This paper studied whether threats to self-esteem and goal orientation affected an individual?s propensity to ask for help. Eighty-two undergraduate students from the University of Waterloo completed a self-esteem and goal orientation questionnaire in addition to completing two tests. One test was designed to be more self-relevant than the other, making that test more potentially threatening to an individual?s self-esteem. In each test, subjects were given the opportunity to ask for help on each question. The results show that the use of social comparison motivates individuals to engage in self-protection by reducing their willingness to ask for help. In situations where many others had asked for help, help seeking behavior increased. These results extend other research in showing the impact of social comparison on individual behaviour.

Professional management literature suggests that goal setting is one of the most important steps in the organizational process as goals provide a clear understanding of the directions in which the organization is heading. In ensuring that each member of an organization is aware of its goals, the goal communication process is viewed as a central part of everyday management. Goal communication between managers and interpreters at Ontario heritage sites is the focus of the present study. Three sites were investigated, and three different research methods were used to obtain the data: semi-structured interviews with managers and interpreters; analysis of documentation related to the operation of the sites; and participant observation. The study’s findings revealed that: 1) not all heritage sites have their goals documented; 2) the documentation of site goals does not necessarily guarantee that interpreters are aware of them; 3) goals of the sites are communicated to interpreters by only two means – orientation, and reading materials; and 4) more training is required for interpreters in order to implement their site’s goals successfully and consistently. A number of recommendations for heritage site management were developed, which include extending goal communication techniques to daily site interaction and to daily assignments given to interpreters, as well as exploring new goal communication channels and providing opportunities for continuous training of interpreters.

The deployment of advanced metering infrastructure, most notably in the residential electricity sector, and the development of energy monitoring technology, has enabled and justified the exploration of more sophisticated systems to energy management in the home. Previously, energy usage feedback has been shown to help householders to learn and to adapt usage behaviour. However, these systems are still in their infancy and exploration of householder interest in them, and their designs, is needed to assist in the diffusion of this innovation. The effectiveness of feedback has been found to be enhanced when it is shown relative to a conservation goal. Additionally, disaggregated feedback has been found desirable to householders and has helped them to learn. However, little is understood about how disaggregated home energy feedback relative to a goal can be designed to help householders to conserve. This study explored interest in home energy goal-setting through a web-based survey of Ontario householders. Inferential statistics showed, with 95% confidence, that 35% to 37% of urban Ontario homeowners with post-secondary education would be strongly interested in setting home energy goals – and 29% to 31% would be willing-to-pay at least $6 per month for home energy goal-setting technology. Both financial and environmental reasons were often cited by respondents for their interest. Interest in home energy goal-setting did not relate to experience or interest in setting ‘non-energy’ goals but was significantly and positively associated with: (1) awareness in the environmental impact of energy usage, (2) pro-sustainability attitudes and behaviours, (3) desire to reduce usage, (4) desire to learn, and (5) motivations to help society. Householders preferred web-based feedback to other mediums such as in-home displays or bills. They also identified goal-based appliance-specific feedback as desirable but found the graphical presentation of multiple appliances on one page confusing, and instead preferred numerical presentations. Both extrinsic and intrinsic benefits to home energy goal-setting were supported by respondents and the most cited barrier to goal-setting was that it takes a lot of time. However, it is expected that a home energy monitoring system would help mitigate this potential barrier since progress would be tracked and reported automatically.

According to the Canadian Community Health Survey, fifty-nine percent of Canadian women are not getting enough exercise to receive health benefits (Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Institute, 2001). Engaging in regular exercise has been found to provide significant psychological and physical health benefits, such as reduced depression, anxiety, and increased well-being (Bouchard, Shephard, Stephens, Sutton, & Mcpherson, 1990; Georgia State University, 1997; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1999; Roth & Holmes, 1987). Therefore, increasing exercise participation contributes to enhancing the well-being of women. The purpose of this study was to examine how self-compassion would be related to self-determined motives to exercise and to outcomes in the exercise domain, and whether self-compassion would explain unique variance beyond self-esteem on those variables. There were two main hypotheses. First, that self-compassion would be positively related to identified, integrated, and intrinsic motives to exercise and to task goals; and negatively related to external and introjected motives to exercise, ego goals, social physique anxiety, and obligatory exercise. Second, it was hypothesized that self-compassion would predict unique variance over and above self-esteem with motivation, goal orientation, physique anxiety, and exercise behaviour. The participants were 252 adult female exercisers, ranging in age from 17 to 43 years, recruited from a small mid-western Canadian university. Participants completed an online survey including the Behavioural Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire (Wilson, Rodgers, Loitz, & Scime, 2006), Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Questionnaire (Rosenberg, 1965), the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003b), the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (Petherick & Markland, 2005), the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Martin, Rejeski, Leary, McAuley, & Bane, 1997), the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (Pasman & Thompson, 1998), and the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (Godin & Shepard, 1985). Correlational analyses revealed that self-compassion was positively related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.19), and negatively related to external (r = -0.24) and introjected (r = -0.41) motivation, ego goals (r = -.20), social physique anxiety (r = -.57), and obligatory exercise behaviour (r = -.24). Hierarchical regression analyses showed that self-compassion contributed negative unique variance over and above self-esteem on introjected motivation (∆R2 = .035), ego goals (∆R2 = .028), social physique anxiety (∆R2 = .042), and obligatory exercise (∆R2 = .018). The present study provides evidence that self-compassion is related to motives to exercise and various outcomes of exercise. Further, this study extends the use of self-determination theory and supports that future research continue to explore the role of self-concept in motivation. Outcomes of well-being were found to be related to self-compassion, suggesting that perhaps self-compassion is a promising construct that may be used to foster long-term womens exercise motives.

