L'introduction des OGM dans le domaine agricole soulève diverses préoccupations. Qu'il s'agisse du type d'agriculture ou des aliments que nous privilégions pour l'avenir, de la sauvegarde des écosystèmes et des patrimoines culturels, des questions de justice, d'équité et d'éthique, les choix de société que suscitent les OGM sont nombreux. Notre argumentation est à l'effet que, seul un processus démocratique offrant aux citoyens la possibilité d'exprimer leurs préoccupations, commentaires et opinions sur le développement des aliments transgéniques est en mesure de permettre une prise de décision éclairée des autorités quant à ces choix de société. Les gouvernements de nombreux pays démontrent par ailleurs leur volonté d'ouvrir le dialogue avec le grand public sur les enjeux que suscitent ces nouvelles technologies. Notre étude analyse différents modèles de participation du public aux décisions portant sur les OGM au sein de trois pays, la France, la Suisse et le Canada. Nous avons organisé ces modèles en les classant sous trois rubriques : les instruments de la démocratie directe, l'implication de membres de la société dans les processus d'évaluation, les débats publics. Nous constatons alors que malgré les efforts des autorités pour démocratiser les prises de décisions en cette matière, de nombreux facteurs, tels la logique technicienne dans laquelle s'inscrivent les décisions ainsi que les lacunes inhérentes au régime représentatif, ne permettent pas une véritable prise en compte de l'opinion des citoyens. Il s'agit donc de s'interroger sur la pertinence et l'opportunité d'utiliser le référendum afin de traiter des questions associées aux OGM. / The introduction of GMOs into agri-business has brought forth many public concems, such as the type of agriculture or the kind of foods we choose for our future, the safekeeping of our ecosystems and our cultural heritage, or matters of justice linked to ethics and equity. Our argumentation is that only a democratic process that offers to the citizens the possibility to express their views and concems on the development of GMOs will allow the authorities to make enlightened decisions on these matters. Moreover, many govemments have already shown interest in opening communication lines with the general public on the stakes created by these new technologies. This study analyzes different forms of public participation in the decision-making process conceming GMOs in three different countries, France, Switzerland and Canada. These models have been divided into three categories : the instruments of direct democracy, participation of different members of society in the evaluation processes, and public debates. We note that in spite of the efforts of the govemments to democratize decisionmaking in these matters, many factors such as technical reasoning into which decisions are inscribed as weIl as the inherent gaps of the representative model, prevent from taking the opinions of citizens into consideration. Therefore, we should ask ourselves about the relevance and the convenience of using the referendum to treat the concems associated with GMOs. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)"

As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) is a stable greenhouse gas and also plays a significant role in stratospheric ozone destruction. The primary anthropogenic source of N2O stems from the use of nitrogen in agriculture, with soils being the major contributors. Currently, the annual N2O emissions from this “soil–microbe-plant” system is more than 2.6 Tg (one Tg equals a million metric tons) of N2O-N globally. My doctoral studies aimed to explore innovative strategies for N2O mitigation, in the context of environmental microbiology’s potential contribution to alleviating global warming. The bacterial enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), naturally found in some soils, is the only known enzyme capable of catalyzing the final step of the denitrification pathway, conversion of N2O to N2. Therefore, to “scrub” or reduce N2O emissions, bacterial N2OR was heterologously expressed inside the leaves and roots of transgenic plants. Others had previously shown that the functional assembly of the catalytic centres (CuZ) of N2OR is lacking when only nosZ is expressed in other bacterial hosts. There, coexpression of nosZ with nosD, nosF and nosY was found to be necessary for production of the catalytically active holoenzyme. I have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the nosZ gene, as well as tobacco plants in which the other four nos genes were coexpressed. More than 100 transgenic tobacco lines, expressing nosZ and nosFLZDY under the control of rolD promoter and d35S promoter, have been analyzed by PCR, RT-PCR and Western blot. The activity of N2OR expressed in transgenic plants, analyzed with the methyl viologen-linked enzyme assay, showed detectable N2O reducing activity. The N2O-reducing patterns observed were similar to that of the positive control purified bacterial N2OR. The data indicated that expressing bacterial N2OR heterologously in plants, without the expression of the accessory Nos proteins, could convert N2O into inert N2. This suggests that atmospheric phytoremediation of N2O by plants harbouring N2OR could be invaluable in efforts to reduce emissions from crop production fields.

