Diss. Luleå : Luleå tekniska univ., 2009.

Estágio realizado no LNEC e orientado pelo Prof.ª Doutora Simona Fontul / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Civil (Especialização em Geotecnia). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

Neben der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit ist die Absorption elektromagnetischer Wellen der wichtigste Parameter für die Bearbeitung und Interpretation von Georadar-Daten. Für die realitätsnahe Beschreibung der Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen in Gesteinen eignet sich das Modell mit konstantem Q und einem Dispersionsansatz der Phasengeschwindigkeit nach Futterman (1982). Anhand von Modellrechnungen wird die Wirkung dieser Parameter auf Wavelets untersucht. Die Ermittlung des absorptionscharakterisierenden Gütefaktors Q aus GPR-Transmissionsdaten erfolgt auf der Basis einer Erweiterung der Q-Definition. Die dazu benutzte Referenzfrequenz fR ist eine Potenzfunktion von zu vergleichenden Amplitudendichten der entsprechenden Äquivalenzspektren. Die Anwendbarkeit der danach benannten Methode der Äquivalenten Bandbreite wird sowohl an synthetischen Daten als auch an Messergebnissen nachgewiesen, die an einem Sandsteinblock sowie an anstehendem Gneis erhalten worden sind. Es werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, Querbeziehungen zwischen Q-Werten und petrophysikalischen Parametern herzustellen.

Aeolian landforms are classified based on their plan morphology, which is a function of sediment transport volume, wind direction, and vegetation. In the case of compound landforms or two-dimensional exposures (outcrops), there is insufficient information for discriminating between 3D morphotypes (e.g., barchans vs. parabolic dunes). To characterize the dip-section architecture of near end-member morphologies (interacting barchans and sparsely vegetated parabolics), a series of axial transects were selected from >25 km of high-resolution (500 MHz) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data from the gypsum dune field of White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. For dunes of comparable size (6-7 m high), a series of attributes were analyzed for unsaturated portions along the thickest (axial) radargram sections. Given the limitations in vertical resolution (7 cm in dry sand), the average measureable slipface thickness in barchans ranged between 10-22 cm, whereas parabolic slipfaces were thinner at 10-14 cm. High-amplitude diffractions produced by buried vegetation, semi-lithified pedestals, and bioturbation structures were rare within barchans (point-source diffraction density = 0.03/m2; hyperbolics per 1-m-wide cross-sectional area of the image), in contrast to a point-source density of 0.07/m2 in parabolics. An aeolian internal complexity threshold (ϖ) is proposed, which incorporates standardized scores of slipface thickness, point-source diffraction density, and continuity of major bounding surfaces at mesoscale range determined through semivariogram analysis. For the study region, these variables were sufficient for discriminating barchans (ϖ = -2.39 to -0.25; ϖ ̅b= -1.65) from parabolic (ϖ = 0.13 to 2.87; ϖ ̅p= 1.65) dunes. This threshold has the potential for differentiating dune morphotypes in areas where surface morphology is masked and for identifying compound landforms (e.g., a re-activated parabolic dune converted into a barchan in situ). Ultimately, characterization of bedding complexity in ancient aeolian sequences will provide useful information about key paleoenvironmental variables. / Geology

In this thesis a ground-penetration radar survey was carried out in four areas, Borgmästarängen, Draken, Urmakaren and Koppardosan in Sigtuna. The aim of this paper is to detect remnants of the Viking Age harbor at those chosen sites. Former research investigations have discovered findings which are related to shipbuilding like clench nails, rivets and boat nails; however, the question remains whether Sigtuna ever had a central harbor, and researchers suggested instead that every town plot had its own mooring. This paper addresses this question by deploying geophysical surveys to increase the understanding of the town’s organization. Furthermore this paper will discuss how the detected structures can be understood in comparison to earlier Viking Age and early Medieval towns, in this case Birka, Hedeby and Schleswig where central harbors have been discovered and investigated.

