Au-delà des limites économiques (dues à la libéralisation des échanges commerciaux), scientifiques (dues aux risques incertains) et juridiques (dues aux instruments non-contraignants), l'encadrement juridique international des mouvements transfrontières des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) est-il approprié pour la protection de la santé humaine, la santé animale et la protection de l'environnement, dans son contenu et sa mise en œuvre ? Le contenu du cadre juridique quant aux mouvements transfrontières des OGM est incomplet avec des instruments légaux directement applicables et des instruments indirectement applicables. Pour combler ces lacunes dans le sens d'une meilleure gouvernance des mouvements transfrontières des OGM, la réglementation de catégories additionnelles des mouvements transfrontières des OGM est primordiale ainsi que la mise en place d'un dispositif harmonisé d'identification, de traçabilité et d'étiquetage. Un système de biovigilance internationale est également recommandé, comprenant la vigilance par une évaluation harmonisée des risques, le suivi par un système de gestion harmonisée des risques et l'information par un système harmonisé de communication des risques. Le cadre juridique quant aux mouvements transfrontières des OGM est aussi limité dans ses effets, de par l'absence d'un régime international de responsabilité et de réparation quant aux dommages résultant des OGM car le récent Protocole additionnel de Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur sur la responsabilité et la réparation des dommages résultant des mouvements transfrontières, ne visent que les organismes vivants modifiés (OVM). Il y a également un manque de consensus dans les approches, l'application et le règlement des différends. Dans ce contexte, la mise en place d'un système de compensation collective ou encore d'un fonds d'indemnisation et de régime d'assurance, sont un accompagnement nécessaire à ce régime de responsabilité incomplet, afin de pouvoir indemniser les victimes potentielles et les dommages environnementaux résultant des mouvements transfrontières des OGM. / Beyond economic (due to trade liberalisation), scientific (due to uncertain risks involved) and legal boundaries (due to soft law instruments), is the international legal framework for transboundary movements pertaining to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), adequate for the protection of human and animal health as well as environmental protection, content-wise and in its implementation? The content of this framework is incomplete with direct and indirect legal instruments. In order to fill in the gaps for a better governance of transboundary movements of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), it is of utmost importance to regulate additional categories of transboundary movement of GMOs and to devise a harmonised system of identification, traceability and labelling. A three-pronged international system of “bioalertness” is highly recommended, with the need for a harmonised risk assessment system, an effective risk management system and a harmonised system of communication of information on biotechnological risks. The legal framework pertaining to transboundary movements of GMOs is limited in its effects, in as much as there is no liability regime for the reparation of damages resulting from transboundary movements of GMOs since the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Additionnal Protocol targets only damages resulting from LMOs and it still has to be ratified by States Parties and enter into force. Its implementation is limited to the extent that there is a lack of consensus on the approaches, implementation and dispute resolution procedures. In this context, the setting-up of a collective system of compensation or a compensation fund as well as an insurance regime are a must, to be able to indemnify potential victims and repair environmental damage resulting from transboundary movements of GMOs.

