Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Levy Henrique Bittencourt Neto.pdf: 3920216 bytes, checksum: 80847dd6801cc953366dc5479e5ede81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-13 / The main objective of this work is to develop a comparative study of the signs that compose the narrative of the digital game trilogy God of War with that ones presents on Greek myths and tragedies. It is intended to understand the tragic narrative in God of War trilogy from the perspective of CS Peirce s semiotics, with the support off specific theories about the Greek tragic period. Were chosen philosophical theories, and historical literature about the tragic period of ancient Greece, by authors such as Albin Lesky, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Pierre Vidal-Naquet and Friedrich Nietzsche. To this end, it starts from a general discussion about the media, especially digital ones. The aim of this approach is to demonstrate how certain aspects of a media pass to another. The content of a medium is always another medium, and thus, over time, the media are in constant interplay. This is an important notion because it is how the tragic sign could reach our age. It is possible to understand this appropriation of a philosophical concept, distant in time and space, through the behavior of the media. The method used to verify the hypothesis of the tragic sign embodiment by the God of War franchise will be the second pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce, emphasizing phenomenology and the first branch of logic - the speculative grammar. With this support, we intend to map the signs of the narrative of God of War, as well as verifying the adequacy of theories of the Greek tragedy applied to the game. Though the game to do a free reading of mythology and Greek tragedy, it s possible to see similar elements between the narrative of God of War and the tragic period. Characteristic features of the tragedy appear many times in the trilogy, like the Ares immature to the Kratos dark victory / compõem a narrativa do jogo digital God of War II e os signos presentes nas tragédias e mitos gregos. Pretende-se com o trabalho compreender a questão da narrativa trágica na trilogia God of War, sob a perspectiva da semiótica de C.S. Peirce, ao mesmo tempo em que se utilizam teorias específicas sobre o período trágico grego. Foram escolhidas as teorias filosóficas, históricas e literárias sobre o período trágico da Grécia antiga, de autores como Albin Lesky, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Pierre Vidal-Naquet e Friedrich Nietzsche. Para tanto, parte-se de uma discussão geral sobre as mídias, em especial as digitais. O objetivo dessa abordagem é demonstrar como certos aspectos de uma mídia passam para outra. Todo o conteúdo de uma mídia é sempre outra mídia, e dessa forma, ao longo do tempo, as mídias estão em constante inter-relação. Isto é uma noção importante, pois é desta forma que o signo trágico pode alcançar a nossa era. É possível entender essa apropriação de um conceito filosófico distante no tempo e espaço através do comportamento das mídias. O método utilizado para se verificar a hipótese da corporificação do signo trágico na franquia God of War será o segundo pragmatismo de Charles Sanders Peirce, dando ênfase na fenomenologia e no primeiro ramo da lógica a gramática especulativa. Com esse suporte, pretende-se mapear os signos da narrativa de God of War, assim como verificar a adequação das teorias sobre a tragédia grega aplicadas ao jogo. Apesar de o jogo fazer uma leitura livre da mitologia e tragédia grega, é possível ver elementos similares entre a narrativa de God of War e o período trágico. Traços característicos da tragédia aparecem em muitos momentos da trilogia, da tolice imatura de Ares à sombria vitória de Kratos

Dans l’Antiquité, en Grèce, la tragédie joue un rôle important dans la vie des Grecs. Il y avait des concours tragiques pendant des fêtes religieuses ; surtout, pendant les Grandes Dionysies, avait lieu le concours tragique le plus important. Beaucoup de dramaturges y participaient et trois grands tragiques ont émergé, dont Eschyle a été le premier dramaturge illustre et connu. Il s’inspirait des sources mythiques et des légendes antiques. Il posait les questions et présentait sur scène les problèmes que les Athéniens rencontraient. Il faisait réfléchir les citoyens athéniens par ses tragédies. Il a introduit de nombreux personnages féminins dans l’espace théâtral et leur a accordé des rôles importants. Cela ne correspondait pas à la situation réelle des femmes grecques de cette période-là. Les femmes grecques devaient rester toujours dans le gynécée, s’occuper des affaires à l’intérieur de la maison, être en charge du filage et du tissage, rester toujours silencieuses sans se mêler des affaires politiques