Pasture plants already adapted to acidic soil conditions are required as part of an integrated approach (with lime amelioration) to managing acid soils on the Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of Austrodanthonia species for this purpose. The material evaluated in this study was collected during a previous survey of the distribution of Austrodanthonia on the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales. It was hypothesised that the genus Austrodanthonia has a wide range of tolerance to acid soils. A series of experiments that provided information on the growth and physiology of Austrodanthonia in relation to soil acidity, with a view to the identification and eventual domestication of the most promising plant material have been conducted through pot, hydroponics and field investigations. Firstly, soils were acidified or limed to obtain a range of soil pH and Al concentrations. This experiment showed that adding aluminium sulfate and calcium carbonate followed by washing excess salts with water is a simple, rapid and convenient method for adjusting soil pH for pot experiments. The pH of the amended soils remained relatively unchanged eight months after treatment. The experimental set-up also resulted in a wide range of soluble Al (2-52 mg/kg) across the soils. The relative Al-tolerance of 183 accessions from 15 Austrodanthonia species was tested in a pot experiment using a range of soil pH. Emergence, survival and growth of all accessions were drastically reduced by high soil acidity (pH 3.9, P < 0.001). About 11% of plants emerged at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.4 and 5.3, ~72% of plants emerged. Accessions exhibited large variation within and between species in their tolerance to soil acidity. From the species/accessions tested, 49 accessions from eight species were selected for further study (on the basis of being more acid tolerant). Hydroponic experiments conducted in the glasshouse evaluated: (i) formulation of nutrient solution with a stable pH, (ii) effectiveness of the formulation using tap water and deionised water and (iii) estimation of free ion activities of Al and Mn in the nutrient solution and their effects on Austrodanthonia growth. These experiments showed that a NO3-N/NH4-N ratio of 9:4 is the most appropriate ratio to obtain a stable pH 4.0 without affecting plant growth; that there was little difference between tap water and deionised water on the ionic effects of Al and Mn, and plant-size did not play a role on accession survival and that accessions of Austrodanthonia could grow well within a wide range of pH (3.5-5.5), Al (50-250 �M) and Mn (100-2000 �M). Growth of Austrodanthonia accessions declined under high acidity (pH < 3.5) and Al (300 �M), but tolerated high concentrations of Mn (2000 �M). Root-tips stained with hematoxylin grouped accessions in a similar way to the pot and hydroponic experiments for most of the accessions tested. The intensity of root staining with hematoxylin and the differential distribution of Al in the shoots and roots provided an indication that different tolerance mechanisms may be involved with Austrodanthonia accessions. It appears that both exclusion and internal mechanisms may operate for Al- and Mn-tolerance. A field experiment was conducted at Carcoar (33037�S, 149013�E, elevation 800 m) using gradients in soil pH and Al available on-site to grow selected accessions of Austrodanthonia. The accessions exhibited a range of responses to soil acidity. The accession responses to acidity from the pot and hydroponic experiments were similar to those obtained in the field, especially where Al was present as a low Al-challenge. Overall, this study shows that Austrodanthonia exhibits a wide range of acid tolerance between species and accessions within species. Among the species tested, A. duttoniana and A. fulva appeared to have the greatest commercial potential, because of their productivity and acid tolerance. The variability that exists in the accessions may be exploitable in breeding and selection programs for improved cultivars.

Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2003

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Biological Sciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sheri S. Tepper, one of the most prolific feminist science fiction writers, uses her novels to address humanity‟s ignorance about, and indifference towards, various social, gender and environmental issues, and in so doing, she attempts to rectify these issues by creating an awareness of them. Her novels generally focus on four main issues: motherhood, both as ideology and experience; the essentialized nature and acceptance of the superiority of masculinity; the influence of religions, traditions and ideologies; and an ever-increasing concern for environmental preservation. These issues are all interlinked in her novels. Though some of her works have received critical attention, most notably The Gate to Women’s Country (1988) and Gibbon’s Decline and Fall (1996), most have received little. I will present a critical analysis of Tepper‟s Grass (1989) – a novel which has received some critical attention – and The Fresco (2000) – a novel which has received very little critical attention. Although these novels deal with the same issues, they do so in different ways: Grass is a much more layered critique of modern society, whereas The Fresco is a rather blatant critique and the passionate voice of its author filters through more prominently than in Grass. I will be examining Tepper‟s portrayal of motherhood, masculinity and the influence of ideologies, religions and traditions in both of these novels. Although there will not be a section devoted to Tepper‟s environmental views, these will be highlighted within the other sections. Tepper ultimately stands for women‟s rights to opt for motherhood as a free choice. She also insists that ideologies, religions and traditions – society‟s oppressive straitjackets – should adapt to modernity, and that the acceptance of masculinity as the dominant gender be destabilized. Rectifying these problems, in Tepper‟s view, would also lead to the preservation of the environment for future generations. In my conclusion I address the most frequent critique directed against Tepper‟s work, namely that her novels are repetitive with regard to thematic content, by suggesting that her work is repetitive because she feels the need to reiterate the same issues in her novels, to indicate that the same societal problems of the past are still prevalent. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sheri S. Teper, een van die vernaamste feminis-wetenskapfisksie skryfsters, gebruik haar romans om die mensdom se onkunde oor, en onverskilligheid teenoor, verskeie sosiale-, geslags- en omgewingskwessies aan te spreek in „n poging om hierdie kwessies op te los deur mense meer bewus te maak van die kwessies. Haar romans fokus gewoonlik op vier hoof kwessies wat aan mekaar verbind is: moederskap, beide as ideologiese en fisiese ervaring; die genoodsaakte aanvaarding van manlikheid as die dominante geslag; die invloed van gelowe, tradisies, en ideologieë op die samelewing; en „n toenemende besorgheid oor die bewaring van die omgewing. Alhoewel sommige van haar romans kritiese aandag ontvang het, in besonder The Gate to Women’s Country (1988) en Gibbon’s Decline and Fall (1996), het die meeste baie min kritiese aandag ontvang. Ek beoog dus om twee van Tepper se romans, Grass (1989) en The Fresco (2000), krities te ontleed. Alhoewel Grass ietwat meer kritiese aandag ontvang het, het The Fresco byna geen kritiese aandag ontvang nie. Beide die romans spreek dieselfde kwessies aan, maar in verskillende maniere: Grass is a baie meer subtiele kritiek van die moderne samelewing, terwyl The Fresco „n baie meer flagrante kritiek is en die passievolle stem van die outeur is baie meer opmerklik in diè roman. Ek beoog om Tepper se uitbeelding van moederskap, manlikheid en die invloed van ideologieë, gelowe en tradisies in beide hierdie romans ondersoek. Hoewel daar nie „n spesifieke seksie gaan wees wat opgedra is aan die ondersoek van Tepper se omgewingsboodskap nie, sal dit tog uitgelig word in ander seksies. Daar sal gewys word dat Tepper vir die regte van vroue staan om moederskap vrylik te kan kies. Sy beveel ook aan dat dat ideologieë, gelowe en tradisies moet aan pas by die vereistes van moderne samelewing, en dat die aanvaarding van manlikheid as die dominante geslag omgekeer moet word. Deur hierdie probleme reg te maak, in Tepper se opinie, sal dit lei tot die bewaring van die omgewing vir toekomstige generasies. In my gevolgtrekking spreek ek een van die algemeenste kritieke teen Tepper se romans aan, naamlik dat die tematiese inhoud herhalend is. Ek voel dat die werklike probleem is dat Tepper dit nodig ag om dieselfde kwessies uit te beeld, aangesien dit aan dui dat probleme van die verlede steeds voorkom in die huidige samelewing.