In this study a multiresidue method for the determination of 24 pesticides in wheat, flour, bran and bread using GC-MS (NCI-SIM) mode was developed and validated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pesticides destination during the processing of wheat as well as during the process of milling for attainment of white flour and the bran. The degradation of these pesticides was evaluated during the bread baking process. QuEChERS method, developed originally for samples of fruits and vegetables, was modified and optimized for the extraction of different pesticides. For the extraction procedure acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid, sodium acetate, sodium citrate and magnesium sulphate was used. The clean up using dispersive solid phase extraction was carried out with C18 and magnesium sulphate. The method was validated evaluating the following parameters: linearity (seven different levels of concentration), limit of detention (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect as well as precision and accuracy, evaluating the percentage of recovery using four different spike levels. The linear range used in the analytical curves was from 1.0 to 100 μg L-1 for wheat and bread and 2.0 to 200 μg L-1 for flour and bran both with values of r2 > 0.99. Recoveries presenting values between 70 and 120% with RSD <20% were considered satisfactory for most compounds. It was observed that there was a greater concentration of pesticides in the external part of the wheat grain, and that the sample of bran presented higher concentrations than those of flour. During the baking, degradation of compounds was observed in the range of 50 to 70%. The method proved to be adequate for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in the matrices studied and the GC-MS (NCI-SIM) technique proved to be sensitive and highly selective. / Um método multirresíduo para a determinação de 24 pesticidas em trigo, farinha, farelo e pão empregando GC-MS (NCI-SIM) foi desenvolvido e validado neste estudo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi também avaliar o destino de pesticidas durante o processamento do trigo, ou seja, durante o processo de moagem para obtenção da farinha branca e do farelo. Avaliou-se a degradação destes compostos durante o cozimento para obtenção do pão a partir da farinha branca, que foi preparado em panificadora doméstica, com tempo total de preparo de 1 h. O método QuEChERS modificado, desenvolvido originalmente para amostras de frutas e vegetais, foi otimizado para a extração de pesticidas de diferentes classes. Para a etapa de extração, utilizou-se acetonitrila contendo 1% de ácido acético, acetato de sódio, citrato de sódio e sulfato de magnésio, a etapa de clean up por extração em fase sólida dispersiva foi realizada pelo emprego de C18 e sulfato de magnésio. O método foi validado avaliando-se os seguintes parâmetros: linearidade (sete níveis de concentração), limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), efeito matriz, bem como precisão e exatidão, avaliando-se o percentual de recuperação empregando-se para isto quatro níveis de fortificação. A faixa linear das curvas analíticas situou-se entre 1,0 a 100 μg L-1 para trigo e pão, 2,0 a 200 μg L-1 para farinha e farelo, ambas apresentando valores de r2 >0,99. As recuperações foram consideradas satisfatórias, ou seja, entre 70 e 120% com valores de RSD% < 20% para a grande maioria dos compostos. Observou-se que os pesticidas se concentraram mais na parte externa do grão de trigo, apresentando maiores concentrações nas amostras de farelo do que nas amostras de farinha. Durante o cozimento, observou-se a degradação dos compostos na faixa de 50 a 70%. O método mostrou-se adequado para a análise multirresíduo de pesticidas nas matrizes estudadas, e a técnica de GC-MS (NCI-SIM) altamente sensível e seletiva.