et donner naissance aux enfants pour assurer le renouvellement des générations. En revanche, les figures féminines du monde créé par Eschyle quittent leur gynécée, voyagent, s’exposent devant le public, s’expriment à haute-voix, se mêlent des affaires politiques, refusent le mariage et la maternité ou montrent peu d’amour maternel envers leurs enfants. Mais pourquoi le dramaturge se décide-t-il à mettre sur scène de si nombreuses figures féminines qui ont un rôle important ? D’abord, il ne faut pas oublier que les personnages féminins sont joués par les acteurs masculins et que les chœurs féminins sont constitués de choreutes masculins ; par conséquent, les figures féminines sont créées par le dramaturge Eschyle. Il y a plusieurs raisons : la beauté scénique qui séduit l’attention de l’auditoire ; la nature de femme qui est à l’origine des maux humains et son irrationalité qui pousse le développement tragique ; et la faiblesse féminine qui entraîne le manque de contrôle et de maîtrise de soi et qui rend les figures féminines aptes à jouer le rôle que les personnages masculins ont du mal à interpréter. / In ancient Greece, the tragedy plays an important role in the lives of Greeks. There were tragic contests during the religious holidays. During the Great Dionysia, there was the most important tragedy contest. Many playwrights participated in it and there emerged three great tragedians, the first playwright, Aeschylus included. He was inspired by the mythical sources and ancient legends. He showed the problems met by the Athenians on stage through mythical characters. His tragedies made the Athenians think about the problems. He showed many female roles in theatrical space and put them in an important place, which didn't correspond to the real situation of the Greek women in that period. These Greek women had to remain still in the harem, take care of household affairs, charge the spinning and the weaving, always remain silent without meddling in political affairs and give birth to children for the family. In contrast, the female figures in the world created by Aeschylus leave their harem, travel, expose themselves to the public, express themselves loudly, get involved political affairs, refuse marriage and show little maternal love towards their children. But why the playwright decides to make the many female figures on stage play the important roles? First, we need to notice that the female characters are played by male actors and that the female choirs consist of male choruses, therefore, the female figures are created by the playwright Aeschylus. There are several reasons for this : the beauty in the scene attracted the attention of the audience; woman is the source of human evil ; irrationality of women drives the development of the tragedy ; and the weakness of women decides their lack of self-control and make them more suitable to play the roles that male characters struggle to interpret.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese tem por objeto textos que se voltam para o homem: o cinema trágico- poético de Pier Paolo Pasolini e as tragédias gregas clássicas. Este autor de cinema se debruçou sobre os textos trágicos, pois via neles um fundamento político, ou seja, a superação pela razão de um passado arcaico do homem, que gerava sua incerteza existencial. Primeiramente, tendo traduzido a Oréstia, de Ésquilo, o diretor italiano identificou nesse texto aquilo que ele, como humanista que era, desejava fosse alcançado pelo homem moderno: a superação do medo causado pelo irracional que sempre habitou a mente humana. Esta interpretação da Oréstia, aliada às convicções previamente firmadas pelo diretor e poeta a capacidade dos ingênuos de formar uma nova ideologia e a persistência no homem moderno de certa irracionalidade domada pela razão levou à realização do filme Appunti per unOrestiade africana (1967), um filme otimista quanto ao triunfo da razão. Tendo feito esses apontamentos, Pasolini jamais rodaria seu filme sobre a Oréstia, passando a uma perspectiva pessimista, com a filmagem de Medeia (1969), cuja frase final da personagem- título Nada mais é possível doravante aponta para Salò, o último filme que ele realizou, marcado pela desesperança, pouco antes de morrer assassinado. Édipo Rei (1967) foi o primeiro dos filmes trágicos e o mais mítico deles. Neste último ainda persistem as convicções de Pasolini apontadas acima, o que o identifica com Accattone (1961), conforme declarou o próprio diretor, e indica também a linha da análise crítica realizada nesta tese. Com base na crítica especializada (Canevacci e Fusillo) foi possível demonstrar a peculiar adaptação do trágico ancestral ao cinema de poesia pasoliniano, através de uma filmografia ideologicamente infensa a concessões à indústria cultural / The objects of the present work are texts about