This research project examines the degree of transparency of the Canadian Federal Government’s decision-making processes and institutions with respect to the human consumption of animals produced through modern biotechnology (biotechnology-produced animals). It provides a timely study of the Federal Government’s decision-making process; as of January 2013 the government has yet to determine whether, and how, biotechnology-produced animals are to be approved for human consumption. Foods that contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are already commercially widely available in Canada. Research is well underway to see if biotechnology-produced animals may also be developed and introduced into the food system. Government decisions regarding the human consumption of biotechnology-produced animals have the potential to revolutionize food systems globally and nationally. This thesis offers an analysis of primary and secondary data focusing on the degree of federal transparency with respect to regulating GMO foods generally and, more specifically, the emerging policy issues around biotechnology-produced animals. This exploration sets the stage for the following investigation of barriers as well as opportunities to fostering federal transparency with respect to policy and regulatory decisions regarding GMO foods. Findings are directed towards members of the communities of interest who are interested in questions relating to the degree of federal transparency and government approaches to foods that contain material produced through modern biotechnology.

Tomato, which is one of the most important component of human diet, has been genetically modified to develop some properties like delayed ripening and insect resistance. In order to give a choice to the consumer, it is necessary to detect and label GM foods. This study was carried out to detect genetically modified tomato samples purchased from different food markets of Turkey. PCR method was used to detect genetically modified insect resistant tomatoes. The DNAs of collected samples were isolated according to CTAB DNA extraction protocol and the amplification capacity of isolated samples were checked with patatin specific control PCR. Screening tests of tomatoes were done by targeting 35S promoter, Nos terminator and NptII kanamycin resistance gene with four primer sets. It was aimed to detect Cry1A and Cry1Ac genes with three PCR systems, in order to identify insect resistant samples. From twenty-eight samples, twenty-two gave positive amplification signal in NptII specific PCR system and results were confirmed with sequence analysis. Additionally, we observed seventeen and ten DNA fragments with Cry1A-F/Cry1A-R and Cry1Ac-F/Cry1Ac-R primer sets respectively, it is necessary to confirm these results with DNA sequencing.

This thesis deals with the expansion of environmental education and awareness in eco-center Trkmanka in Velké Pavlovice. As an extension option were chosen environmental education programs, which were created in collaboration with eco-center Trkmanka. The first program: "One of nature - human nature" leads to the realization that man is part of nature. Another program, "Ecology at home" deals with ecological households and friendly consumption. The last program: "We are what we eat?" this part of the environmental site acquaints students with food genetically modified organisms, organic food and FAIR TRADE. All educational programs have been proven many times in practice. In conclusion, it was proposed inclusion in tender environmental educational programs in eco-center Trkmanka

The introduction of genetically modified crops raised controversial reactions that divide not only the professional community into two camps. Considering that rapeseed, soya beans and corn belong to the most important crops of the world, significant attention is given to the development of their GM varieties. Based on available information, a comparative study was compiled involving the effects of genetically modified varieties of these crops on the environment, human and animal health and socio-economic area. The cultivation of genetically modified crops is profitable especially for companies developing these varieties and for the growers. However it was found that the reduction of the amount of applied herbicides was not achieved as expected. Additionally a negative affect of the active herbicide substances on the environment and human and animal health has been shown. There is a positive impact of the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions due to less frequent entries into the stands. Feeding with GM products also manifested in negative way. There is a very risky possibility of crossing and emergence of resistant weeds, in particular rape and related species as well. The reduction of biodiversity, which is often discussed, was not confirmed in all cases. The changes in the microbial community in the soil have been demonstrated. The coexistence of GM crops with conventional agriculture, and even more ecological agriculture has been shown as problematic. In accordance with the findings, it is recommended to follow the precautionary principles, to follow the varied crop rotation and to target the production to sustainable agriculture, verified by time and experience.