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due to the complexity of its matrix, more efficient methods have been studied for the determination of pesticide residues in maize. The use of QuEChERS method coupled to low temperature clean up technique has showed advantages to reduce lipids during sample preparation in matrix with high fat content. It was optimized and validated in this study a multiresidue method for the determination of pesticides in maize employing QuEChERS and GC-MS/MS. The extraction procedure was optimized though the factorial design, and consisted in weighing 2.5 g of sample and adding 10 mL of ultrapurified water followed by vortex shaking for 1 min. After this, It was added 10 mL of acetonitrile and the tube was stirred for 1 h in a platform shaker at 200 rpm. Partition step was performed using 1 g of NaCl and 6 g of MgSO4, followed by manual shaking for 1 min and centrifugation at 3400 rpm for 8 min, at 10 ºC. An aliquot of 4 mL of the extract was transferred to a 15 mL tube for clean up step at low temperature for 12 h around -20 ºC. Finally, another clean up stage was realized applying dispersive SPE, 1 mL of the extract was transferred to a tube containing 150 mg of MgSO4, 50 mg of C18 and 50 mg of PSA followed by shaking and centrifugation. The final extract was filtered and analyzed by GC-MS/MS. Analytical parameters evaluated in this work were linearity of the analytical curve, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy and matrix effect for the 12 compounds studied. The method showed efficient, with recovery results in a range of 55.3 to 110.1% in the spiked levels of concentration of 40, 100 and 200 μg kg-1 and RSD ≤ 20%. Values of instrument LOD and LOQ were 1.5 and 5.0 μg L-1, respectively. Method LOQ was 100 μg kg-1 for most compounds. Thereby, It was concluded that the proposed method demonstrated to be adequate for the analysis of most pesticide residues studied in maize, since the parameters evaluated were in according to the limits required for chromatographic methods validation applied in residues analysis. / Devido à complexidade da sua matriz, métodos mais eficientes para a determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em milho têm sido estudados. O uso do método QuEChERS, juntamente com a técnica de precipitação a baixa temperatura tem apresentado vantagens para a redução de lipídios durante o preparo de amostra de matrizes com alto teor de gordura. Neste estudo, otimizou-se e validou-se um método multirresíduo para determinação de agrotóxicos em milho empregando QuEChERS e GC-MS/MS. O procedimento de extração, otimizado através de planejamento fatorial, constituiu na pesagem de 2,5 g da amostra, adição de 10 mL de água purificada, seguida de agitação em vórtex por 1 min e posterior adição de 10 mL de acetonitrila seguindo de agitação em agitador pendular por 1 h a 200 rpm. A partição utilizando sais foi realizada com 1 g de NaCl e 6 g de MgSO4 e agitação manual por 1 min, seguida de centrifugação a 3400 rpm por 8 min a 10 ⁰C. Uma alíquota de 4 mL do extrato foi retirada e transferida para um tubo de 15 mL para a etapa de limpeza do extrato a baixa temperatura por 12 h a aproximadamente -20 ⁰C. Após, efetuou-se a etapa final de limpeza do extrato com SPE dispersiva onde retirou-se 1 mL deste extrato e transferiu-se para um tubo contendo 150 mg de MgSO4, 50 mg de C18 e 50 mg de PSA, repetindo a agitação por 1 min e centrifugação a 3400 rpm por 8 min. O extrato final foi filtrado e analisado por GC-MS/MS. Os parâmetros analíticos avaliados neste trabalho foram a linearidade da curva analítica, limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), precisão, exatidão e efeito matriz para os 12 compostos estudados. O método demonstrou-se eficiente, com resultados de recuperação na faixa de 55,3 a 110,1% nos níveis de fortificação 40, 100 e 200 μg kg-1 e com RSD ≤ 20%. Os valores de LOD e LOQ do instrumento foram de 1,5 e 5,0 μg L-1, respectivamente, e o valor de LOQ do método foi de 100 μg kg-1para a maioria dos compostos. Desta forma, conclui-se que o método otimizado mostrou-se adequado para análise da maioria dos resíduos de agrotóxicos estudados em milho, pois os parâmetros avaliados encontram-se dentro dos limites exigidos para validação de métodos cromatográficos aplicados a análise de resíduos.