This paper contains geophysical analysis of the largest town square in Sigtuna, Sweden. The studied area is approximately 736 m2. The purpose of the study was to search for early medieval house remnants and to possibly find structures matching those found during excavations in other parts of the town. The hypothesis is that the town of Sigtuna was planned and that the yards of the town were put out in a special pattern following the main street, which is the same as today. During the day of the geophysical prospection the weather conditions were not optimal. A lot of water at the surface disturbed the instrument and gave a blurred image. It turned out that a lot of contemporary pipes and a large traffic island from the 1930s covered the area. Archaeological structures could only be seen in smaller areas in between later structures. Vague oblong structures could be seen, as well as a distinct smaller square on the eastern part of the area. A large rectangle close to the main street was also observed. None of these structures could be seen in modern maps or photographs and are therefore marked as something that could be of archaeological interest. Some of the structures that were noted were probably part of the original medieval town plan, as judged by their size and location.

Este trabalho procurou por evidências das ocupações sambaquieiras para fora dos sambaquis, buscando eventos de ocupação relativos aos concheiros, mas externo a eles em áreas de alta dinâmica sedimentar. Para tanto se consorciou o radar de penetração de solo (GPR) ao sistema de navegação global por satélite (GNSS), funcionando em modo cinemático de tempo real (RTK), em um esforço de sensoriamento remoto em meio a um campo de dunas no Município de Jaguaruna, no litoral de Santa Catarina. Conseguimos, através do sensoriamento, realizar prospecções arqueológicas e encontrar estruturas marginais aos concheiros, previstas em estudos anteriores que apontavam a remobilização de material processados em outras áreas para dentro dos sambaquis. Encontramos, mapeamos, escavamos, descrevemos e amostramos essas estruturas peri-sambaquieiras no entorno do Sambaqui da Figueirinha II de forma a apresentarmos um panorama da distribuição espacial e temporal destas estruturas. / The work presented here searched for evidences of mound builder\'s occupation outside the shell mounds itself, in search of events related to the shell mounds, but external to it in a very dynamic area. We have integrated the GPR and GNSS-RTK technologies in order to take the archaeological research regarding the shell mound cultures outside the mounds, by remote sensing areas in which extensive sand dunes are found in search of evidence regarding the mound builder\'s settlement in the areas surrounding the mounds, which the existence was predicted in previous studies. In this sense, we integrate the technologies and carried out the sensing of the Figueirinha Region in Santa Catarina State. We have found, mapped, excavated, described and sampled the extra-mounds archaeological occurrences surrounding the Figueirinha II shell mound, in order to presenting an overview of the spatial and chronological distributions of such structures.

Based on technological advances made within the past decades, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become a well-established, non-destructive subsurface imaging technique. Catalyzed by recent demands for high-resolution, near-surface imaging (e.g., the detection of unexploded ordnances and subsurface utilities, or hydrological investigations), the quality of today's GPR-based, near-surface images has significantly matured. At the same time, the analysis of oil and gas related reflection seismic data sets has experienced significant advances. Considering the sensitivity of attribute analysis with respect to data positioning in general, and multi-trace attributes in particular, trace positioning accuracy is of major importance for the success of attribute-based analysis flows. Therefore, to study the feasibility of GPR-based attribute analyses, I first developed and evaluated a real-time GPR surveying setup based on a modern tracking total station (TTS). The combination of current GPR systems capability of fusing global positioning system (GPS) and geophysical data in real-time, the ability of modern TTS systems to generate a GPS-like positional output and wireless data transmission using radio modems results in a flexible and robust surveying setup. To elaborate the feasibility of this setup, I studied the major limitations of such an approach: system cross-talk and data delays known as latencies. Experimental studies have shown that when a minimal distance of ~5 m between the GPR and the TTS system is considered, the signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired