O valor nutricional e as características físico-químicas fazem com que os produtos lácteos caprinos sejam muito apreciados e tenham um alto valor agregado. Muitas bactérias láticas (BAL) possuem a capacidade de produzir compostos com propriedades benéficas à saúde, inclusive vitaminas do grupo B, como a riboflavina (B2) e o folato (B9), que participam de importantes funções metabólicas. O presente estudo objetivou isolar e identificar BAL capazes de produzir folato e riboflavina, utilizando leite de cabra cru e de queijos de cabra como fonte, para em seguida, avaliar a produção destas vitaminas em leite de cabra UHT, para estimar uma possível aplicação na produção de derivados lácteos de cabra com teores mais altos destas vitaminas. Um total de 179 isolados de BAL, sendo 87 provenientes de leite e 92 de queijos, foram obtidas e analisados quanto à produção de folato e de riboflavina extracelular (EC) e intracelular (IC), empregando-se ensaios microbiológicos apropriados. A produção de folato em meio de cultura a 37ºC foi observada em 151 isolados (84,4%) e de riboflavina em 15 isolados (8,4%), sendo que 14 produziram as duas vitaminas concomitantemente. A média da produção folato total (EC + IC) foi 138,8 µg/L, sendo que em 77 isolados (51%) a produção estava acima da média. Houve diferença significativa entre as médias de produção de folato total pelos isolados de leite e de queijo. A média da produção de riboflavina total (EC + IC) foi 363,7 µg/L, sendo que em 9 isolados (60%) a produção foi acima da média. Com base no RAPD-PCR e sequenciamento da porção 16S do rDNA, foram obtidos 19 perfis genéticos diferentes e identificadas 7 espécies, com predominância de Streptococcus thermophilus (7 isolados), Weissella paramensenteroides (6 isolados) e Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4 isolados). Oito isolados produtores de folato acima da média foram selecionados e submetidos à avaliação da produção de folato em leite de cabra UHT a 37°C, sendo 7 positivas, com média da concentração de folato total de 120,55 µg/L, variando de 12,97 a 261,91 µg/L. Os melhores produtores de folato em leite de cabra UHT foram Lc. lactis subsp. lactis FP368 e St. thermophilus FP34v, FP170v e FP268v. A concentração de folato produzido por estes isolados foi acima da média, evidenciando seu interessante potencial de aplicação na produção de novos derivados lácteos caprinos com teores aumentados desta vitamina. Por outro lado, não foi possível detectar a produção de riboflavina em leite de cabra por nenhum dos isolados testados. / Due to the high nutritional value and physicochemical characteristics, goat milk and cheeses are highly appreciated. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to produce vitamins from the B complex, such as riboflavin (B2) and folate (B9). These vitamins have important metabolic roles. The present study aimed to isolate riboflavin- and folate-producing LAB strains from goat milk and cheeses, and evaluate the potential application of those strains in the production of goat dairy products with higher content of these vitamins. A total of 179 LAB isolates were obtained from milk (87) and cheese (92) samples. The isolates were evaluated for production of extra (EC) and intracellular (IC) riboflavin and folate, applying appropriate microbiological methods. Among these isolates, 151 (84.4%) were able to produce folate, while 15 (8.4%) displayed the ability to produce riboflavin, and 14 produced both vitamins. The average production of total folate (EC + IC) was 138.8 µg/L, and the amount of folates produced by 77 isolates (51%) were above this average. The differences observed for the average production of total folate from milk and cheese isolates were statistically significant. For total riboflavin (EC+ IC), the average rate was 363.7 µg/L. Nine isolates (60%) presented production rates above the average. No significant difference was observed between the average production of total riboflafin from milk or cheese isolates (319.3 µg/L and 379.8 µg/L, respectively). Based on RAPD-PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing, 19 different genetic profiles were obtained and 7 species were identified, with predominance of Streptococcus thermophilus (7 isolates), Weissella paramensenteroides (6 isolates), and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (4 isolates). Eight isolates that produced folate above the average were selected and tested for vitamins production in UHT goat milk at 37°C. Seven isolates produced an average of 120.55 µg/L of folate in the milk and concentration varied from 12.97 to 261,91 µg/L. The best folate producers were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis FP368, Streptococcus thermophilus FP34v, Streptococcus thermophilus FP170v and Streptococcus thermophilus FP268v. The amount of folate produced by these isolates surpassed the average, and was above the amounts described in other studies, evidencing their potential application in the production of goat dairy products with higher content of folate. None of the tested isolates was able to produce riboflavin in UHT goat milk.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Animal Nutrition)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Refer to document