Ces travaux d'archéométrie concernent l’étude moléculaire par GC-MS de marqueurs lipidiques (biomarqueurs) préservés au sein de sols archéologiques et de substances végétales impliquées en tant qu'ingrédients dans la confection d’artefacts. Des analyses complémentaires en isotopie du carbone de composés individuels et des mesures de datation au 14C (AMS MICADAS) de la matière organique totale des sols, d'extraits lipidiques et d'un composé individuel (miliacine) ont également été effectuées. Cette approche a permis:- de montrer l’existence de la culture de millet dès l’âge du Bronze en Alsace, les sols associés à cette culture et leur contenu organique ayant été piégés et préservés dans des silos à grains enterrés datés de l’âge du Fer.- d'identifier la nature de structures archéologiques comme étant d'anciennes latrines et une aire de stabulation de bétail via l'identification de stéroïdes fécaux.- d'établir des critères chimiotaxonomiques fiables basés sur l'analyse des lipides pour l’authentification de résines de styrax et de liquidambars.- d'identifier la nature d'une résine issue de Styrax officinalis ayant été incorporée dans l’enduit organique ornant un crâne décoré (IXème millénaire av. J.-C., site de Nahal Hemar, Israël).- de mettre en évidence l’emploi de brai de bouleau comme agent collant lors de la confection d’un bijou daté du Premier âge du Fer. / In this archaeometric study, lipid biomarkers from archaeological soils and organic substances originating from plants found on artefacts were investigated by GC-MS. In addition, the stable carbon isotopic composition of individual lipids and the 14C age (AMS MICADAS) of soil organic matter, lipid extracts and one isolated compound (miliacin) were determined. Such an archaeometric approach allowed:- the existence of a millet cultivation during the Bronze Age in Alsace to be unveiled for the first time based on preserved molecular remains of this cereal in agricultural soils trapped within grain silos dated from the Iron Age.- the function of uncharacterized archaeological structures to be identified as ancient latrines and a stall area based on the identification of faecal steroidal markers.- reliable chemotaxonomic criteria for the authentication of styrax resins and liquidambar gums to be established using specific organic markers (triterpenoids, notably).- the vegetal component of an organic coating decorating a skull from the 9th millennium BC (Nahal Hemar site, Israel) to be identified as a resin from Styrax officinalis.- the use of birch bark tar as adhesive for the making of a jewellery dated from the Iron Age to be discovered.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rice is the main component of the basic diet of the world-wide population, is therefore, of extreme importance for the food security. In function of this, related aspects its production and comsumption must continuously be monitored and be evaluated, so that its supply is guaranteed. In this study, was development and validated a methodology for determination of residues of 51 pesticides in polish rice grains, using the modified QuEChERS extraction method and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry with Negative Chemical Ionization and Selected Ion Monitoring (GC-MS NCI-SIM). To that end, previous homogenized rice was spiked with 51 pesticides at 3 different spiking levels (10, 20 and 50 μg kg-1, 6 replicates at each level) and extracted by the modified QuEChERS method. Applying this method, 10 mL of acetonitrile was added to 10.0 g of rice matrix and the tubes were vigorously shaken by hand for 45 s. The tubes were uncapped, 3.0 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.7 g of sodium acetate were added, the shaking procedure was repeated and the extract was centrifuged for 8 min. Furthermore, a dispersive clean-up was developed for extract purification. The upper layer (4 mL) of the extracts was transferred to another tube containing 600 mg of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 500 mg of C18, the shaking procedure was repeated and the extract was centrifuged for 8 min. The extracts were analized by GC-MS NCI-SIM. The method validation was performed of the linear range of the analytical curves (7 concentration levels and 6 injections each), detection limit (LOD), quantification limit (LOQ), matrix effect, as well as precision (as RSD%) and accuracy (as recovery percent). In general, LOD, LOQ and r2 results, obtained from GC, were affected by standards prepared in matrix extract compared to the preparation in solvent. The