As primeiras plantações brasileiras de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) aconteceram no Rio Grande do Sul, em 1997. As sementes plantadas correspondem à soja Roundup Ready, usualmente chamada de soja transgênica, cujos direitos de propriedade pertencem a Monsanto. Em 1998 instalou-se a controvérsia, pois foi divulgado na imprensa que existiam extensas plantações no norte do estado, a partir de sementes contrabandeadas da Argentina. A controvérsia mobilizou atores governamentais, associações de agricultores, empresas, pequenos e grandes produtores, universidades e centros de pesquisa. Logo, este estudo tem por objetivo compreender o processo inovativo da soja transgênica no Rio Grande do Sul a partir da rede de atores no período de 1998 a 2003, ano da divulgação da MP 131 que permitiu a comercialização da safra transgênica. Para isto, foi adotada a perspectiva da Actor Network Theory, que considera humanos e não-humanos como atores no processo de criação de novas tecnologias. A esta perspectiva soma-se uma formulação mais explícita de poder, a fim de compreender como se dá o processo inovativo em países periféricos, a partir de uma discussão sobre hegemonia e sobre o papel das grandes empresas multinacionais. A análise de dados foi feita através da análise crítica de discurso, sendo identificadas três cadeias de tradução construídas pela rede de atores que se entrecruzam e constroem a soja transgênica: 1) a cadeia que utiliza o discurso do OGM como fonte de ganhos econômicos aliados à preservação ambiental e ao fim da fome no mundo, 2) a cadeia que liga a soja transgênica à hegemonia do capital internacional e 3) a cadeia que associa os transgênicos às incertezas ambientais e de saúde. Por fim, o processo inovativo da soja transgênica é um processo político, sendo que a própria soja transgênica pode ser compreendida como um objeto político. / The first Brazilian plantations of genetic modified organisms (GMOs) took place at the State of Rio Grande do Sul in 1997. The seeds then cultivated were those of the so called Roundup Ready Soya, usually known as transgenic Soya and which property rights belong to Monsanto. In 1998, a controversial debate began when the press spread the information that Roundup Ready Soya seeds were being smuggled from Argentina and cultivated at north of the State. The controversies mobilized governmental actors, agriculture associations, enterprises, small and big producers, universities and research centers. Within this context, this work seeks to understand the innovative process of transgenic Soya at Rio Grande do Sul looking at its actors network between 1998 and 2003, this last being the year of the provisory federal law 131, which has legalized the transgenic Soya at Brazil. To achieve this purpose, the Actor Network Theory perspective was adopted because it sees human and not human beings as actors in the process of new technologies creation. To this perspective a more explicit formulation of power is added in order to understand how the innovative process in peripheral countries takes place based on a discussion about hegemony and the role of big multinational companies. Data analysis was done following the critical analysis of discourse. Three chains of translation built by the actors' network were identified as intertwining and generating the transgenic Soya: (1st) the chain that uses the GMO discourse as a source of economic profit combined with environmental preservation and the end of world hunger; (2nd) the chain that attaches Soya to international capital hegemony; and (3rd) the chain that associates transgenic organisms to environmental and health uncertainties. To resume, it is said that the innovative process of transgenic Soya is a political process, being the transgenic Soya in itself possibly seen as a politic object.

The diploma thesis focuses on investigating attitudes of czech high school students toward genetically modified organisms (= GMO). The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate students' attitudes toward, and knowledge of GMO, to find out any relation between attitudes toward, and knowledge of GMO. I found out if there is any relation between students' attitudes toward GMO and other factors like family environment (level and type of eduction of parents, religion), school environment (teachers who teach students, school) or place of residence. Data colletion was carried out by quantitative questionnaire survey among 185 Czech students of Prague's and out-of-town's grammar schools from 10 different classes. My findings show that the attitudes of Czech students toward GMO are positive and are not influenced by gender, parents' education, the students' attitudes toward biology, type of students' planned studies at university or the location of their school. However, at the same time, a statistically significant difference was found in the case of free-time activities, the teacher who teaches students and the purchase of organic food. In the case of the students' knowledge, a significant difference was found in the case of the type of the father's education, the type of the students' planned...

As primeiras plantações brasileiras de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) aconteceram no Rio Grande do Sul, em 1997. As sementes plantadas correspondem à soja Roundup Ready, usualmente chamada de soja transgênica, cujos direitos de propriedade pertencem a Monsanto. Em 1998 instalou-se a controvérsia, pois foi divulgado na imprensa que existiam extensas plantações no norte do estado, a partir de sementes contrabandeadas da Argentina. A controvérsia mobilizou atores governamentais, associações de agricultores, empresas, pequenos e grandes produtores, universidades e centros de pesquisa. Logo, este estudo tem por objetivo compreender o processo inovativo da soja transgênica no Rio Grande do Sul a partir da rede de atores no período de 1998 a 2003, ano da divulgação da MP 131 que permitiu a comercialização da safra transgênica. Para isto, foi adotada a perspectiva da Actor Network Theory, que considera humanos e não-humanos como atores no processo de criação de novas tecnologias. A esta perspectiva soma-se uma formulação mais explícita de poder, a fim de compreender como se dá o processo inovativo em países periféricos, a partir de uma discussão sobre hegemonia e sobre o papel das grandes empresas multinacionais. A análise de dados foi feita através da análise crítica de discurso, sendo identificadas três cadeias de tradução construídas pela rede de atores que se entrecruzam e constroem a soja transgênica: 1) a cadeia que utiliza o discurso do OGM como fonte de ganhos econômicos aliados à preservação ambiental e ao fim da fome no mundo, 2) a cadeia que liga a soja transgênica à hegemonia do capital internacional e 3) a cadeia que associa os transgênicos às incertezas ambientais e de saúde. Por fim, o processo inovativo da soja transgênica é um processo político, sendo que a própria soja transgênica pode ser compreendida como um objeto político. / The first Brazilian plantations of genetic modified organisms (GMOs) took place at the State of Rio Grande do Sul in 1997. The seeds then cultivated were those of the so called Roundup Ready Soya, usually known as transgenic Soya and which property rights belong to Monsanto. In 1998, a controversial debate began when the press spread the information that Roundup Ready Soya seeds were being smuggled from Argentina and cultivated at north of the State. The controversies mobilized governmental actors, agriculture associations, enterprises, small and big producers, universities and research centers. Within this context, this work seeks to understand the innovative process of transgenic Soya at Rio Grande do Sul looking at its actors network between 1998 and 2003, this last being the year of the provisory federal law 131, which has legalized the transgenic Soya at Brazil. To achieve this purpose, the Actor Network Theory perspective was adopted because it sees human and not human beings as actors in the process of new technologies creation. To this perspective a more explicit formulation of power is added in order to understand how the innovative process in peripheral countries takes place based on a discussion about hegemony and the role of big multinational companies. Data analysis was done following the critical analysis of discourse. Three chains of translation built by the actors' network were identified as intertwining and generating the transgenic Soya: (1st) the chain that uses the GMO discourse as a source of economic profit combined with environmental preservation and the end of world hunger; (2nd) the chain that attaches Soya to international capital hegemony; and (3rd) the chain that associates transgenic organisms to environmental and health uncertainties. To resume, it is said that the innovative process of transgenic Soya is a political process, being the transgenic Soya in itself possibly seen as a politic object.

