevant techniques include: molecular modelling to obtain structural information, molecular dynamics (which will be covered in Chapter 2), activity or property prediction by means of quantitative structure activity/property models (QSAR/QSPR), where machine learning techniques are introduced (to be covered in Chapter 1) and quantum chemistry, used to explain chemical structure, properties and reactivity. This thesis is divided into five parts. Chapter 1 starts with an outline of the early stages of drug discovery; introducing the use of virtual screening for hit and lead identification. Such approaches may roughly be divided into structure-based (docking, by far the most often referred to) and ligand-based, leading to a set of promising compounds for further evaluation. Then, the use of machine learning techniques, the issue of which will be frequently encountered, followed by a brief review of the "no free lunch" theorem, that describes how no learning algorithm can perform optimally on all problems. This implies that validation of predictive accuracy in multiple models is required for optimal model selection. As the dimensionality of the feature space increases, the issue referred to as "the curse of dimensionality" becomes a challenge. In closing, the last sections focus on supervised classification Random Forests. Computer-based analyses are an integral part of drug discovery. Chapter 2 begins with discussions of molecular docking; including strategies incorporating protein flexibility at global and local levels, then a specific focus on an automated docking program – AutoDock, which uses a Lamarckian genetic algorithm and empirical binding free energy function. In the second part of the chapter, a brief introduction of molecular dynamics will be given. Chapter 3 describes how we constructed a dataset of known binding sites with co-crystallised ligands, used to extract features characterising the structural and chemical properties of the binding pocket. A machine learning algorithm was adopted to create a three-way predictive model, capable of assigning each case to one of the classes (regular, orthosteric and allosteric) for in silico selection of allosteric sites, and by a feature selection algorithm (Gini) to rationalize the selection of important descriptors, most influential in classifying the binding pockets. In Chapter 4, we made use of structure-based virtual screening, and we focused on docking a fluorescent sensor to a non-canonical DNA quadruplex structure. The preferred binding poses, binding site, and the interactions are scored, followed by application of an ONIOM model to re-score the binding poses of some DNA-ligand complexes, focusing on only the best pose (with the lowest binding energy) from AutoDock. The use of a pre-generated conformational ensemble using MD to account for the receptors' flexibility followed by docking methods are termed “relaxed complex” schemes. Chapter 5 concerns the BLUF domain photocycle. We will be focused on conformational preference of some critical residues in the flavin binding site after a charge redistribution has been introduced. This work provides another activation model to address controversial features of the BLUF domain.
90

Single-molecule studies of nucleic acid folding and nucleic acid-protein interactions

Pérez González, Daniel Cibrán January 2017 (has links)
Nucleic acids and proteins, some of the building blocks of life, are not static structures but highly dynamic entities that need to interact with one another to meet cellular demands. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the application of highly sensitive fluorescence methods, both at ensemble and single-molecule level, to determine the dynamics and structure of specific biomolecular interactions with nanometer resolution and in temporal scales from nanoseconds to minutes, which includes most biologically relevant processes. The main aims of my PhD can be classified in three areas: i) exploring new fluorescent sensors with increased specificity for certain nucleic acid structures; ii) understanding how some of these nucleic acids sense the presence of small molecules in the cellular environment and trigger gene regulation by altering their structure; and iii) understanding how certain molecular machines, such as helicase proteins, are able to unwind the DNA double helix by using chemical energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis.

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