linear calibration curves was between 1.0 or 2.0 to 100.0 ng mL-1 with r2 values ≥ 0,99. The GC-MS (NCI) allowing the quantification (recovery criteria 70-120% and RSD% values ≤ 20%) of 87% of the target compounds, that showed LOQm of 10 or 20 mg kg-1. Hence, it is possible to conclude, this method proved to be adequate for the multi-residue analysis of pesticides in rice, conciliating sensitivity and acceptable selectivity and all the validation parameters were within the limits suggested for validation of chromatographic methods. / O arroz é o principal componente da dieta básica da população mundial. É, portanto, de extrema importância para a segurança alimentar e, em função disso, aspectos relacionados à sua produção e consumo devem ser continuamentemonitorados e avaliados em profundidade, para que o seu suprimento seja garantido. Neste estudo, foi desenvolvida e validada uma metodologia para a determinação, em grãos de arroz polido, de resíduos de 51 pesticidas, analisados utilizando o método de extração QuEChERS modificado e Cromatografia Gasosa com Detecção por Espectrometria de Massas, operando no modo de Ionização Química Negativa e Monitoramento do Ion Selecionado (GC-MS NCI-SIM). Para isso, realizou-se a fortificação do arroz, previamente homogeinizado, com soluções contendo os 51 pesticidas, em 3 níveis de fortificação (10, 20 e 50 μg kg-1), 6 réplicas para cada nível, e aplicou-se o método QueChERS modificado. A extração por este método consistiu na pesagem de 10,0 g da matriz, adição de 10 mL de acetonitrila e procedeu-se a agitação manual e vigorosa, por cerca de 45 segundos. Acrescentou-se 3,0 g de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 1,7 g de acetato de sódio anidro, repetindo-se agitação. Foram, posteriormente, centrifugados por 8 minutos A purificação dos extratos foi realizada através de clean-up dispersivo, onde 4 mL do extrato foram transferidos para outro tubo já contendo 600 mg de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 500 mg de C18, repetindo-se a agitação e a centrifugação, e em seguida os extratos foram analisados por GC-MS NCI-SIM. Neste trabalho avaliouse os seguintes parâmetros de validação do método: faixa de linearidade das curvas analíticas (7 níveis de concentração e seis injeções cada), limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), efeito matriz, bem como a precisão e a exatidão (em termos de percentual de recuperação). Em geral, os valores de LOD, LOQ e r2, obtidos por GC, foram influenciados pela utilização de extratos da matriz para o preparo das soluções analíticas. A faixa linear de concentração das curvas analíticas situou-se entre 1,0 ou 2,0 a 100,0 ng mL-1 com valores de r2 ≥ 0,99. A técnica GCMS NCI modo SIM promoveu a quantificação (critérios de recuperação entre 70 e 120% e valores de RSD% ≤ 20%) de 87% dos compostos que apresentaram LOQm de 10 ou 20 mg kg-1. Portanto, conclui-se que o método mostrou-se adequado à análise multirresíduo dos pesticidas em arroz, conciliando sensibilidade e seletividade adequadas, e todos os parâmetros de validação encontram-se dentro dos limites sugeridos para validação de métodos cromatográficos.

Demosponges of the order Verongida such as Ianthella basta exhibit skeletons containing spongin, a collagenous protein, and chitin. Moreover, Verongida sponges are well known to produce bioactive brominated tyrosine derivatives. We recently demonstrated that brominated compounds do not only occur in the cellular matrix but also in the skeletons of the marine sponges Aplysina cavernicola and I. basta. Further investigations revealed the amino acid composition of the skeletons of A. cavernicola including the presence of several halogenated amino acids. In the present work, we investigated the skeletal amino acid composition of the demosponge I. basta, which belongs to the Ianthellidae family, and compared it with that of A. cavernicola from the Aplysinidae family. Seventeen proteinogenic and five non-proteinogenic amino acids were detected in I. basta. Abundantly occurring amino acids like glycine and hydroxyproline show the similarity of I. basta and A. cavernicola and confirm the collagenous nature of their sponging fibers. We also detected nine halogenated tyrosines as an integral part of I. basta skeletons. Since both sponges contain a broad variety of halogenated amino acids, this seems to be characteristic for Verongida sponges. The observed differences of the amino acid composition confirm that spongin exhibits a certain degree of variability even among the members of the order Verongida.