Det huvudsakliga syftet med mitt examensarbete var att undersöka hur elever i årskurs 7 resonerar kring sitt deltagande på idrottslektionerna, deras motiv huruvida de väljer att avstå eller delta i undervisningen. Min undersökning bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer, där eleverna intervjuats i frågor rörande förväntningar, olika slags motivation, kommunikation och relationer. Jag har studerat och jämfört likheter och skillnader mellan elevernas motiv. Studien visar på få skillnader i motiven men desto fler likheter. Resultatet pekar på att aktiviteterna, deras nivå och kommunikationen mellan lärare- elev och elev- elev är en väsentlig grund för elevernas deltagande. Vidare visar det sig att eleverna är hälsomedvetna och att denna medvetenhet bidrar till rörelse på lektionerna. De faktorer eleverna beskrev som anledningar att sitta vid sidan om var bland annat sjukdom och skador. Eleverna visar dock ett allmänt genuint intresse för att vara fysiskt aktiva då de sysselsätter sig med andra fysiska aktiviteter, även om de inte deltar i den obligatoriska idrottsundervisningen. / The main purpose with this study was to investigate the motivational behavior of pupils in an elementary school, with respect to whether they participate in the PE class or not. The study is based on interviews, where I have asked the pupils questions concerning expectations, external and internal motivation, communication and relationships. Afterwards I made comparisons on likeliness and differences in their answers, where patterns were discovered. The study shows a small amount of differences and a larger set of likeliness on their purposes to attend or not attend PE. The result indicates that the activities, their level and the teacher-pupil and pupil- pupil communication are the most important reasons to participate. Moreover it is shown that pupils that are aware of their health and this awareness promotes movement. Illness and injuries were described as the main factors to step aside and not participate. The pupils show a genuine interest about physical activities in general, as they keep themselves occupied with other physical activities, even though they’re not participating in the compulsory PE class.

Enterprises can adopt branding extension strategies to decrease the expense on developing the awareness of new products as well as to attract consumers. However, not all of them succeeded. From previous researches, most of them focus on brand extensions of tangible products and regard Fit as the main driver to the success of brand extensions. Overall, the higher the Fit between parent brands and extension products, the more possibly brand extensions succeed. However, if Goal Congruency can be a substitute factor for Fit between them, maybe the different goals they possess offer more value to Consumers. Thus, I extend the scope of brand extensions to service industry, studying on the effect of ¡§goal congruency¡¨ on brand extensions and further on the interaction of ¡§goal congruency¡¨ and ¡§advertisement framing¡¨. This research uses situation experiment to manipulate well-known brand to extend new service products. In experiment 1, the real enterprises Friday restaurant and 104 job bank separately launch new extended products to study the effects of ¡§goal congruency" on ¡§perceived value¡¨,¡¨ brand extension attitude¡¨ and ¡§consumers¡¦ mood¡¨. In experiment 2, it adds one more factor, advertisement framing, to study the two- way interaction of consumers¡¦ mood influenced by ¡§goal congruence¡¨ and ¡§advertisement framing¡¨ on ¡§brand extension attitude¡¨. First, it shows the incongruent brand extensions are perceived higher brand extension evaluation than congruent ones. Second, when compared with negative advertisement framing, positive advertisement framing with incongruent brand extensions receives higher brand extension evaluation. The consuming goal can be an important factor on evaluation of brand extensions.

As the tendency of globalizes and regionalization of enterprise management develops, enterprises in the world have to face an extremely important subject of multiple human resource management. Whether the enterprise is classified as globalize, cross-nation or regionalization, it should face and plan the strategy of its human resource management more appropriately, which is the core part and the foundation of an enterprise. The range and object of this research is based on Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation and its employees. The company, THSRC, is one of the largest BOT projects in the world. Employees of THSRC with their profession in construction management, operation management at railway area, were recruited from many different countries. The research of investigating the manage method and organization climate of THSRC, can surely provide a great reference to some regional enterprises during the process of transit to globalized enterprises. The purpose of this research is trying to examine the relationships among the perceptions of human resource management practice, organizational, organizational Capability and working behavior. Also, this research intends to investigate the affection of differenct business model to human resource management practice and organizational Capability. We conclude the research result as follows: The human resource management practice has a positive affection on organizational capability. The human resource management practice has a positive affection on enterprise goal. The working attitude and behavior has a positive affection on organizational capability.