La perspective de la culture de variétés transgéniques pose, pour de multiples raisons, le problème de la ségrégation de filières de production basées sur la même espèce dans les paysages agricoles : demande d'une filière « sans OGM » ; coexistence de productions alimentaires et non alimentaires… La réglementation européenne fixe un seuil de présence fortuite d'OGM au-delà duquel un produit, même issu d'une variété non-OGM, doit être étiqueté comme contenant des OGM. La Commission européenne a émis des recommandations sur l'adoption de pratiques favorisant la coexistence entre cultures OGM et non-OGM de façon à ce que les agriculteurs puissent garder la liberté de choisir le mode de production qu'ils souhaitent. Dans ce contexte, il est important de pouvoir estimer a priori le taux d'impuretés OGM dans les récoltes de parcelles non-OGM, en fonction de leur organisation spatiale et du climat, mais aussi de comprendre et prédire l'effet de modifications de pratiques agricoles sur ce taux. L'expérimentation peut apporter des éléments de connaissances des phénomènes, la modélisation s'avère cependant plus pertinente pour répondre aux demandes d'aide à la décision (principalement publique) pour des situations agricoles et climatiques diversifiées. L'objectif de la thèse est donc de dégager un cadre méthodologique générique pour le développement de modèles de flux biologiques combinant de façon dynamique modélisation, évaluation et expérimentation. Le travail de thèse a consisté en la conception et l'évaluation du modèle MAPOD qui simule les flux de gènes chez le maïs à l'échelle du paysage. Ce modèle est basé sur une fonction de dispersion individuelle qui dépend de paramètres biologiques et climatiques et qui calcule une probabilité de fécondation en un point (x, y) en fonction de la distance à la source émettrice de pollen (pollinisation efficace). Il comporte un module de dynamique de floraison qui rend compte des conséquences des synchronismes ou asynchronismes de floraison entre champs sur les taux d'OGM dans les récoltes. Le modèle permet de déterminer l'effet de la distribution spatiale des parcelles de maïs, des caractéristiques variétales, du climat et des itinéraires techniques sur les taux de pollinisation croisée. MAPOD a été mis au point à partir de données de la littérature et d'expérimentations menées par le GEVES. Cette première version a été évaluée grâce à un second jeu de données provenant du GEVES. Elle a aussi fait l'objet d'une analyse de sensibilité. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de définir les pistes d'amélioration de l'algorithme. La qualité prédictive de MAPOD a ensuite été estimée grâce à des données issues de suivis effectués pendant 5 ans dans des parcelles d'agriculteurs en Catalogne, région où le maïs Bt est cultivé à grande échelle. La pertinence des décisions prises grâce aux sorties du modèle a aussi été caractérisée. MAPOD a été utilisé pour simuler différents scénarios d'introduction de variétés OGM dans les systèmes de culture européens. L'efficacité de mesures individuelles de coexistence a été testée. Ensuite, c'est l'effet de combinaison de pratiques qui a été simulé, aboutissant à l'établissement de tables de décision en fonction du contexte de culture. À l'échelle du bassin de collecte, l'efficience des stratégies de ségrégation (spatiale, temporelle) pouvant être mises en place par les organismes de collecte-stockage a aussi été étudiée grâce au modèle. Enfin, les sorties de MAPOD ont servi comme support pour la mise au point d'un outil d'aide à la décision à destination des agriculteurs et de leurs conseillers. / Consumer demand for food free of GMOs is growing and if production standards are to be met, food and non-food chains must be separated. Indeed, European Commission regulations 1829/2003 and 1830/2003 stipulate that food and feed thought to be GMO-free but found to be containing more than a 0.9% portion of an adventitious presence of authorized GMOs have to be distinguished, traced and labelled as such. Moreover, to ensure that producers have a choice a choice among differing types of production, the European Commission has issued recommendations that permit the coexistence of non-GM and GM crops. This poses the problem of how to deal with coexistence in an agricultural supply chain dedicated to handling a single crop species. To help in the elaboration of coexistence rules, and then assess their feasibility and their consequences as well as for setting up monitoring and control schemes, specific field experiments, even if necessary, are not sufficient as their predictive value remains restricted to a given context. It is necessary to be able to forecast the fate of GM crops at the landscape level taking into account the various cropping systems and agricultural practices that may occur across Europe. The key to forecasting spread and behaviour of GM plants and seeds as well as their impacts under a wide range of agro-ecosystems is modelling. Models reproduce the functioning of agro-systems and take into account the relevant factors and processes as well as their interactions. They thus make it possible to simulate the behaviour of agro-systems in non-observed situations and on a long term basis.This doctoral thesis establishes a methodological framework for the development of biological flow models thanks to the dynamic interactions of modelling, evaluation and experimentation. In a first phase, the work involved the design of the MAPOD® model developed in relationship to literature and varietal experiments carried out by GEVES. MAPOD® simulates gene flow between maize crops at the landscape scale. It is based on an individual dispersal function which depends on biological and climatic parameters. It calculates the probability of fecundation at a (x, y) point as a function of distance from the pollen emitter (efficient pollination). Its flowering dynamics module makes it possible to take into account of the consequences of flowering time - lags on GM adventitious presence in harvests. MAPOD® evaluates the effect of the spatial distribution of maize plots, varietal characteristics, and climate as well as agricultural practices on cross-pollination. In this investigation, in a second phase the initial version of MAPOD® was evaluated with another dataset provided by GEVES. Ways to improve the algorithm were thereby defined. In a third phase, the predictive quality of MAPOD® was estimated by comparing model outputs to cross-pollination rates which were obtained by monitoring farmers' fields in Catalonia (Spain) over a 5-year period. The relevance of decisions made according to model output was also evaluated.In a fourth phase, MAPOD® was used to simulate different scenarios involving the introduction of GM varieties into European cropping systems. The efficiency of individual coexistence measures was tested. Afterwards, the effect of combining different types of practices was simulated, leading to a set of decision-support tables elaborated according to the cropping context. At the scale of the collecting basin, with the enhanced version of MAPOD®, the efficiency of segregation strategies (spatial or temporal) that could be implemented by collecting and storing organisations was also studied. Lastly, model outputs were used as a basis for the design of a decision-support tool for use by farmers and extension workers.