La pollution des eaux est particulièrement problématique pour les pays industrialisés et les pays en développement. Des suivis environnementaux se sont alors avérés nécessaires afin de progresser dans la compréhension des origines et des conséquences de la présence de ces polluants. Parmi les polluants organiques les plus dangereux, les Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) et les pesticides qui peuvent se retrouver à l’état de traces dans les milieux aquatiques. Leur analyse nécessite des méthodes analytiques à la fois spécifiques et sensibles. L’Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) suivi d’une analyse par la Chromatographie Gazeuse couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (GC-MS) est la méthode la plus couramment employée. Les travaux de thèse s’inscrivent ainsi dans l’optique généralevisant à développer des nouvelles méthodes analytiques pour l’extraction et l’analyse de cesdeux familles de polluants organiques présents dans l’eau. Afin de pallier les contraintes classiques de la SPE, une nouvelle approche a été développée qui consiste à introduire latechnique de centrifugation dans certaines étapes de la procédure SPE. La nouvelle méthodeélaborée a permis de réduire considérablement le temps de préparation et d’économiserl’utilisation et le rejet des solvants organiques, en réduisant presque 10 fois les volumes nécessaires à l’obtention des rendements de récupération satisfaisants. Une méthoded’analyse par injection à température programmable (PTV) a été optimisée afin d’améliorerles seuils de détection des HAP. Cette étude a permis également d’avoir les informations surla qualité des eaux de pluie, eaux souterraines et eaux de surface au Liban quant au niveau deleur contamination pour les HAP et les pesticides. / Water pollution presents a very critical problem facing industrial and developping countries. The environmental monitoring of the contaminants seems necessary to understand their sources and impacts. Among a wide variety of organic pollutants present in water,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides are of particular importance as widespread, persistent, and toxic contaminants. They are usually present at trace levels in theacquatic surfaces; therefore their detection and control require selective and sensitiveanalytical procedures. The Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) followed by the Gas-Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) are the most commonly usedtechniques for their analysis in water. Thesis objectives are focused on the development of new analytical methods for the extraction and analysis of these two families of pollutants present in water. To overcone the contraints of the traditional SPE, a new approach was developed consisting on the introduction of the centrifugation in several steps of the procedure. The new method showed practical environmental and economical advantages interms of sample preparation time, simplicity, reduction in solvent use, and cost and isparticularly suitable for routine applications requiring a high sample throughput. Aprogrammed temeperature vaporizing (PTV) injection method was also optimized and validated in order to improve the detection limits for the GC-MS analysis of PAHs. The evaluation of the quality of different water systems in Lebanon including rainwater,groundwater, drinking water and surface water was accomplished in this study.

Les extraits naturels tels que les huiles essentielles, les absolues ou les résinoïdes utilisés en parfumerie, arômes et cosmétique sont produits à partir de matières premières naturelles. La culture de ces matières premières est souvent basée sur la monoculture et implique l'utilisation de pesticides. La réglementation pour les matières premières destinées à ces industries devient de plus en plus stricte en termes de niveaux résiduels autorisés de pesticides, en raison de leur impact sur la santé publique et sur l'environnement. Dans ce manuscrit, un état de l’art montrant la problématique pour l’analyse des pesticides dans les extraits naturels et les travaux dédiés à cette étude, est présenté. Une méthode d’analyse multi-résidus de pesticides a ensuite été mise au point dans les roses et les extraits (concrètes et absolues) issus de la rose. La préparation d’échantillon s’appuie sur l’approche QuEChERS utilisant l’extraction et la purification par SPE-dispersive. Les échantillons ont ensuite été analysés par GC-MS/MS. Les méthodes ainsi développées ont permis d’étudier les devenir des pesticides au cours du procédé d’extraction des roses. Le travail a été fait dans un premier temps sur des roses issues d’un champ bio puis dopées avec 57 pesticides. Chaque intermédiaire de transformation, excepté les cires, a été analysé mettant en évidence la répartition des pesticides. Il y est montré que les pesticides présents dans les roses sont co-extraits durant le procédé d’extraction et sont concentrés entre 100 et 300 fois dans l’absolue. Cette étude a ensuite été réalisée sur des roses et leurs extraits issus de champs avec des traitements phytosanitaires « classiques ». / Natural extracts in form of essential oils, concretes, resinoids, as well as absolutes used in perfume, aroma, and cosmetic industries are produced from natural raw materials. The cultivation of natural raw materials is often based on monoculture and involves the use of pesticides. Legal regulations for raw materials intended for these industries become increasingly stricter in terms of the allowed residual levels of chemicals used for treatment because of their impact on public health and on the environment. In this manuscript, a review showing pesticide analysis problems in natural extracts and works dedicated to this study, is presented. Next, a method for multi-residue pesticides analysis was developed in roses and extracts (concrete and absolute) from roses. The sample preparation is based on the QuEChERS approach using extraction and purification by SPE-dispersive. The samples were then analyzed by GC-MS / MS. Thus the developed methods were used to study pesticides behavior during the extraction process of the roses. In a first time, the work was done on roses from organic field and spiked with 57 pesticides. Each transformation intermediate, except waxes, was analyzed showing the distribution of pesticides. It showed that pesticides which were present in rose flowers were coextracted during extraction process and concentrated by factor between 100 and 300 in absolute. This study was then performed on roses and extracts from fields with pesticide "classic" phytosanitary treatments. The trend observed for these samples was the same as for the model: pesticides were concentrated in the absolute reaching concentrations of several milligrams per kilogram.