GPR data using radio communication equals the one without radio communication. To address the limitations imposed by system latencies, inherent to all real-time data fusion approaches, I developed a novel correction (calibration) strategy to assess the gross system latency and to correct for it. This resulted in the centimeter trace accuracy required by high-frequency and/or three-dimensional (3D) GPR surveys. Having introduced this flexible high-precision surveying setup, I successfully demonstrated the application of attribute-based processing to GPR specific problems, which may differ significantly from the geological ones typically addressed by the oil and gas industry using seismic data. In this thesis, I concentrated on archaeological and subsurface utility problems, as they represent typical near-surface geophysical targets. Enhancing 3D archaeological GPR data sets using a dip-steered filtering approach, followed by calculation of coherency and similarity, allowed me to conduct subsurface interpretations far beyond those obtained by classical time-slice analyses. I could show that the incorporation of additional data sets (magnetic and topographic) and attributes derived from these data sets can further improve the interpretation. In a case study, such an approach revealed the complementary nature of the individual data sets and, for example, allowed conclusions about the source location of magnetic anomalies by concurrently analyzing GPR time/depth slices to be made. In addition to archaeological targets, subsurface utility detection and characterization is a steadily growing field of application for GPR. I developed a novel attribute called depolarization. Incorporation of geometrical and physical feature characteristics into the depolarization attribute allowed me to display the observed polarization phenomena efficiently. Geometrical enhancement makes use of an improved symmetry extraction algorithm based on Laplacian high-boosting, followed by a phase-based symmetry calculation using a two-dimensional (2D) log-Gabor filterbank decomposition of the data volume. To extract the physical information from the dual-component data set, I employed a sliding-window principle component analysis. The combination of the geometrically derived feature angle and the physically derived polarization angle allowed me to enhance the polarization characteristics of subsurface features. Ground-truth information obtained by excavations confirmed this interpretation. In the future, inclusion of cross-polarized antennae configurations into the processing scheme may further improve the quality of the depolarization attribute. In addition to polarization phenomena, the time-dependent frequency evolution of GPR signals might hold further information on the subsurface architecture and/or material properties. High-resolution, sparsity promoting decomposition approaches have recently had a significant impact on the image and signal processing community. In this thesis, I introduced a modified tree-based matching pursuit approach. Based on different synthetic examples, I showed that the modified tree-based pursuit approach clearly outperforms other commonly used time-frequency decomposition approaches with respect to both time and frequency resolutions. Apart from the investigation of tuning effects in GPR data, I also demonstrated the potential of high-resolution sparse decompositions for advanced data processing. Frequency modulation of individual atoms themselves allows to efficiently correct frequency attenuation effects and improve resolution based on shifting the average frequency level. GPR-based attribute analysis is still in its infancy. Considering the growing widespread realization of 3D GPR studies there will certainly be an increasing demand towards improved subsurface interpretations in the future. Similar to the assessment of quantitative reservoir properties through the combination of 3D seismic attribute volumes with sparse well-log information, parameter estimation in a combined manner represents another step in emphasizing the potential of attribute-driven GPR data analyses. / Geophysikalische Erkundungsmethoden haben in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eine weite Verbreitung bei der zerstörungsfreien beziehungsweise zerstörungsarmen Erkundung des oberflächennahen Untergrundes gefunden. Im Vergleich zur Vielzahl anderer existierender Verfahrenstypen ermöglicht das Georadar (auch als Ground Penetrating Radar bezeichnet) unter günstigen Standortbedingungen Untersuchungen mit der höchsten räumlichen Auflösung. Georadar zählt zu den elektromagnetischen (EM) Verfahren und beruht als Wellenverfahren auf der Ausbreitung von hochfrequenten EM-Wellen, das heisst deren Reflektion, Refraktion und Transmission im Untergrund. Während