Man: the tragic-poetic cinema of Pier Paolo Pasolini and the classical Greek tragedies. That cinema author dedicated much attention to tragic texts, in which he saw a political foundation: the overcoming, by reason, of mans archaic past, which caused his existential uncertainty. After having translated Aeschyluss Oresteia, the Italian director identified in this text what he, as a humanist, hoped that modern man would achieve: the overcoming of the fear caused by the irrational that has always dwelt in the human mind. This interpretation of the Oresteia, coupled with other convictions held by the poet/director that the naïve could form a new ideology, and the persistency, in modern man, of rationally-tamed irrationality led him to film Appunti per unOrestiade africana (1967), an optimistic film as concerns the triumph of reason. After having taken down the notes, Pasolini would never come to make the Oresteia film, but moved on towards a pessimistic perspective my filming Medea (1969), the last sentence of which, said by the protagonist Nothing is possible any longer points towards Salò, his last film, as he was murdered shortly afterwards. Oedipus Rex (1967) was the first of his tragic films, and the most mythical of all. In it, some of Pasolinis early convictions mentioned above can be seen to persist, so that, in a sense, Oedipus Rex is evocative of Accattone (1961), as, in fact, has been confirmed by the director himself. The critical approach taken in the present work has been inspired on this. By resorting to specialized criticism (Canevacci, Fusillo) it was possible to demonstrate the peculiar adaptation of the ancestral tragic that takes place in Pasolinis poetry cinema by means of a filmography that remained ideologically contrary to concessions to the culture industry

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese tem por objeto textos que se voltam para o homem: o cinema trágico- poético de Pier Paolo Pasolini e as tragédias gregas clássicas. Este autor de cinema se debruçou sobre os textos trágicos, pois via neles um fundamento político, ou seja, a superação pela razão de um passado arcaico do homem, que gerava sua incerteza existencial. Primeiramente, tendo traduzido a Oréstia, de Ésquilo, o diretor italiano identificou nesse texto aquilo que ele, como humanista que era, desejava fosse alcançado pelo homem moderno: a superação do medo causado pelo irracional que sempre habitou a mente humana. Esta interpretação da Oréstia, aliada às convicções previamente firmadas pelo diretor e poeta a capacidade dos ingênuos de formar uma nova ideologia e a persistência no homem moderno de certa irracionalidade domada pela razão levou à realização do filme Appunti per unOrestiade africana (1967), um filme otimista quanto ao triunfo da razão. Tendo feito esses apontamentos, Pasolini jamais rodaria seu filme sobre a Oréstia, passando a uma perspectiva pessimista, com a filmagem de Medeia (1969), cuja frase final da personagem- título Nada mais é possível doravante aponta para Salò, o último filme que ele realizou, marcado pela desesperança, pouco antes de morrer assassinado. Édipo Rei (1967) foi o primeiro dos filmes trágicos e o mais mítico deles. Neste último ainda persistem as convicções de Pasolini apontadas acima, o que o identifica com Accattone (1961), conforme declarou o próprio diretor, e indica também a linha da análise crítica realizada nesta tese. Com base na crítica especializada (Canevacci e Fusillo) foi possível demonstrar a peculiar adaptação do trágico ancestral ao cinema de poesia pasoliniano, através de uma filmografia ideologicamente infensa a concessões à indústria cultural / The objects of the present work are texts about Man: the tragic-poetic cinema of Pier Paolo Pasolini and the classical Greek tragedies. That cinema author dedicated much attention to tragic texts, in which he saw a political foundation: the overcoming, by reason, of mans archaic past, which caused his existential uncertainty. After having translated Aeschyluss Oresteia, the Italian director identified in this text what he, as a humanist, hoped that modern man would achieve: the overcoming of the fear caused by the irrational that has always dwelt in the human mind. This interpretation of the Oresteia, coupled with other convictions held by the poet/director that the naïve could form a new ideology, and the persistency, in modern man, of rationally-tamed irrationality led him to film Appunti per unOrestiade africana (1967), an optimistic film as concerns the triumph of reason. After having taken down the notes, Pasolini would never come to make the Oresteia film, but moved on towards a pessimistic perspective my filming Medea (1969), the last sentence of which, said by the protagonist Nothing is possible any longer points towards Salò, his last film, as he was murdered shortly afterwards. Oedipus Rex (1967) was the first of his tragic films, and the most mythical of all. In it, some of Pasolinis early convictions mentioned above can be seen to persist, so that, in a sense, Oedipus Rex is evocative of Accattone (1961), as, in fact, has been confirmed by the director himself. The critical approach taken in the present work has been inspired on this. By resorting to specialized criticism (Canevacci, Fusillo) it was possible to demonstrate the peculiar adaptation of the ancestral tragic that takes place in Pasolinis poetry cinema by means of a filmography that remained ideologically contrary to concessions to the culture industry