Complex system is a dynamic open system. Through its interactive variables, we can set up a multiple objectives integrative model, using goal programming technique, to help decision makers making decisions more scientifically. With the outcomes forecasted by complex system, decision makers can make strategy more reasonably and precisely. Adoption of Complex system will make strategy management become more scientific and systematic. Non-profit organizations are star industry of 21-th century. How to manage a non-profit organization well and keep it sustainable forever, management science doesn¡¦t develop a system yet. In this research, we take Kaohsiung as a case study to use complex system in managing non-profit organizations. According to complex system-- multiple objectives integrative model in population, economic, social development resource, environment and sanitation, we can make a systematic plan and forecast to help public policy and budget making. The application shows that the model could find a new way for non-profit organization management and provide a connection in theory and practice.

Abstract The concept of sustainable development in the dynamic operation concerns for the ecosystem¡¦s health, social justice and ideals of responsibility to future generations. From this point of view, the striking levels of economic growth achieved over the past few decades has been accompanied by environmental degradation, which exceeds the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems in this island. Based on the characteristics of indicators on the Commission on Sustainable Development of United Nations, this research constructs quantitative approaches to evaluate whether the historical data in Taiwan meets the relationship in DSR (Driving-force-State-Response) indicator framework of sustainable development or not. This research also formulates the social-economic-environmental multi-objective programming system to the normative value of sustainable development for planning an optimal strategy path of sustainable development in Taiwan. Moreover, this research also forms a complex system called PREE system, which population (P), resources (R), environment (E) and economy (E) could develop with sustenance, order and coordination, to make policy planning for an overall, comprehensive and systematic mechanism of sustainable development. This research aims at building the indicator system of sustainable development in Taiwan, performing regression analysis for DSR system, finding key indicators of each individual dimension of sustainable development, developing the multi-objective integrated model solved by goal programming for sustainable development, and realizing the scenario analyses with assigned priority change of objective function. The results indicate the historical data in Taiwan meets the relationship in DSR indicator framework of sustainable development. The findings illustrate that the scenario for green income accompanied by the highest priority of environmental quality is optimal under the condition of moderate-driven rate of population growth, if green income per capita is considered to be the core set. On the other hand, the findings also indicate the declining rate of population growth, the depletion of water resource and energy, and the degradation of environment. Some suggestions related to public policies for spreading the international concept of sustainable development and for the balance of socio-environment and natural resource. This research explores that such a process generates as a means for nation to understand what specific actions to take in order to simulate the allocating results of national policy affecting the social, economic and environmental system and to measure progress towards sustainable development.

This research the Kaohsiung Area University student cardholder will make two kind of analyses, One for aims at characteristic of the all sample, proposed sends the card bank to the overall market possible promotion. Two for depends on the life state variable to make an area to separate, discusses the cardholder separates the colony when the different market area, sends promotion tool and strategy which the card bank may use. And separates in the colony in the different market area, selects market of the goal marketing, and to factor of the effective influence proposed to sends the card bank actual also the effective suggestion. This research conclusion may induce is two kinds: One for aims at the overall market. In the product strategy aspect, the bank entrepreneur may use the high service quality to take the competitive advantage. In the price strategy aspect, gives compares the preferential benefit the interest rate and the handling charge. In the circuit strategy aspect, promotes staff of bank's talented person quality. In the promotion strategy aspect, ¡§the television advertisements propaganda¡¨ and ¡§recommendation the relatives and friends¡¨ is the main news origin. Two for aims at marketing suggestion the different life state. Among them, ¡§the impulse expends the sensitive group¡¨ when applies for the credit card, its news originates mainly from the network obtains the correlation data, can take to send the card bank well-knownness. Manages the card the motive mainly does not have to carry too many cashes recommendation of and for the transaction convenience for the relatives and friends. Moreover, makes the goal market by ¡§the price complimentary gift sensitive group¡¨. The product strategy aspect, picks the line of different commodity marketing strategy, the increase card design the fine degree. In the price strategy aspect, must pick the line of low circulation interest rate in the cost scope with to make up manages the expense. The circuit strategy aspect, the penetration advertisement media or the oral circuit (for example penetrate recommendation relatives and friends), by effective transmission to goal customer. In the promotion strategy aspect, picks the good dividend in the cost scope to accumulate the spot, the complimentary gift provides.