Ce tapuscrit est une contribution à la recherche sur la communication politique concernant les sujets environnementaux en France. Nous nous focalisons dans notre étude sur le cas du « Grenelle de l’environnement » annoncé par Nicolas Sarkozy en 2007. Il nous semble intéressant de dégager deux grands axes dans cette recherche. La première concerne la stratégie de l’action publique du gouvernement, en s’interrogeant sur la méthode du Grenelle et sur les raisons qui ont abouti à l’organiser, et le second est l’axe médiatique où nous nous interrogeons sur la relation entre les deux champs médiatique et politique. Cela conduit à approfondir notre étude en cherchant les raisons pour lesquelles les journalistes se sont intéressé au GDE, et analyser la couverture médiatique du Grenelle. Pour tester nos hypothèses la recherche s’est fondée sur un certain nombre d’investigations empiriques. / This typescript contributes to research in political communication concerning environmental issues in France. We focus in our study on the case of the "Grenelle de l'environnement" announced by Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007. It seems interesting to identify two main areas in this research. The first is the strategy of the government policy, investigating the method of the Grenelle and the reasons that led to its organization and the second axis is the media and our question concerns the relationship between both media and political fields. The later leads us to deeply study the reasons why the journalists were interested in the GDE, and analyze media coverage of the Grenelle. To test our hypotheses the research was based on a number of empirical investigations.

Notre thèse est une contribution pour repenser les rapports entre sciences et éthiques, et avancer vers une démocratie épistémique. Qu'il s'agisse de démontrer l'insoutenabilité d'une science contre l'Homme ou d'identifier les conditions d'une remontée de l'Homme dans les sciences, la visée nous semble la même : il s'agit de réunir-sans-unifier ce qui, dans la science, est de l'ordre de l'épistémique, du technique et de l'éthique. Pour ce faire, il nous faut préalablement travailler en profondeur sur deux espaces - épistémologique et éthique -, et ceci sans d'abord les mélanger ou les recouvrir l'un sur l'autre. Car si les sciences nous sont effectivement données dans leurs mélanges (avec le technique, le politique, l'économique, le social ou le philosophique), rendant à la mode les thèmes de technoscience, de nouveau régime de production des savoirs ou encore de science post-normale, il ne s'agit pas pour nous d'un symptôme de la fin de l'épistémologie mais de la nécessité de son renouvellement. Celui-ci passera, et il s'agit là de notre thèse principale, par de nouveaux rapports avec l'éthique. Nous donnons à cette thèse le nom d'intégrité épistémique et éthique des sciences. Afin de définir les conditions et la portée de celle-ci, nous proposons deux hypothèses, respectivement au sein de l'espace épistémologique et éthique : celle d'un pluralisme épistémique ordonné et celle d'une éthique générique. Nous défendons ces hypothèses à la lumière d'un long travail d'instruction d'un objet des sciences et techniques contemporaines, le poisson génétiquement modifié. In fine, notre travail permet de ré-interroger les postulats classiques de l'évaluation et de proposer de nouvelles pistes de recherches. / The current crisis of the concept of science invites us to renew the links between epistemology and ethics. In this context, we make the assumption of epistemic and ethics integrity of science. To defend this thesis we advance two main assumptions : (i) that of an epistemic pluralism : in this regard, we suggest five hypotheses : pluralism as epistemic posture, pluralism as a non-epistemological description of science, pluralism as a form of common sense, pluralism as a new thought of the uncertainty and pluralism as a indisciplinaire approach. (ii) that of a generic ethics : to do this, we proceed in three levels : in the space of ethics, the mode of action and scope of ethics in science. With the support of this work in the areas epistemologies and ethical, the conditions for epistemic and ethics integrity of science are, in our opinion, the following : a pluralistic attitude, a democracy epistemic and an thinking of integrative objects. We give the characteristics of these conditions, then we put them in perspectives with the specific case of GM fish.