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaSBF_TESE.pdf: 2706042 bytes, checksum: e909d3cb5ee177d47cc6917725b38335 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In recent years, the area of advanced materials has been considerably, especially when it comes to materials for industrial use, such as is the case with structured porosity of catalysts suitable for catalytic processes. The use of catalysts combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the oxygenate production of high added value, because, in addition to increasing the yield and quality of products, allows you to manipulate the selectivity to a product of interest, and therefore allows greater control over the characteristics of the final product. Based on these arguments, in this work were prepared titanium catalysts supported on MCM-41 for use in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, called elephant grass. The reactions of pyrolysis of biomass were performed in a micro pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC / MS, the company CDS Corporation, headquartered in the United States. The catalysts Ti-MCM-41 in different molar ratios were characterized by XRD, TG / DTG, FT-IR, SEM, XRF, UV-visible adsorption of nitrogen and the distribution of particle diameter and specific surface area measurement by the BET method. From the catalytic tests it was observed that the catalysts synthesized showed good results for the pyrolysis reaction.The main products were obtained a higher yield of aldehydes, ketones and furan. It was observed that the best reactivity is a direct function of the ratio Si/Ti, nature and concentration of the active species on mesoporous supports. Among the catalysts Ti-MCM-41 (molar ratio Si / Ti = 25 and 50), the ratio Si / Ti = 25 (400 ? C and 600 ? C) favored the cracking of oxygenates such as acids , aldehydes, ketones, furans and esters. Already the sample ratio Si / Ti = 50 had the highest yield of aromatic oxygenates / Nos ?ltimos anos, a ?rea de materiais tem avan?ado consideravelmente, principalmente, quando se trata de materiais para uso industrial, como ? o caso de catalisadores estruturados com porosidade adequada para os processos catal?ticos. O uso de catalisadores combinados ao processo de pir?lise r?pida ? uma alternativa para a produ??o de compostos oxigenados de alto valor agregado, pois, al?m de elevar o rendimento e qualidade dos produtos, permite manipular a seletividade para um produto de interesse e, portanto, permite um maior controle sobre as caracter?sticas do produto final. Com base nesses argumentos, neste trabalho foram preparados catalisadores de tit?nio suportados em MCM-41 para uso em pir?lise catal?tica da biomassa, denominada de capim elefante. As rea??es de pir?lise da biomassa foram realizadas em um micro pirolisador, Py-5200, acoplado ao GC/MS, da empresa CDS Corporation, sediada nos Estados Unidos. Os catalisadores Ti-MCM-41, em diferentes raz?es molares, foram caracterizados por DRX, TG/DTG, FT-IR, MEV, FRX, UV-Vis?vel, adsor??o de nitrog?nio, distribui??o de di?metro de part?culas e medidas de ?rea espec?fica pelo m?todo BET. A partir dos testes catal?ticos foi poss?vel observar que os catalisadores sintetizados apresentaram bons resultados para a rea??o de pir?lise. Entre os catalisadores Ti-MCM-41 (raz?es molares Si/Ti = 25 e 50), o de raz?o Si/Ti=25 (temperatura de 400?C e 600?C) favoreceu o craqueamento de compostos oxigenados, tais como, ?cidos, alde?dos, cetonas, furanos e ?steres. J? a amostra de raz?o Si/Ti = 50 apresentou maior rendimento de arom?ticos oxigenados

The aim of the thesis is to assess the changes in production and structure of surface biomass (the proportion of grasses, clovers and other plants) and its chemical compound in scythed and pastured grass areas in the monitored areas in the Mlýnský potok basin in years 2012 and 2014. The area is situated on the right bank of Lipno dam in Pasečná land register, 784 820 meters above sea-level. There were established three permanent sampling points in the pastured as well as scythed areas in the Mlýnský potok basin. Four samples of biomass from the area of 1 sq m were collected in each of these sampling points. These were collected on 20th June 2012, 11th September 2012, 17th June 2014 and 10th September 2014. The collected biomass was then divided into agro-botanical groups (grasses, clovers and other plants) and afterwards it was dried and weighed. The chemical analysis was conducted by a certified laboratory AGRO-LA, Ltd. in Jindřichův Hradec. The aim of the analysis was to find out the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium. By assessing the development of the overall production of the biomass in 2012 and 2014 in the sampling area we found out a considerable decline of biomass in scythed areas and an increasing difference in the average amount of biomass between scythed and pastured areas during the monitored period. These findings were assessed as statistically conclusive. By assessing the development of overall proportions of the agro-botanical groups we could see a substantial decrease in grasses and on the other hand an increase of clovers and other plants in scythed areas compared to pastured areas. The difference between the proportion of grasses and other plants proved to be statistically conclusive. By assessing the development in difference of the overall average amount of nitrogen in the biomass, there emerged a considerable increase in the amount of nitrogen regardless the way of management. As far as phosphorus is concerned, we found out a decreasing difference in its amount between scythed and pastured areas. The amount of potassium was considerably lower in scythed areas, whereas calcium showed the exact opposite. Statistically conclusive were the findings of substantial increase of nitrogen in the surface biomass and also the changes in the amount of potassium and calcium due to the management. By evaluating these outcomes we confirmed that the permanent grass areas have a very variable productive and structural potential which holds true also for their chemical compound.