zweidimensionale Messstrategien bereits weit verbreitet sind, steigt gegenwärtig das Interesse an hochauflösenden, flächenhaften Messstrategien, die es erlauben, Untergrundstrukturen dreidimensional abzubilden. Ein dem Georadar prinzipiell ähnliches Verfahren ist die Reflexionsseismik, deren Hauptanwendung in der Lagerstättenerkundung liegt. Im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts führte der zunehmende Bedarf an neuen Öl- und Gaslagerstätten sowie die Notwendigkeit zur optimalen Nutzung existierender Reservoirs zu einer verstärkten Anwendung und Entwicklung sogenannter seismischer Attribute. Attribute repräsentieren ein Datenmaß, welches zu einer verbesserten visuellen Darstellung oder Quantifizierung von Dateneigenschaften führt die von Relevanz für die jeweilige Fragestellung sind. Trotz des Erfolgs von Attributanalysen bei reservoirbezogenen Anwendungen und der grundlegenden Ähnlichkeit von reflexionsseismischen und durch Georadar erhobenen Datensätzen haben attributbasierte Ansätze bisher nur eine geringe Verbreitung in der Georadargemeinschaft gefunden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Potential von Attributanalysen zur verbesserten Interpretation von Georadardaten zu untersuchen. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf Anwendungen aus der Archäologie und dem Ingenieurwesen. Der Erfolg von Attributen im Allgemeinen und von solchen mit Berücksichtigung von Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen im Speziellen steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der Genauigkeit, mit welcher die gemessenen Daten räumlich lokalisiert werden können. Vor der eigentlichen Attributuntersuchung wurden deshalb die Möglichkeiten zur kinematischen Positionierung in Echtzeit beim Georadarverfahren untersucht. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Kombination von modernen selbstverfolgenden Totalstationen mit Georadarinstrumenten unter Verwendung von leistungsfähigen Funkmodems eine zentimetergenaue Positionierung ermöglicht. Experimentelle Studien haben gezeigt, dass die beiden potentiell limitierenden Faktoren - systeminduzierte Signalstöreffekte und Datenverzögerung (sogenannte Latenzzeiten) - vernachlässigt beziehungsweise korrigiert werden können. In der Archäologie ist die Untersuchung oberflächennaher Strukturen und deren räumlicher Gestalt wichtig zur Optimierung geplanter Grabungen. Das Georadar hat sich hierbei zu einem der wohl am meisten genutzten zerstörungsfreien geophysikalischen Verfahren entwickelt. Archäologische Georadardatensätze zeichnen sich jedoch oft durch eine hohe Komplexität aus, was mit der wiederholten anthropogenen Nutzung des oberflächennahen Untergrundes in Verbindung gebracht werden kann. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung zweier unterschiedlicher Attribute zur Beschreibung der Variabilität zwischen benachbarten Datenspuren eine deutlich verbesserte Interpretation in Bezug auf die Fragestellung ermöglicht. Des Weiteren konnte ich zeigen, dass eine integrative Auswertung von mehreren Datensätzen (methodisch sowie bearbeitungstechnisch) zu einer fundierteren Interpretation führen kann, zum Beispiel bei komplementären Informationen der Datensätze. Im Ingenieurwesen stellen Beschädigungen oder Zerstörungen von Versorgungsleitungen im Untergrund eine große finanzielle Schadensquelle dar. Polarisationseffekte, das heisst Änderungen der Signalamplitude in Abhängigkeit von Akquisitions- sowie physikalischen Parametern stellen ein bekanntes Phänomen dar, welches in der Anwendung bisher jedoch kaum genutzt wird. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, wie Polarisationseffekte zu einer verbesserten Interpretation verwendet werden können. Die Überführung von geometrischen und physikalischen Attributen in ein neues, so genanntes Depolarisationsattribut hat gezeigt, wie unterschiedliche Leitungstypen extrahiert und anhand ihrer Polarisationscharakteristika klassifiziert werden können. Weitere wichtige physikalische Charakteristika des Georadarwellenfeldes können mit dem Matching Pursuit-Verfahren untersucht werden. Dieses Verfahren hatte in den letzten Jahren einen großen Einfluss auf moderne Signal- und Bildverarbeitungsansätze. Matching Pursuit wurde in der Geophysik bis jetzt hauptsächlich zur hochauflösenden Zeit-Frequenzanalyse verwendet. Anhand eines modifizierten Tree-based Matching Pursuit Algorithmus habe ich demonstriert, welche weiterführenden Möglichkeiten solche Datenzerlegungen für die Bearbeitung und Interpretation von Georadardaten eröffnen. Insgesamt zeigt diese Arbeit, wie moderne Vermessungstechniken und attributbasierte Analysestrategien genutzt werden können um dreidimensionale Daten effektiv und genau zu akquirieren beziehungsweise die resultierenden Datensätze effizient und verlässlich zu interpretieren.