<p>Canadas regulatory system is science-based and relies on risk assessment to inform decisions about which products of biotechnology (and other technologies) are safe enough for commercial application. Since regulation involves the loss of certain liberties, it is imperative that any regulatory regime be as objective as possible. Scientific risk assessment seems to be a good way to produce the information, which guides policy makers since it involves quantitative analysis and the production of seemingly objective data.</p><p>The view adopted by regulators and in current risk assessment practices is that objective means value-free. Therefore, because risk assessment data is scientific it is thought to be value-free but this is not the case. Risk assessment necessarily involves value assumptions. Assumptions must be made at all stages of the production of risk data. This does not mean, however, that risk assessment is hopelessly subjective. The notion of value-free objectivity can be replaced with the view that genuine objectivity arises through peer review and social discourse. Regulators can adopt this understanding of objectivity to acknowledge the value-ladenness of risk assessment data.</p><p>At present, the value assumptions made by industry, government and private scientists during risk assessment go largely unnoticed yet have an effect on the outcome of regulatory decisions. Such assumptions must be recognized in order to ensure that the decisions made about the risks society face are not biased. This is particularly true in the case of biotechnology regulation. The development of the science of biotechnology has occurred concurrently with the development of the biotech industry creating the opportunity for industry-biased risk assessments.</p><p>It is possible to make changes to the existing regulatory regime in Canada in order to avoid some of the major problems associated with unrecognized value assumptions in risk assessment. A complete restructuring of the regime is unnecessary, however. Maintaining the current regulatory structure with some minor changes could address these problems. These changes include: creating an independent review board, making explicit that value assumptions are part of risk assessment in government advisory reports, and enhancing the role of regulators. Canadas regulatory system can better address the risks associated with biotechnology if it acknowledges that risk assessment is value-laden.</p>

<p>Canadas regulatory system is science-based and relies on risk assessment to inform decisions about which products of biotechnology (and other technologies) are safe enough for commercial application. Since regulation involves the loss of certain liberties, it is imperative that any regulatory regime be as objective as possible. Scientific risk assessment seems to be a good way to produce the information, which guides policy makers since it involves quantitative analysis and the production of seemingly objective data.</p><p>The view adopted by regulators and in current risk assessment practices is that objective means value-free. Therefore, because risk assessment data is scientific it is thought to be value-free but this is not the case. Risk assessment necessarily involves value assumptions. Assumptions must be made at all stages of the production of risk data. This does not mean, however, that risk assessment is hopelessly subjective. The notion of value-free objectivity can be replaced with the view that genuine objectivity arises through peer review and social discourse. Regulators can adopt this understanding of objectivity to acknowledge the value-ladenness of risk assessment data.</p><p>At present, the value assumptions made by industry, government and private scientists during risk assessment go largely unnoticed yet have an effect on the outcome of regulatory decisions. Such assumptions must be recognized in order to ensure that the decisions made about the risks society face are not biased. This is particularly true in the case of biotechnology regulation. The development of the science of biotechnology has occurred concurrently with the development of the biotech industry creating the opportunity for industry-biased risk assessments.</p><p>It is possible to make changes to the existing regulatory regime in Canada in order to avoid some of the major problems associated with unrecognized value assumptions in risk assessment. A complete restructuring of the regime is unnecessary, however. Maintaining the current regulatory structure with some minor changes could address these problems. These changes include: creating an independent review board, making explicit that value assumptions are part of risk assessment in government advisory reports, and enhancing the role of regulators. Canadas regulatory system can better address the risks associated with biotechnology if it acknowledges that risk assessment is value-laden.