La tragédie du quatrième siècle fut considérée depuis l’antiquité comme une phase de décadence du genre tragique. Toutefois, plusieurs spécialistes ont montré qu’il ne s’agissait pas d’un déclin : le théâtre continuait à jouer un rôle important dans la vie culturelle du monde grec. Dans cette thèse nous proposons une nouvelle édition des fragments des poètes tragiques grecs du quatrième siècle, qui furent actifs entre la fin de la guerre du Péloponnèse et la mort d’Alexandre le Grand. L’édition des textes est précédée d’une courte introduction sur chaque poète et suivie de leur apparat critique, leur traduction et des commentaires. Nous proposons également un nouvel ordre des poètes et des témoignages pour faciliter l’étude de ces textes. Nous espérons que cette thèse contribuera à une meilleure compréhension de cette production méconnue et invitera à des nouvelles recherches. / After the death of Euripides and Sophocles, tragic poets continue to write tragedies. During the fourth century BC theatre expanded all over the Greek world. In this thesis, I propose a new edition of the tragic fragments of the fourth century BC, by poets who were active from the end of the Peloponnesian war to the death of Alexander the Great. The edition of these texts is preceded by a brief introduction on each poet and followed by a critical apparatus, their translation and commentaries. I also propose a new order of the poets and testimonies in order to facilitate the study of the texts. I hope this thesis will contribute to a better understanding of this relatively unknown production and inspire new researches.

L’héroïne de tragédie joue-t-elle le même rôle aristotélicien que le héros?Cette thèse examine six pièces, les Andromaque, Iphigénie en Aulide et Hippolyte d’Euripide et les Andromaque, Iphigénie et Phèdre et Hippolyte de Racine. Les trois héroïnes, examinées dans les trois premiers chapitres, ont des limites de représentation tragique spécifiques, les rendant moins présentes à l’action héroïque que les héros-type. Mais leur présence, même contrainte, ouvre la question de la condition féminine, que les Grecs ont été les premiers à conceptualiser, et que le XVIIème siècle en France a également mise en avant, du moins pour les femmes éduquées.Ensuite sont étudiés quelques exemples plus ponctuels de représentation d’héroïnes tragiques.Au cinquième chapitre est considéré l’impact de la présence et des absences des héroïnes sur la tragédie en tant que forme culturelle récurrente (tenant compte des éléments du modèle aristotélicien de la tragédie, muthos, hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, katharsis, et l’interaction des héroïnes avec ces valeurs), contribuant à l’évolution des mentalités. En conclusion, la transmission culturelle de l’héroïne (mythe, épopée, culte, tragédie antique et classique, récurrences contemporaines) peut se conceptualiser en employant une récente théorie syntaxique et cognitive, la théorie X-barre. La théorie de la structure et de la contrestructure est articulée, qui suggère un modèle cognitif, rendant compte de l’évolution sociale des rapports entre hommes et femmes, qui sortirait des oppositions binaires. Les stratégies contrestructurales que les héroïnes de tragédie mettent en œuvre, dans ces pièces, marquent une évolution cognitive de la condition humaine. Les « études héroïniques » sont une voie de nouvelles recherches et un apport potentiel au futur des études littéraires. / Does the tragic heroine play the same Aristotelian role as the hero? Six plays are examined: Euripides’ Andromache, Iphigeneia in Aulis and Hippolytos, and Racine’s Andromaque, Iphigénie and Phèdre et Hippolyte.The three pairs of heroines, considered in turn, have specific limits to their capacity for direct heroic action, compared to typical heroes. At the same time, their presence and actions, even constrained, open the question of women’s condition – which the Greeks were the first to conceptualise, and which the French XVIIth c. also foregrounded, at least for educated women. The fourth chapter looks at some further examples of heroines, illustrating aspects of their representation in tragedy.Fifthly is