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Orientadores: Fabíola Traina, Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T21:37:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_PauladeMelo_D.pdf: 6042513 bytes, checksum: b12134db0721f177eb0c2116e7fdf5e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As neoplasias mieloproliferativas crônicas BCR-ABL1 negativas (NMP) apresentam como característica comum a ocorrência de proliferação celular exacerbada, mantendo a capacidade de diferenciação mieloide terminal. Em parcela significativa dos casos, a ativação da proliferação celular ocorre pelo aumento da atividade tirosinoquinase de proteínas específicas. Entretanto, a heterogeneidade molecular observada nos pacientes e as respostas clínicas insatisfatórias observadas em parte dos casos com os tratamentos vigentes sugerem que mecanismos adicionais, como interações proteicas não descritas e novas mutações, possam estar envolvidos na fisiopatologia destas neoplasias. Neste trabalho, objetivamos estudar as vias de ativação tirosinoquinase em policitemia vera (PV), trombocitemia essencial (TE) e mielofibrose primária (MFP) (subprojeto 1), e em mastocitose sistêmica (subprojeto 2). O foco principal do subprojeto 1 consistiu em avaliar, em NMP, a associação JAK2/IRS2, previamente descrita em células não hematológicas após estímulo, bem como o envolvimento de IRS2 em vias de proliferação celular e apoptose. Utilizamos modelos de linhagens celulares leucêmicas humanas com JAK2 mutado (JAK2V617F) e JAK2 selvagem (JAK2WT), submetendo-as a inibição gênica por shRNA entregue por lentivírus e ao tratamento com o inibidor seletivo de JAK1/2 ruxolitinib. As células foram então submetidas à avaliação da viabilidade celular por MTT, e da apoptose por citometria de fluxo (anexina V/PI e caspase-3) e por imunobloting (caspase-3 clivada). A expressão do mRNA de IRS2 foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real em amostras de células CD34+ de sangue periférico de 99 pacientes com diagnóstico de PV, TE e MFP, e em 28 doadores normais. Através de imunoprecipitação e microscopia confocal, observamos a associação constitutiva entre JAK2 e IRS2 nas células JAK2V617F, mas não nas células JAK2WT. Em células JAK2V617F, a inibição de IRS2 por lentivírus diminuiu significativamente a fosforilação de STAT5, reduziu a viabilidade celular, aumentou as taxas de apoptose, e potencializou os efeitos de ruxolitinib. Não houve mudanças nas taxas de viabilidade celular e apoptose nas células JAK2WT inibidas para IRS2. A expressão do mRNA de IRS2 foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com TE em relação aos doadores normais, e em pacientes com NMP portadores da mutação JAK2V617F em relação aos pacientes com JAK2WT. Estas evidências sugerem que IRS2 possa participar das vias de sinalização celular nas NMP através de interação direta com JAK2. A inibição farmacológica de IRS2, isoladamente ou em conjunto com ruxolitinib, é ferramenta potencial no tratamento de pacientes com PV, TE e MFP. No subprojeto 2, nosso objetivo consistiu em investigar mutações no gene KIT em um caso de mastocitose sistêmica familiar seguido em nosso serviço, em que mãe (caso 1) e filha (caso 2) apresentavam extensa infiltração cutânea e da medula óssea por mastócitos, bem como avaliar a sensibilidade dos mastócitos neoplásicos ao tratamento com os inibidores de tirosinoquinase (ITK) imatinibe, dasatinibe e PKC412. Através de sequenciamento por Sanger, identificamos a mutação KITK509I em células de medula óssea total, CD3+ de sangue periférico e mucosa oral de ambas pacientes. Os pais do caso 1 apresentaram KIT selvagem. O tratamento in vitro por 4, 8 ou 12 dias de células totais de medula óssea dos casos 1 e 2 com os ITK avaliados resultou em menor viabilidade celular, avaliada por MTT, e em redução da fosforilação de P70S6K com todas as drogas testadas. Entretanto, apenas o imatinibe evidenciou resposta consistente na indução de apoptose. Foi iniciado tratamento dos casos 1 e 2 com imatinibe 400mg/dia via oral. Três meses após o início, houve normalização da pele e da medula óssea; após dois anos de seguimento, as pacientes mantêm-se em remissão. Embora rara, a mutação KITK509I deve ser pesquisada em todos os casos de mastocitose sistêmica familiar. O imatinibe pode ser considerado como droga de primeira escolha nestes casos / Abstract: The BCR-ABL1 negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are characterized by increased cellular proliferation with preserved terminal myeloid differentiation. In most cases, the activation of cell proliferation is caused by an increased tyrosine kinase activity of specific proteins. However, patients' molecular heterogeneity and the incomplete clinical responses observed in part of the cases using the current treatments suggest that additional mechanisms, such as unknown protein interactions and new mutations, can be involved in the pathophysiology of MPN. In this study, our main goal was to investigate tyrosine kinase activation pathways in polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) (subproject 1), and in systemic mastocytosis (subproject 2). The focus of subproject 1 consisted in the investigation of JAK2/IRS2 association in MPN, already described in non-hematological cells following extrinsic stimulus, and in evaluating IRS2 function in MPN cell proliferation and apoptosis. JAK2 wild-type (JAK2WT) and JAK mutated (JAK2V617F) human leukemia cell lines were transduced with lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting IRS2, and treated with vehicle (DMSO) or with the selective JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Cells were then submitted to evaluation of cell viability (MTT) and apoptosis (anexin V/PI and caspase-3 by flow cytometry, and cleaved caspase-3 by immunoblotting). IRS2 mRNA expression was evaluated by real time quantitative PCR in CD34+ peripheral blood cells of 99 patients with PV, ET and PMF, and in 28 healthy donors. Through immunoprecipitation/immunobloting and confocal microscopy, we observed the constitutive JAK2/IRS2 association in JAK2V617F cells, but not in JAK2WT cell lines. In JAK2V617F, IRS2 silencing significantly decreased phospho-STAT5, reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, and potentiated the effects of ruxolitinib treatment. No differences in cell viability and apoptosis ratios were observed in IRS2 silenced JAK2WT cells. IRS2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in ET patients when compared to healthy donors, and in patients harboring JAK2V617F mutation in relation to JAK2WT. These evidence suggest that IRS2 participate in MPN cell signaling pathways through its interaction with JAK2. IRS2 pharmacological inhibition, alone or in combination with ruxolitinib, may be a potential tool in the treatment of PV, ET and PMF patients. In subproject 2, our main goal was to seek for KIT mutations in a case of systemic familial mastocytosis, followed in our outpatient clinics, in which the mother (case 1) and the daughter (case 2) had extensive skin and bone marrow infiltration by mast cells. Also, we aimed to evaluate in vitro sensitivity of neoplastic mast cells to the treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) imatinibe, dasatinibe and PKC412. Using Sanger sequencing analysis, we identified the KITK509I mutation in total bone marrow, peripheral blood CD3+ and oral mucosa cells in both patients. The parents of case 1 had wild type KIT. The in vitro treatment of total bone marrow cells of cases 1 and 2 with TKI for 4, 8 and 12 days resulted in reduced cell viability, as evaluated by MTT, and in reduced phosphorylation of P70S6K for all tested drugs. However, only imatinibe consistently induced apoptosis in both cases. Patients were started on imatinibe 400mg orally per day. Three months following imatinibe treatment, there was a complete reversion of skin and bone marrow mast cells infiltration; after two years of follow-up, cases 1 and 2 remain in complete remission of the systemic mastocytosis. Although rare, KITK509I mutation should be investigated in all cases of familial systemic mastocytosis. Imatinibe is a good first choice for the treatment of these cases / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Doutora em Ciências

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Two fundamental problems of developmental biology are the understanding of cell fate specification, and the integration of broader environmental contexts into developmental programs. While cell fate specification is largely achieved by differential gene expression programs, environmental integration relies on cellular receptors. A predominant mechanism to mediate both processes utilizes nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). However, it remains unclear how diverse the NHR’s modes of action are in regulating gene expression. This thesis utilizes the development of the C. elegans germ line as a model system to study a novel link that integrates cell fate specification and the nutritional environment. In C. elegans, germ cell fate specification is chiefly controlled by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, overall germline development is influenced by the animal’s nutritional status. However, it remains unknown whether germline posttranscriptional control mechanisms and germ cell fate decisions are linked to nutrition, and if so, how this link may operate in molecular terms. This thesis reports the characterization of the nuclear hormone receptor nhr-114 and its crucial functions for germline development and fertility. Depending on the tissue of expression, nhr-114 regulates overall germline organization, germ cell proliferation and oogenesis. Importantly, all aspects of nhr-114 function are linked to diet. Feeding nhr-114 mutants with a specific E. coli strain, or a tryptophan-supplemented diet significantly reduces germline development defects and sterility. Based on mutant analysis, nhr-114 was found to have overlapping functions with gld-4 cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase (cytoPAP). This thesis provides evidence that nhr-114 may function in germ cells in a posttranscriptional manner linked to gld-4 cytoPAP. Further evidence shows that NHR-114 interacts with GLD-4 cytoPAP. Together these findings suggest that NHR-114 may control gene expression by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner. This thesis proposes that NHR-114 ensures the input of tryptophan to allow germline development; and that this function integrates nutritional information into the germline gene expression programs according to the environment of the worm. Therefore, NHR-114 potentially provides a direct molecular link to how a developmental program is coordinated with the nutritional status of an animal.