.El georradar es una herramienta cada vez más utilizada en diferentes ámbitos geológicos, medioambientales y de Ingeniería Civil, así como en estudios de caracterización de yacimientos arqueológicos y de diagnóstico de daños en edificios del patrimonio histórico y cultural.En esta tesis se abordan aspectos metodológicos de calibración de la instrumentación y de caracterización de las propiedades electromagnéticas que rigen la propagación y atenuación de ondas electromagnéticas en los suelos. Por otra parte, se estudian aplicaciones en monumentos históricos, yacimientos arqueológicos y diagnóstico de daños.Concretamente, en esta tesis se calibran cuatro antenas, caracterizadas por su frecuencia central de emisión: 200, 500, 900 y 1000 MHz. En cada caso se obtiene la señal sólo con el ruido interno de la antena (sin reflexiones). De dicho ruido, el de mayor amplitud es la señal inicial; su longitud determina la distancia mínima entre la antena y la primera superficie reflectora del medio para que no se produzca acoplamiento entre la reflexión y la señal inicial. Se analiza también el origen de tiempos de la señal para cada antena (cero de la antena) y se estudia la atenuación producida en la señal durante su propagación por el aire (medio no absorbente), que, por lo tanto, se produce por expansión geométrica, siendo la amplitud inversamente proporcional a la distancia. Se ensaya un procedimiento para caracterizar medios electromagnéticamente, relacionando sus propiedades físicas: granulometría, peso específico, porosidad y saturación, con la conductividad, la permitividad y la frecuencia. Se analizan tres medios formados por un mismo material, modificándose tres propiedades: peso específico aparente, compactación y saturación. En cada caso se obtiene la velocidad de propagación, la permitividad dieléctrica, el espectro de frecuencias y la atenuación. Al aumentar la saturación la velocidad es menor, se produce un desplazamiento hacia las bajas frecuencias, se estrecha el ancho de banda y la atenuación por absorción aumenta. Asimismo se analizan y discuten diferentes métodos para obtener la velocidad: tiempos y espesores conocidos, análisis de hipérbolas, comparación de amplitudes, dromocrónicas de un CMP, modelos geotécnicos, contraste de capacitancias y perfiles de estratigrafía conocida. Los mejores resultados obtenidos son los que proporcionan los ensayos de laboratorio con muestras de espesor conocido y el análisis de reflexiones hiperbólicas. De la comparación de los resultados obtenidos con los que proporciona la literatura se deduce la conveniencia de realizar una caracterización en laboratorio en casos que requieran una resolución fina de las anomalías superficiales o de profundidad intermedia.Relacionados con estas investigaciones (caracterización de medios y calibración de antenas), se han ejecutado y estudiado aplicaciones a casos reales que han permitido resolver problemas prácticos y, al mismo tiempo, han permitido también observar las ventajas de la aplicación de los avances de la investigación, así como avanzar en las técnicas de identificación y cancelación de ruidos introducidos por reflexiones externas o múltiples. Los principales casos resueltos hacen referencia a: control de intervenciones de restauración y rehabilitación en monumentos o en construcciones históricas (casos del teatro romano de Sagunto y de los puentes góticos sobre el río Turia), estudio de daños en edificios del patrimonio cultural (casos de la Catedral de Valencia e Iglesia de San Jorge de Paiporta), caracterización de yacimientos arqueológicos (casos del subsuelo de la Catedral de Valencia, de la Iglesia de San Jorge y de la fortaleza romana y convento en Alcántara).Algunos resultados y casos relevantes se sintetizan en fichas monográficas que presentan en forma esquemática las claves referentes al problema estudiado, lugar y herramienta empleada. Estas fichas serán de gran utilidad en el estudio de casos similares y se espera que constituyan el inicio de un catálogo de casos y soluciones. / The Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a tool more and more used in different geological, Environmental Engineering and Civil Engineering research, as well as in studies of characterisation of archaeological locations and in the diagnosis of the damages in buildings of the historical and cultural heritage. In this thesis, methodological aspects of calibration of the instrumentation are performed. Also, methodological aspects of the soils characterisation by using its electromagnetic properties are analysed. These properties govern the propagation and attenuation of electromagnetic waves in the soils. On the other hand, several applications to the study of historical monuments, archaeological locations and diagnosis of damages are investigated.Particularly, in this thesis four antennae are gauged. These antennae are characterised by their central frequency of emission: 200, 500, 900 and 1000 MHz. For each case, the internal noise of the antenna (radar record without reflections) is obtained;the highest noise is the initial signal (usually the direct wave); its longitude determines the minimum distance between the antenna and the first reflective surface to obtain a radar data where the two events (direct wave and reflected wave) are clearly separated. It is also analysed the time origin of the traces for each antenna (zero of the antenna). The attenuation of the traces during the wave propagation in the air (non-absorbent medium) is also studied. Therefore, in that case, the attenuation is caused by