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 738842 bytes, checksum: f859e9c142cb3bfbdc96142d10b83ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The development of functional goat dairy products is a viable alternative to add value to goat milk and to popularize new functional foods, considering the growing demand for foods with high nutritional quality, tasteful and promoters of well-being and health. This study aimed to produce chocolate goat dairy beverages with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis and evaluate the effects of goat cheese whey and prebiotics (inulin and oligofructose) on the physicochemical parameters and sensory features of the beverages during 28 days of refrigerated storage. Seven formulations of dairy beverages were analyzed for protein, fat, ash and lactose immediately after production, and submitted to physicochemical analysis (titratable acidity, total solids, pH, syneresis, apparent viscosity) and microbiological analysis, including B. lactis viability, after 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Sensory acceptability was determined after 14 days. All formulations had decreased pH and concomitant increase in the acidity during refrigerated storage. Beverages made with the lowest amounts of whey (F1 and F3) had greater decrease in pH from 14 days of storage. The apparent viscosity increased up to 21 days for all formulations, and up to 28 days for F4 (6 g 100 g - 1 prebiotics and 45 mL 100 mL -1 whey), possibly related to the higher amounts of whey and inulin. B. lactis showed counts between 6 and 8 log CFU mL-1. F4 presented the highest average in sensory attributes flavor and aroma. Apparently, larger amounts of prebiotics and whey in the beverage enhance the flavor perception, which may be a consequence of the intensification of cocoa flavor and / or lower acidity perception. Thus, F4 was the formulation that best represented the desirability profile chosen for the probiotic chocolate goat dairy beverage as best viscosity and improved sensory features. / O desenvolvimento de derivados lácteos funcionais de cabra é uma alternativa viável para agregação de valor ao leite de cabra e popularização de novos alimentos funcionais, considerando a crescente demanda por alimentos com qualidade nutricional, sabor agradável e promotores de bem-estar e saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar bebidas lácteas achocolatadas de cabra (F1 a F7) contendo Bifidobacterium lactis e avaliar os efeitos do soro de queijo de cabra e do prebiótico Synergy 1® (inulina e oligofrutose) sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais durante 28 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. As bebidas lácteas foram avaliadas imediatamente após a fabricação quanto à proteína, gordura, cinzas e lactose, submetidas às análises físico-químicas (acidez titulável, sólidos totais, pH, sinérese, viscosidade aparente) e microbiológicas, incluindo a viabilidade da B. lactis, durante o armazenamento após 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Após 14 dias de armazenamento foi determinada a aceitabilidade sensorial. Todas as formulações tiveram uma diminuição do pH concomitante a um aumento na acidez ao longo do armazenamento refrigerado. As bebidas formuladas com menor quantidade de soro (F1 e F3) tiveram uma queda maior no pH a partir de 14 dias de armazenamento. As formulações F3 e F4 (contendo 6 g 100 g-1 de prebiótico) apresentaram teor de sólidos totais significativamente mais elevados. A viscosidade aparente aumentou até 21 dias em todas as formulações, e para F4 (maiores proporções de soro e de prebióticos - 45 mL 100 mL-1 e 6 g 100 mL-1 - respectivamente) este aumento se estendeu até os 28 dias, possivelmente relacionado à influência do soro e da inulina. Durante todo o período estudado B. lactis apresentou contagens entre 6 e 8 log UFC mL-1, sendo a maior viabilidade observada para a formulação F1 (8,13±0,03 UFC mL-1). A maior mediana nos atributos sabor e aroma foi observada para F4. Aparentemente uma maior quantidade de prebiótico na bebida melhorou a percepção do sabor, o que pode ser uma consequência da intensificação do sabor de cacau e ou da menor percepção da acidez. Já o aumento do soro melhorou a percepção do aroma na bebida láctea. Assim, F4 foi a formulação que melhor representou o perfil de desejabilidade escolhido para a bebida láctea probiótica achocolatada de cabra, como melhor viscosidade e características sensoriais.