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ghiselli_Gislaine_D.pdf: 7893135 bytes, checksum: 77abd572fbade3721ea074ed0616e34b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Quimica

A produção e emissão de poluentes é geralmente derivada da alta atividade humana, por meio da utilização dos recursos naturais, desenvolvimento de infraestrutura e construção, atividades agrícolas, desenvolvimento industrial, urbanização, turismo e uma série de outras atividades. Poluente é tudo o que é introduzido pelo homem, de forma direta ou indireta, de substâncias ou energia que resultem ou possam resultar em efeitos adversos a vida. As principais classes de poluentes são os pesticidas, poluentes orgânicos, nutrientes, óleos, isótopos radioativos, metais pesados, patogênicos, sedimentares, lixo e escombros entre outros. O descarte em efluentes aquáticos é uma prática antiga no modo como lidamos com nossos dejetos e em consequência disso, a maioria dos ambientes aquáticos encontram-se poluídos em maior ou menor grau. Dentre os poluentes orgânicos, encontramos uma classe de moléculas denominadas de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA). Os HPAs são uma grande família de compostos derivados da fusão de anéis benzênicos que contém dois anéis benzeno fundidos e seus derivados, até estruturas contendo 10 anéis. A toxicidade dos HPAs é resultado de sua hidrofobicidade. Estes compostos podem induzir mudanças conformacionais na estrutura de biomembranas resultando em aumento em sua permeabilidade. Como consequência, a capacidade fotossintética desses organismos é prejudicada podendo levar a sérios distúrbios na cadeia de transporte de elétrons e desacoplamento da fosforilação oxidativa. O Antraceno (ANT) é uma molécula formada pela fusão de 3 anéis benzênicos e é um dos 16 HPAs prioritários segunda a US EPA, e é classificado como muito tóxico para organismos aquáticos e que pode causar efeitos adversos de longo prazo no ambiente aquático. Além disso, ANT é facilmente fotoxidado a produtos ainda mais tóxicos, especialmente quinonas, que interferem na respiração e na fotossíntese, causando problemas no desenvolvimento das algas levando a falência do ecossistema devido à diminuição da biomassa, deficiência de oxigênio e inibição de processos de desintoxicação. A quantidade de informações referentes aos efeitos causados ao metabolismos destes organismos fotossintetizantes é bastante limitada e para suprir esta carência, utilizamos a microalga modelo Chlamydomonas reinhardtii com a finalidade de ampliar o conhecimento dos efeitos tóxicos de antraceno no metabolismo destes organismos utilizando uma abordagem de metabolômica que utiliza GC-MS. Como resposta metabólica a exposição de ANT, ácidos graxos acumularam em C. reinhardtii. De forma semelhante, outra resposta encontrada foi acumulo de aminoácidos. Com exceção de valina, todos os aminoácidos encontrados em nossa análise por GC-MS se acumularam nas culturas expostas a ANT. Outra molécula importante encontrada em nossas análises foi a glutationa, possivelmente causada pela produção de EROs. Muitos ácidos carboxílicos foram encontrados em nossas análises e entre estes, a via metabólica mais impactada foi o ciclo do glioxilato. Juntamente com acumulo de glioxilato, muitos intermediários do ciclo do ácido cítrico foram encontrados tais como succinato e malato. Para tanto, o acumulo de malato é dependente de glioxilato e acetato, presente no meio de cultura. O produto deste gene catalisa a reação entre glioxilato e acetil-CoA formando malato como produto final. Com estes dados, podemos sugerir que para compensar pela fotossíntese deficiente, o metabolismo heterotrófico de acetato produzindo acetil-CoA é uma fonte importante de energia, e a via de glioxilato tem um papel central durante o estresse causado por ANT. Além disso, a incorporação de carbonos através do ciclo do glioxilato pode permitir a síntese de outras moléculas mais complexas como aminoácidos, lipídeos e carboidratos. / The production and emission of pollutant are often derived from human activities, such as utilizing natural resources, developing infrastructure, agriculture and industry among others. Pollutant is defined as