the geometric spreading, and the wave amplitude is inversely proportional to the distance. A procedure is tested to characterise media using its electromagnetic properties: the conductivity, the permitivity and the frequency, relating them with its physical properties: grain size, specific weight, porosity and saturation. Three different media are analysed, formed by the same solid material and modifying three physical properties: the apparent specific weight, the compactation (and, therefore, the porosity) and the saturation. In each case, the wave propagation velocity, the dielectric permitivity, the spectrum of frequencies and the attenuation are obtained. When the saturation increases, the velocity decreases, a displacement takes place toward the low frequencies, the band width is narrowed and the attenuation caused by absorption increases. In addition, different methods to obtain the wave velocity are analysed and discussed: times and well-known thickness, analysis of hyperbolas, comparison of amplitude, radar records obtained in a CMP, geotechnical models, contrast of capacitancy and profiles of well-known stratigraphy. The best results are obtained from the laboratory measurements using samples of well-known thickness and from the analysis of hyperbolic reflections. Comparison of these results and the values provide by the literature is performed. This comparison shows the convenience of carrying out a characterisation of the medium in laboratory in the cases when a fine resolution of the superficial anomalies or of intermediate depth is required. Related with these investigations (characterisation of means and calibration of antennas), several applications to real cases have been performed and studied. These applications have allowed to solve practical problems and, at the same time, to observe the advantages of applying the advances of the investigation, as well as to make progress in the identification techniques and suppression of noise introduced by external or multiple reflections. The main cases resolved make reference to: control of restoration, interventions and rehabilitation in monuments or in historical buildings (cases of the Roman theatre of Sagunto and the Gothic bridges on the river Turia), study of damages in buildings of the cultural heritage (cases of the Cathedral of Valencia and the Church of San Jorge, in Paiporta), characterisation of archaeological locations (cases of the underground of the Cathedral of Valencia, Church of San Jorge and the Roman fortress and the convent in Alcántara). Some results and the best cases cases are synthesised in monographic cards. These cards present, in schematic form, all the information about the studied problem, the emplacement and the used tool. These cards will be very useful in the study of similar cases, and it is expected that they constitute the beginning of a catalogue of cases and solutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WashingtonLET.pdf: 1312901 bytes, checksum: a09f4b707e7b0180572364485eeb570c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / The present work develops a methodology to establish a 3D digital static models petroleum reservoir analogue using LIDAR and GEORADAR technologies. Therefore, this work introduce The methodolgy as a new paradigm in the outcrop study, to purpose a consistent way to integrate plani-altimetric data, geophysics data, and remote sensing products, allowing 2D interpretation validation in contrast with 3D, complexes depositional geometry visualization, including in environmental immersive virtual reality. For that reason, it exposes the relevant questions of the theory of two technologies, and developed a case study using TerraSIRch SIR System-3000 made for Geophysical Survey Systems, and HDS3000 Leica Geosystems, using the two technologies, integrating them GOCAD software. The studied outcrop is plain to the view, and it s located at southeast Bacia do Parna?ba, in the Parque Nacional da Serra das Confus?es. The methodology embraces every steps of the building process shows a 3D digital static models petroleum reservoir analogue, provide depositional geometry data, in several scales for Simulation petroleum reservoir / Esta disserta??o desenvolve uma metodologia para a constru??o de modelos est?ticos digitais 3D an?logos a reservat?rios petrol?feros utilizando as tecnologias LIDAR e GEORADAR, assim, apresenta a t?cnica como novo paradigma no estudo de afloramentos, com o potencial de integrar de forma consistente dados plani-altim?tricos, geof?sicos, e produtos de sensoriamento remoto, permitindo a valida??o de interpreta??es 2D contra o espa?o 3D, visualiza??o de geometrias deposicionais complexas, inclusive em ambiente de realidade virtual imersivo. Para tanto, s?o apresentadas as quest?es mais relevantes da fundamenta??o te?rica das duas tecnologias, e desenvolvido um estudo de caso utilizando os sistemas TerraSIRch SIR System-3000 de fabrica??o Geophysical Survey Systems, e HDS3000 Leica Geosystems que implementam, respectivamente, as duas tecnologias, cabendo a integra??o das mesmas ao software GOCAD. O afloramento estudado apresenta grande exposi??o, e est? localizado na borda sudeste da Bacia do Parna?ba, no Parque Nacional da Serra das Confus?es. A metodologia contempla todas as etapas do processo construtivo disponibilizando um modelo est?tico digital 3D an?logo a reservat?rios petrol?feros, que fornece dados de geometrias deposicionais ou deformacionais em diferentes escalas de observa??o, utilizados pelos sistemas de simula??o de reservat?rios petrol?feros