RAMOS, Marcela Oliveira. Caracterização do perfil produtivo e contagem total de bactérias de leite de cabra em unidades de base familiar nos estados do Ceará e do Rio Grande do Norte. 2012. 89 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:22:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_moramos.pdf: 887113 bytes, checksum: 106cbab54ef97b66390f98a7327de9f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:22:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_moramos.pdf: 887113 bytes, checksum: 106cbab54ef97b66390f98a7327de9f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T13:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_moramos.pdf: 887113 bytes, checksum: 106cbab54ef97b66390f98a7327de9f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Grande do Norte and Ceará, to promote the sustainable development of dairy goat in semi-arid northeastern Brazil. Information related to socio-economic profile of producers and production systems used were obtained through personal interviews using a questionnaire applied to 19 properties in Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará 10 properties. The quality of milk was determined by Total Bacterial Count (TBC) in samples collected after the morning milking for a period of three days before and three days after the adoption of good practices recommended by the project milking “Kit Manual for Embrapa Milking Goats dairy “. In both states, the production systems in MPUs characterized by being so extensive and low technological application, limited water and forage resources in semi-arid. It was found that there are difficulties related to nutritional managements, reproductive health and milking procedures adopted, and the need to sensitize producers with information to promote goat rearing as well as ensure that the final product is inserted in the market with quality. In evaluating the quality of milk, the average TBC found were 5.2 x 105 UFC / mL and 4, 1 x 105 UFC / mL before and after the use of technological kit respectively, since the quality of milk produced after use kit technology within the parameters of hygiene and quality established by the legislation. It is concluded that the exploitation of dairy goats in northeastern states as a technical activity economically viable, provided that use appropriate technologies and to prioritize, especially food and health management. / Objetivou-se avaliar os sistemas de produção e a qualidade do leite de rebanhos caprinos de Unidades Produtoras de Leite (UPLs) de base familiar dos Estados do Rio Grande do Norte e do Ceará, visando avaliar a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável da caprinocultura leiteira na região semi-árida do Nordeste brasileiro. As informações relacionadas ao perfil sócio-econômico dos produtores e aos sistemas de produção utilizados foram obtidas através de entrevistas individuais e presenciais utilizando-se questionário aplicado em 19 propriedades no Rio Grande do Norte e 10 propriedades no Ceará. A qualidade do leite foi determinada pela Contagem Total de Bactérias (CBT) em amostras coletadas após a ordenha matinal por um período de três dias antes e três dias depois da adoção de boas práticas da ordenha recomendadas pelo projeto “Kit Embrapa de Ordenha Manual para Caprinos Leiteiros”. Em ambos os Estados, os sistemas de produção nas UPLs foram caracterizados como extensivo e com baixa aplicação de tecnologia, limitados pelos recursos forrageiros e hídricos do semi-árido. Verificou-se que há dificuldades relacionadas aos manejos nutricional, reprodutivo, sanitário e nos procedimentos de ordenha adotados, além da necessidade de sensibilizar os caprinocultores com informações que promovam a criação de cabras, bem como garantir que o produto final seja inserido com qualidade no mercado. Na avaliação da qualidade do leite, as médias de CTB encontradas foram de 5,2 x 105 UFC/mL e 4, 1 x 105 UFC/mL para antes e após o uso do kit tecnológico respectivamente, sendo possível afirmar que o kit ordenha apresenta 21,15% de eficiência, tornando a qualidade do leite produzido dentro dos parâmetros de higiene e qualidade estabelecidos pela legislação. Conclui-se que a exploração de caprinos leiteiros nestes Estados caracteriza-se como uma atividade técnica economicamente viável, desde que utilizadas tecnologias adequadas e que priorizem, principalmente, o manejo alimentar e sanitário.