Submitted by ONIEL JEREMIAS AGUIRRE GIL null (oaguirretm@outlook.com) on 2016-11-18T19:43:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Versão_definitiva_PDF.pdf: 2376464 bytes, checksum: 98c10cbf6c2dc00d45f713eb74c82f7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-24T15:13:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gil_oj_dr_jabo.pdf: 2376464 bytes, checksum: 98c10cbf6c2dc00d45f713eb74c82f7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-24T15:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gil_oj_dr_jabo.pdf: 2376464 bytes, checksum: 98c10cbf6c2dc00d45f713eb74c82f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-04 / Outra / Microcharops anticarsiae é um eficiente parasitoide da lagarta-dasoja Anticarsia gemmatalis que, também, parasita lagartas de outras espécies como Chrysodeixis includens e Spodoptera eridania. O objetivo do trabalho foi (1) determinar o ínstar larval de A. gemmatalis preferencialmente parasitado por M. anticarsiae a partir de lagartas coletadas em campo, (2) determinar o efeito de criações sucessivas de M. anticarsiae nos parâmetros biológicos do parasitoide e (3) determinar o efeito da soja transgênica sobre a longevidade de adultos do parasitoide. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas de 2014/15 e 2015/16 na FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Para a coleta das lagartas em campo, foram semeadas duas áreas de soja transgênica, uma tolerante ao herbicida glifosato e a outra resistente a insetos. Os resultados indicam que (1) M. anticarsiae preferiu parasitar lagartas de A. gemmatalis de primeiro e segundo ínstar em soja tolerante ao glifosato em campo, (2) não houve diferenças nos parâmetros biológicos de M. anticarsiae criado durante três gerações sucessivas em laboratório e (3) a longevidade total de M. anticarsiae e a longevidade de fêmeas foi mais longa em soja tolerante ao glifosato e a longevidade dos machos foi mais curta em ambas as sojas, tolerante ao glifosato e resistente a insetos. Finalmente, conclui-se que M. anticarsiae parasita lagartas de A. gemmatalis de primeiro e segundo ínstar em campo, que os parâmetros biológicos de M. anticarsiae não são afetados quando criados durante três gerações em laboratório e que a soja resistente a insetos afeta negativamente a longevidade dos machos de M. anticarsiae. / Microcharops anticarsiae is an efficient parasitoid of Anticarsiagemmatalis and also parasitizes larvae of other species such as Chrysodeixis includens and Spodoptera eridania. This work aimed to (1) determine the larval ínstar of A. gemmatalis preferentially parasitized by M. anticarsiae from larvae collected in the field, (2) determine the effect of successive laboratory rearings of M. anticarsiae in the biological parameters of the parasitoid, and (3) determine the effect of transgenic soybean in the longevity of adults of the parasitoid. the experiments were carried out in the seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in the FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Two areas were sown with transgenic soybean, the first one tolerant to glyphosate and the second one resistant to insects. The results indicate that (1) M. anticarsiae preferred to parasitize A. gemmatalis larvae on the first and second larval ínstar in soybean tolerant to glyphosate in the field, (2) there were not differences in the biological parameters of M. anticarsiae reared during three successive laboratory rearings, and (3) the longevity total of M. anticarsiae and longevity of females was longer in soybean tolerant to glyphosate and the longevity of males was shorter in soybean tolerant to glyphosate and resistant to insects. Finally, we conclude that M. anticarsiae parasitize first and second ínstar larvae of A. gemmatalis in the field, the biological parameters of M. anticarsiae are not affected when reared during three generations in the laboratory, and the soybean resistant to insects affects negatively the longevity of males M. anticarsiae.