substances or energy introduced into the environment by man, directly or indirectly that may result in adverse effects on life. Pollutants can be divided into various classes including organic, nutrients, oils, radioactive isotopes, heavy metals, pathogenic, sediments, garbage among others. Disposal of sewage on water bodies is an old habit of how we deal with our wastes. Consequently, great part of the aquatic environment becomes polluted in various extents. Among the organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) represents a class of molecules consisting from two or more fused benzene rings and its by-products. Members of this class of compounds have been identified as exhibiting toxic and hazardous properties. Their toxicity is also due to its hydrophobic property that induces conformational changes on membranes, increasing their permeability. Consequently, the photosynthetic capacity of exposed organisms can be harmed, leading to serious imbalances on their electron chain transport and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Anthracene (ANT) is a PAH formed by three fused benezenic rings and is one of the 16 prioritary PAH according to American and European regulatory agencies. ANT is classified as highly toxic for aquatic organisms causing long term effects on environment. Besides, ANT can be easily photooxidated and its products can be even more toxic, specially quinones, that can interfere on respiration and photosynthesis, leading to problems on algae development and ecosystem collapse caused by low biomass, oxygen deficiency and inhibition of detoxification processes. The amount of information about the effects on metabolism of the photosynthetic organisms is limited. Therefore our main goal was to use the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in order to gain insights on the toxic effects caused by ANT through GC-MS metabolomics approach. A metabolic response to ANT exposure, lipid accumulates in C. reinhardtii. Similarly to fatty acids, another marked physiological response was amino acids accumulation. With the exception of valine, all amino acids found in our GC-MS analysis showed a marked relative accumulation in cultures exposed to ANT. Another important finding was the high level of glutathione, possibly caused by ROS production. Carboxylic acids were also found in our analysis and among them a highly impacted pathway found was glyoxylate cycle. Toghether with the increase accumulation of glyoxylate, many TCA cycle intermediates, like succinate and malate were found. Furthermore, malate accumulation is dependent of glyoxylate and acetate, present in culture media. The product of this gene catalyse the reaction between glyoxylate and acetyl-CoA forming malate as a final product. Taken all together, our findings suggest that to compensate the photosynthesis inhibition, heterotrophic acetate metabolism was activated producing acetyl-CoA an important energy source, and glyoxylate cycle plays a central role during stress caused by ANT. Furthermore, incorporation of carbon through glyoxylate cycle can enable synthesis of more complex molecules like amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates.

Lignin can be converted into monomeric products with the aid of molten salt media. Molten zinc chloride (ZnCl₂)/potassium chloride (KCl) mixtures are suitable for this purpose. The application of an eutectic mixture with low melting points leads to similar main products as are obtained by pyrolysis. The hydrogenolysis of an organosolv lignin in molten salts of ZnCl₂/KCl was investigated as a function of reaction temperature, residence time, and lignin concentration, and the composition of liquid products and monophenols was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yields can be optimized by the proper selection of the reaction temperature. A longer residence time and higher lignin concentrations lead to increased formation of solid residues and gaseous products. The liquid products mainly consist of substituted phenols derived from lignins. Polymeric products are the result of condensation reactions (i.e., the formation of new C-C linkages in the course of secondary reactions).