Eight glaciers, covering an area of 1.63 km2, reside on the northern and northeastern slopes of the Goat Rocks tallest peaks in the Cascades of central Washington. At least three glacial stands occurred downstream from these glaciers. Closest to modern glacier termini are Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines that were deposited between 1870 and 1899 AD, according to the lichenometric analysis. They are characterized by sharp, minimally eroded crests, little to no soil cover, and minimal vegetation cover. Glacier reconstructions indicate that LIA glaciers covered 8.29 km2, 76% more area than modern ice coverage. The average LIA equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of 1995 ± 70 m is ~150 m below the average modern ELA of 2149 ± 76 m. To satisfy climate conditions at the LIA ELA, the winter snow accumulation must have been 8 to 43 cm greater and mean summer temperatures 0.2 to 1.3 ºC cooler than they are now. Late Pleistocene to early Holocene (LPEH) aged moraines are located between 100 and 400 m below the LIA deposits. They have degraded moraine crests, few surface boulders, and considerable vegetation and soil cover. Volcanic ashes indicate LPEH moraines were deposited before 1480 AD while morphometric data suggest deposition during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. The average LPEH ELA of 1904 ± 110 m is ~ 240 m and ~90 m below the modern and LIA ELAs, respectively. The climate change necessary to maintain a glacier with an ELA at that elevation for LPEH conditions requires the winter accumulation to increase by 47 to 48 cm weq and the mean summer temperature to cool by 1.4 to 1.5 ºC. Last glacial maximum (LGM) moraines are located more than 30 km downstream from modern glacial termini. They are characterized by hummocky topography, rounded moraine crests, complete vegetation cover, and well developed soil cover. Moraine morphometry, soil characteristics, and distance from modern glacial termini indicate that deposition occurred at least 15 ka BP during an expansive cooling event, the last being the LGM. The LGM ELA of 1230 m is ~920 m below the modern ELA. The climate change necessary to maintain a glacier with an ELA at that elevation for LGM conditions requires the mean summer temperature to cool by 5.6 ºC with no change in precipitation.

The effect of post-weaning supplementation of April-born Polypay and White Dorper lambs grazing alfalfa/orchardgrass pasture during two grazing seasons from June to September was studied. One hundred seventy Polypay and 133 White Dorper lambs were randomly allotted to supplemented (2% BW daily) and unsupplemented groups. It was discovered that Polypay lambs weighed more than White Dorpers at wearning, when the grazing season began, and at the end of the 80 (Year 1) and 85 (Year 2) grazing season (P < 0.01). Polypay lambs gained faster (P < 0.01) than White Dorpers. Supplemented lambs gained faster (P < 0.01) than unsupplemented and Polypays had a greater response to supplementation (P < 0.01) than White Dorpers. Polypays had higher (P < 0.01) fecal egg counts, an indicator of Haemonchus contortus infestation. Supplementation did not have any consistent effect on reducing Haemonchus contortus infestation. Differences in forage characteristics of Polypay and White Dorper lambs did appear. Differences in alfalfa and orchardgrass dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein availability were measured by subtracting enter from exit availabilities. The largest decrease of alfalfa components from exit to enter was found with unsupplemented Polypays. No consistent effect was found for orchardgrass components.

Sheep and goat formed the foundation of pastoral activity across the Central Asian steppe through the Bronze Age. Theories of pastoral activity have assumed that flocks were uniform in association with ethnic groups that crossed the steppe with new ceramic forms and technologies. This study investigated differences between flocks of sheep and goat across the eastern Kazakh steppe in the Late and Final Bronze Age to elucidate the potential for animal exchange and mobility. Geometric morphometric techniques were applied to archaeological astragali from Ovis aries and Capra hircus. The methods for measurement and analysis were carefully developed to control only for inherited characteristics that relate to environmentally driven adaptations in the movement of the hind limb. Efficiency of movement in this limb is tied to survival and reproductive success of animals. Specimens were selected from three archaeological sites located in different ecozones across the steppe to maximize ecological variability. Geometric morphometric results revealed that flocks of sheep exhibited unique astragalus morphology, indicating that crossbreeding and exchange did not occur between sites. These sites were also subjected to full zooarchaeological analyses to investigate variability of economic subsistence patterns. The total number of species as well as investigations into survival and skeletal body part representation revealed that each site had unique subsistence patterns that were related to local ecological resource availability, despite material culture links. This variability in subsistence patterns and flock uniformity indicate that animal trade was not a feature of steppe networks. Local lifeways were specific to small patches of the steppe, despite overarching shared material cultures.