The thesis in the first part deals with the characteristics of major equipment as a source of coarse fodder for preservation. Given the difficult preservability is more prominent characteristic of legumes and their importance in the cultivation of coarse fodder. It describes the significance of clover-grass mixtures in the production of coarse fodder. Methods of harvesting and conservation of grassland biomass. It is also described silage corn, the preservability, harvest methods and importance in animal nutrition. Quality coarse fodder and the factors affecting it. Influence the quality of the biomass input on preservation processes. Furthermore, also deals with the procedures and principles of the production of silage, hay and silage, preservatives and finally summarizes the deterioration of the quality of silage and forage and impact deteriorated for receiving fodder and animal performance.The second part is focused on the monitoring of sensory properties and quality assessment laboratory conserved forage preservation in different ways - loose hay, hay bales, silage pits in silage, clover silage bales and silage in silage pits on lands selected agricultural cooperative. In conclusion, the most important measures designed to improve the quality of canned food.

A dissertação teve como ponto de partida a recuperação de experiências traumáticas através de memórias individuais e consequentemente coletivas como base para a construção da própria identidade, tendo como corpus principal os romances Passo de caranguejo (Im Krebsgang, 2002), de Günter Grass, e Diário da queda (2011), de Michel Laub, visto que ambas são produções contemporâneas problematizam a escrita e a memória frente a eventos traumáticos, no caso, a Segunda Guerra Mundial e suas decorrências. A partir de textos literários e teóricos de diversos campos, buscou-se analisar comparativamente as representações em decorrência de traumas. Ou seja, a metodologia a ser utilizada neste projeto encontra-se em concordância com os estudos intertextuais, não se prendendo a limites teóricos, sejam eles literários ou não. Quanto ao corpus de pesquisa, as narrativas literárias apresentam a problemática da escritura sobre um evento traumático através das memórias de sobreviventes, porém com a narração ocorrendo através de uma geração afastada do epicentro, o que vem a causar um “esquecimento” por parte do narrador, além da fragmentação do texto e da suspeita por parte do leitor neste personagem que tem o poder da fala, traços típicos da literatura contemporânea Grass, em 2002, e Laub, em 2011, retomam o tema da Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estado Nazista e Shoá para pensarem o indivíduo do século XXI. Mesmo localizadas em espaços geograficamente distantes (Alemanha e Brasil), as narrativas demonstram a profunda relação entre passado e presente de seus personagens em função da Segunda Guerra e da incessante busca por suas origens identitárias. Ao considerarmos a necessidade da narração para a libertação das dores do mundo vil, a hipótese da escrita como exercício de compreensão do passado e do presente é confirmada em ambas as narrativas, perpassando o desenvolvimento de novas formas de expressão, incluindo a própria linguagem, a qual se mostra incompleta frente à realidade. / This thesis has as its source the recovery of traumatic experiences as basis for the construction of identity through individual and, accordingly, collective memory. The mainly corpus for this study is novels Crabwalk (Im Krebsgang, 2002), by German writer Günter Grass, and Diary of the Fall (Diário da Queda, 2011), by Brazilian writer Michel Laub, because they are both contemporary production which problematize writing and memory in the face of traumatic events, in this case the Second World War and its consequences. Based on different literary and theoretic texts from different areas, I intended to comparatively analyze the representations that result from trauma. In other words, the methodology I use in this project is in concordance with Intertextual Study, and it is not restricted to theoretical limits, being them literary or not. About my research corpus, the two literary narratives present the problems of writing about a traumatic event through the memory of survivors, but the narration happens through a generation away from the epicenter; this causes a “forgetfulness” on the side of the narrator, and thus, the fragmentation of the text and the reader’s suspicion about this character who has the power of speech – all of this are common traces of contemporary literature Grass, in 2002, and Laub, in 2011, resume Second World War, Nazi State and Shoa themes to think about the subject of the XXI Century. Even if they happen in geographically distant places (Germany and Brazil), the narratives show a deep relation between their characters’ present and past due to the Second World War and to the unceasing search for their identity origins. By considering the necessity of narration to the deliverance from pains of the vile world, I confirm the hypothesis of writing as an exercise of comprehension of present and past in both narratives; and this writing also pass through the development of new expression forms, including language itself, which shows itself incomplete in face of reality.