considered the impact, of the presence and absence of the tragic heroine, on tragedy as a form of cultural inscription which has contributed to the evolution of the imaginaire. Different aspects of the Aristotelian model of tragedy such as muthos, hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, catharsis are explored in terms of how the tragic heroine represents these functions.The conclusions reflect on the cultural transmission of the heroine from myth to epic, cult, the tragedy of antiquity and of French classicism, to contemporary forms). A recent linguistics theory, the X-bar theory is mentioned as a possible cognitive model to conceptualise this continuity in discontinuity, through societies which have so differently validated the female, but may all have been affected by the performative heroine. The author’s own theory of structure and counterstructure is a possible model for observing the evolution of men-women relations, beyond polarising or binary-oppositional cognitive frames. Finally, “heroine studies” are a possible fruitful research area for literature and cultural studies.

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This thesis takes as its starting point current views on the relationship between man and god in Archaic and Classical Greek literature, according to which mortality and immortality are primarily temporal concepts and, therefore, mutually exclusive. This thesis aims to show that this mutual exclusivity between mortality and immortality is emphasised only in certain poetic genres, while others, namely those centred on extraordinary achievements or exceptional moments in the life of a mortal, can reduce the temporal notion of immortality and emphasise instead the happiness, success, and undisturbed existence that characterise divine life. Here, the paradox of momentary immortality emerges as something attainable to mortals in the poetic representation of certain occasions. The chapters of this thesis pursue such notions of momentary immortality in the wedding ceremony, as presented through wedding songs, in celebrations for athletic victory, as presented through the epinician, and at certain stages of the tragic plot. In the chapter on the wedding song, the discussion focuses on explicit comparisons between the beauty of bride and bridegroom and that of heroes or gods, and between their happiness and divine bliss. The chapter on the epinician analyses the parallelism between the achievement of victory and the exploits of mythical heroes, and argues for a parallelism between the victory celebration and immortalisation. Finally, the chapter on tragedy examines how characters are perceived as godlike because of their beauty, success, or power, and discusses how these perceptions are exploited by the tragedians for certain effects. By examining features of a rhetoric of praise, this thesis is not concerned with the beliefs or expectations of the author, the recipient of praise, or the surrounding milieu. It rather intends to elucidate how moments conceived of as extraordinary are communicated in poetry.

This study creates and develops a concept called the untimely-image including two sub-concepts called contours of the new and the untimely-site. The untimely-image concerns the clearing for and the expression of figures of “potential” in thought in the form of moving-images. The aim of these concepts is to form a critical framework for evaluating and conceptualizing political film as expressive, not of the new itself but of its “untimely” contours. The untimely-image, and its many implications, is developed over the course of six chapters. Chapter 1 extensively defines “contours” and “new” as operative in this study, and also introduces a theme that runs through all the chapters: how to think the contours of the new in relation to the cult of the new in consumer culture and in relation to the larger mechanisms of advanced capitalism. Chapter 2 defines the parameters of the untimely-image as specifically regarding moving images, and continues the development of this concept. In Chapters 3 to 6, The Wire (David Simon, 2002-2008) serves the double function of complicating and giving specification to the elaboration of the untimely-image as well as a case in which the untimely-image is used as a critical framework. The Wire and the untimely-image relate in processes of juxtaposition, wherein they meet, cross over, separate, and reproblematize each other. An untimely-image is fully defined in relation to concrete political issues. The untimely-image is therefore advanced by articulating the components and characteristics that, independently of the concrete issue, remain in every case, as well as by putting the concept to work regarding two specific problems in The Wire: its expression of blackness and its mapping of advanced capitalism.