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TatianaRojasRodrigues.pdf: 325384 bytes, checksum: 1028dd19bbc74d6595a70dec6c51209b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among the several options for controlling Alabama argillacea (Hübner) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) larvae on the cotton crop, as insecticides spraying and biological control, the transgenic Bt-cotton has been inserted as an extremely viable alternative, however it is not known with accuracy as the transgenic plants affect the populations of organisms that correlate with each other in an agroecossistem. In that sense, the knowledge of the possible alterations in the spatial disposition of the pests or beneficial insects it is extremely important, because it can alter the sampling method for those species on the crop, besides its control method. This study was carried out aiming to determine the spatial distribution pattern of A. argillacea and H. virescens eggs on cotton crop, cultivars DeltaOpal® (conventional) and DP90B® (Bt-cotton). The data were collected during the agricultural year 2006/2007 in two different areas of 5,000 m2 each one in Dourados region. In each sampling area, composed for 100 plots of 50m2 each one, 15 evaluations were accomplished through the countings of eggs from these pests in two plants per plot. The aggregation indexes (variance/mean rate, Morisita index, and Exponent k of the Negative Binomial Distribution) and the qui-square test with the adjustment of the found and expected values to the frequencies theoretical distributions (Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Positive Binomial) revealed that in the both cultivars the spatial distribution of egss from those species are distributed in agreement to the aggregated spatial distribution model, being adjusted to the pattern of the negative binomial distribution. / Dentre as opções para o controle de lagartas de Alabama argillacea (Hübner) e Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) na cultura algodoeira tem-se, normalmente, a aplicações de inseticidas e o controle biológico. Nesse contexto, o algodão transgênico Bt tem se inserido como uma alternativa extremamente viável, porém não se sabe, com exatidão, como as plantas transgênicas afetam as populações de organismos que se inter-relacionam em um agroecossistema. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento da possível alteração da forma da disposição espacial de insetos pragas, ou benéficos é extremamente importante, pois esta disposição pode alterar o método de amostragem dessas espécies na cultura, além de sua forma de controle. Este estudo foi conduzido buscando investigar o padrão da distribuição espacial de ovos de A. argillacea e de H. virescens em cultivar DeltaOpal® (convencional) e DP90B® (algodão-Bt). A coleta dos dados ocorreu durante o ano agrícola 2006/2007 em duas áreas de 5.000 m2 localizada na região da Grande Dourados. Em cada área amostral, composta por 100 parcelas de 50m2, foram realizadas 15 avaliações com contagens dos ovos das pragas em análise, em duas plantas por parcela. Os índices de agregação (razão variância/média, índice de Morisita e Expoente k da Distribuição Binomial Negativa) e o teste de qui-quadrado, com o ajuste dos valores encontrados e esperados às distribuições teóricas de freqüência (Poisson, Binomial Negativa e Binomial Positiva), mostraram que em ambas cultivares a distribuição espacial de posturas dessas espécies estão distribuídas de acordo com o modelo de distribuição espacial agregada, ajustando-se ao padrão da distribuição binomial negativa

The thesis defines a concept of organic food and a closer look is given to an organic agriculture - a place of origin for organic food. The second part discusses benefits of organic food for consumers and looks for consumer purchase motives. Third and fourth part is devoted to rules of labeling and opportunities for improvement in this area. Other consumer brands and a current state on organic food market are presented here as well. Variety of products offered and availability of organic food at the particular points of sale are analyzed in the final part.

The thesis is a continuation of my subject, "Why?", Also includes the theme of man and the environment. I started to be interested in the controversial topic of genetically modified organisms, genetic engineering. I found a personal story in it. Now it is difficult to comment on the extent to which these researches are important, but we shouldn’t stop there.

No description available.