Germ cells are a pool of cells that serve as a link between generations. These cells are separated from the somatic cells by specialized type of cytoplasm, called the germ plasm. Germ plasm contains, membraneless, electron dense subcellular structures, termed germplasm granules that contain numerous components of mRNA metabolism pathway. One of the most prominent protein families, commonly found in germplasm granules are DEAD-box helicases. While this protein family is currently heavily investigated, surprisingly little is known about their functions in germ plasm granules and the mechanisms of their association with the granules. This work identified novel biological and molecular roles of C. elegans’ LAF-1 in both somatic and germ cells. It reveals strong dependency of animal’s somatic, embryonic and post-embryonic development on LAF-1 activity, resulting in high penetrance developmental arrest phenotype. Moreover, this work documents requirement of LAF-1 for the fertility of the animal. Analysis of germ cells in the absence of LAF-1 activity reveals multilayered defects occurring at all stages of germ cell development and maturation. LAF-1 appears to be involved in the maintenance of proliferating potential of the germline stem cell pool and loss of LAF-1 significantly expands the region occupied by mitotic cells. Furthermore, loss of LAF-1 significantly affects expression of GLD-1, REC-8 and H3-S10P, implying that mitosis-to-meiosis boundary cannot be established correctly in the absence of LAF-1. This work solidifies previous conclusions that LAF-1 is a component of P granules, both in the adult germ cells and embryonic germ cell precursors and reveals that LAF-1 is required for correct assembly and dynamic behavior of P granules. Intrinsically disordered regions present in LAF-1 are indispensable for LAF-1’s association with P granules and its role in recruiting granule components. Lastly, LAF-1 associates with RNPs containing cytoplasmic polyA polymerases, indicating that LAF-1 might be involved in translational regulation. Altogether, the collected data describes biological functions of LAF-1 and elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions.

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We studied the functional significance of marked differences in the DNA content of somatic cells and germ line nuclei by static Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry for several species of microcrustaceans that exhibit chromatin diminution during very early stages of embryogenesis. Mature females and males showed many gonadal nuclei with elevated amounts of DNA that persist until dispersal of this "extra" DNA throughout the cytoplasm as fragments and coalescing droplets of chromatin during anaphase of the diminution division.

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No / Genotoxic agents can interact with DNA in germ cells possibly resulting in a heritable trait (germline mutation). Thus, in vitro male germ cell tests, which can detect phase specificity of such agents, could be used by regulatory agencies to help evaluate the potential risk of mutation. The male germ cell system now has a well-established model for studying phase specificity using the STA-PUT velocity sedimentation. On treatment with genotoxic agents, differences in chemical structure and metabolic differences in types of male germ cell lead to differing susceptibilities to genotoxicity, so careful investigation is required for phase specificity. This can yield valuable information about the potential mechanisms involved in the genotoxicity responses and thus increase the significance of the findings. This is especially important because mutations induced in the germline could also affect future generations. In this chapter, we briefly review the field of the male germ cell DNA damage response.