Chester Stock in 1936 described Harrington's extinct mountain goat, Oreamnos harringtoni, based upon six skeletal elements recovered from Smith Creek Cave, Nevada. Until recently it was rarely encountered in fossil deposits of western North America and was inadequately understood. One hundred ten skeletal elements recovered from eight dry cave and wood rat midden deposits in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, enable a re-examination and redescription of the extinct species. Characters of the skull indicate that O. harringtoni was distinct from, yet similar to O. americanus, the living form. The extinct species was generally smaller overall than O. americanus, with proportionally more robust jaws. Occasionally, the fossil forms are as large as the extant species. Preserved keratinous horn sheaths and large cuboid dung pellets assigned to O. harringtoni provide carbon isotope ages directly on the extinct species. The youngest age determined on horn sheaths is 12,580±520 B.P., while the youngest age from large cuboid dung pellets is 10,870±200 B.P., both from Stanton's Cave. Hair assigned to the extinct species indicates that it had a white coat. Plant fragments in the dung indicate it ate predominantly grasses, but it also browsed heavily on Ceonothus-Cercocarpus, Prunus, Pseudotsuga, and Sphaeralcea. Oreamnos harringtoni appears to have been restricted to the Great Basin-Intermountain Region, and evolved from an ancestral population of O. americanus since the Sangomonian, in less than 100,000 years. The species became extinct by approximately 11,000 B.P.

This thesis argues that presence in the performing arts can be reconceived, via the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, as an encounter with difference or ‘differential presence’ which is variously defined as immanence, destratification, affect/becoming, and duration. These definitions are developed through a series of four analyses of exemplary performance practices: 1) The Living Theatre; 2) Antonin Artaud; 3) Allan Kaprow and 4) Goat Island. Chapter One recuperates the Living Theatre from a dominant narrative of ‘failure’, aided by the Deleuzian concepts of ontological participation, immanence, production/creation and ‘the people to come’. Reframing the company as pioneers of methods such as audience participation and collective creation, the chapter argues that their theatrical ambition is irreducible to some simple pursuit of undifferentiated presence (as authenticity or communion). Chapter Two provides an exposition of three key concepts emerging in the encounter between Artaud and Deleuze: the body without organs, the theatre without organs, and the destratified voice. The chapter proposes that To have done with the judgment of god constitutes an instance of a theatre without organs that uses the destratified voice in a pursuit of differential presence – as a nonrepresentative encounter with difference that forces new thoughts upon us. Chapter Three defines differential presence in relation to Deleuze’s concepts of affect and becoming-imperceptible and Kaprow’s concepts of ‘experienced insight’, nonart, ‘becoming “the whole”’, and attention. The chapter argues that Kaprow and Deleuze share a concern to theorize the practice of participating in actuality beyond the subject/object distinction, in a manner that promotes an ethico-political sense of taking part in “the whole”. Finally, Chapter Four focuses on the temporal aspect of differential presence, arguing that through slowness, waiting, repetition and imitation, Goat Island’s performance work acknowledges and responds to ‘the need to open ourselves affectively to the actuality of others’ (Mullarkey 2003: 488).

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Tankwa goats have been free-ranging in the Tankwa Karoo National Park in the Northern Cape for more than 80 years. A genetic study concluded that these feral goats are a unique genetic resource compared to other goat breeds in South Africa and should be conserved as a distinctive population. A decision taken by the South African National Parks who is the managing authority in the park, was to remove all alien species, which included the Tankwa goats. Several animals were translocated to the Carnarvon Research Station by the Northern Cape Department of Agriculture, Land Reform & Rural Development, where the Tankwa goat population has grown to a few hundred individuals. Currently, sound scientific decisions including the application of a wide range of technologies and approaches are applied to conserve the population, such as an informed understanding of the reproductive biology of these goats. The aim of this study was to define sperm quality in Tankwa goats using various macroscopic and microscopic evaluation techniques.