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental do INIA La Estanzuela, em Colonia del Sacramento – Uruguai, de novembro de 2015 a março de 2017, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros relacionados à produção e qualidade de sementes da espécie Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé. Buscou-se o entendimento dos componentes do rendimento de sementes frente a distintos níveis de fertilização nitrogenada e manejo de cortes. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completamente casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de fertilização nitrogenada (0, 75, 150 e 225 kg de N.ha-1) e três momentos de corte: corte precoce, corte tardio e sem corte, formando um arranjo fatorial 4x3. O padrão para realização do corte foi a fração da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada pelas plantas (50% para corte precoce e 80% para corte tardio). Para cada ano de estudo foram utilizados distintos locais dentro da mesma estação experimental a fim de avaliar a produção de sementes de plantas com idade similar (3 anos de idade), os quais foram denominados ambiente 2016 e ambiente 2017, sendo que no ambiente 2016 ocorreu maior deficiência hídrica no solo A aplicação de N possibilitou o incremento na massa de forragem, teor de proteína bruta, índice de nutrição nitrogenada e no número de perfilhos. A máxima produtividade de sementes alcançada situou-se próxima de 1000 kg.ha-1, rendimento atingido com 150 kg de N.ha-1 no ambiente 2016 e na dose 75 no ambiente 2017. Tal produtividade foi obtida com a realização de duas colheitas anuais, que foi possibilitada com a utilização de corte precoce e sem corte. Com o uso de corte tardio, por outro lado, foi possível a realização de apenas uma colheita anual, o que determinou menor rendimento total de sementes, porém possibilitou maior rendimento em apenas uma colheita. Com relação ao potencial germinativo das sementes, observamos que em situações de déficit hídrico, as plantas com suprimento de N comprometem a qualidade de sementes e favorecem o crescimento vegetativo, no caso de colheitas precoces. Por outro lado, a germinação foi melhorada quando aplicado nitrogênio associado ao corte tardio. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o ecótipo Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé possui bom rendimento de sementes, o qual é positivamente influenciado pela fertilização nitrogenada e aplicação de corte precoce. / The present work was developed at the INIA La Estanzuela Experimental Station, in Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, from November 2015 to March 2017, with the objective of evaluating the parameters related to the production and quality of seeds of the specie Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé. We aimed understanding of the components of the seed yield under different levels of nitrogen fertilization and cutting management. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. The treatments consisted of twelve factorial combinations of nitrogen fertilization doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg of N.ha-1) and three cutting times: early cut, late cut and no cut, totaling a factorial arrangement 4x3. The standard for cutting was the fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the plants (50% for early cutting and 80% for late cutting). For each year of study, different locations were used within the same experimental station in order to evaluate the seed production of plants with similar age (3 years old), which were named environment 2016 and environment 2017, wherein in the environment 2016 occurred greater soil water deficit The application of N promoted the increase in forage mass, crude protein content, nitrogen nutrition index and the number of tillers. The maximum seed yield reached was close to 1000 kg.ha-1, yield reached with 150 kg of N.ha-1 in the environment 2016 and at dose 75 in the environment 2017. Such productivity was obtained by performing two harvests annually, which was possible by the use of early cutting and uncut treatments. However, with late cutting was possible to perform only one annual harvest, which resulted in lower total seed yield, but with a higher yield in only one harvest. Regarding to the seed germination, we observed that in situations of water deficit, plants with N supply compromise their seed quality in detriment of vegetative growth in the case of early harvests. On the other hand, the germination was improved when N was associated with late cut. In this way, we concluded that Paspalum notatum INIA Sepé ecotype has a good seed yield, which is positively influenced by nitrogen fertilization and early cut application.

Thesis deals with renewables resources, potential of biomass and plants phytomass. We focused on the cultivation of selected energy crops, as perennial grasses Elymus elongatus (subsp. ponticus, cv. Szarvasi-1), reed canary grass, miscanthus sinensis and annual crops of maize and sorghum. The practical part is aimed to the establishment of small plot trials with a variety Szarvasi-1, reed canary grass and miscanthus. We described the methods of field experiment establishing with crop Szarvasi-1 of their treatment and harvest. The results of our own experiments we compared with the literature data. The last part deals with the economy of growing selected crops.