There is evidence that athermal radiofrequency radiation can alter Heat Shock Protein (HSP) expression or protein phosphorylation, or alter MAP kinase signalling. Effects of long-term exposure in brain tissue due to repeated HSP perturbation (eg an inhibition of apoptosis) have been hypothesised (French et al, 2001). This study aimed to investigate the RNA expression profile (12,000 genes) and HSP family protein expression levels after either acute 1-hour or chronic 4-day intermittent exposures to simulated GSM radiation in a human primary fibroblast model. The results found minimal or no effects of GSM. Flasks were exposed to 900 MHz (217 Hz modulation) at 0.18 W/kg SAR within a Transverse Electromagnetic Mode chamber (TEM cell). Cultures rested for 2 hours before exposures. Affymetrix U95A microarray analysis of a single pilot set of experiments showed that about 40 genes were reported as upregulated &gt=2.5 fold in each condition. There was no evidence of altered expression of any MAPK-associated genes. Target genes reported in both conditions (CBFA2T1, ZNF148, ITGA1), and genes altered in one condition (CCS, PLEC1, BIRC5), and marginally altered HSP72 were selected for PCR analysis. No other members of the HSP family were altered. In three replicate experiments assayed by real-time PCR, six genes were either unchanged or showed randomly variable expression. However HSP72 RNA showed possible consistent slight upregulation of 1.37 +/- 0.21 in the chronic condition. Western immunoblots of HSP-60, -70, -72 and -V90 proteins showed no significant changes 5 hours after exposure. In preliminary studies using a serum starvation protocol, ERK-1 phosphorylation was unaltered after 5 or 30 minutes GSM (single experiments). When flasks were transiently cooled, ERK-1 phosphorylation was increased 20 minutes later, indicating a source of artefact in some protocols. An inflammatory challenge experiment with a low-dose of the cytokine IL-1???? found that acute GSM exposure post-challenge inhibited NF????B-mediated GRO???? induction by 1.5 fold (2 experiments). Preconditioning with mild heat induces transient inhibition of both NF????B signalling and apoptosis. Other studies indicate that EMF exposures similarly evoke cytoprotection. It is suggested that GSM evoked cytoprotective signalling in this inflammatory model.

費率組合在電信業市場上行之有年，但長久以來，電信業一直以傳統的語音服務計費模式套用在所有的服務上，其中通話費的部分則是以通話時間作為計費的基礎，甚至連架構在語音服務上的數據傳輸也是如此。新引進的整合封包無線電服務(General Packet Radio Service, GPRS)在技術本質上與語音服務有很大的差異，因此計費方式也必須作一番變革，以傳輸量作為計費的基礎是較佳的選擇。 　由於GPRS屬於寬頻數據網路，再加上無線電資源的有限性，在傳輸品質上的要求也較高，GPRS在設計時就已經規劃了支援「服務品質(Quality of Service，QoS)」。因此，品質因素也應被列入計費的要項之一。 　本文嘗試提出一個GPRS的計費架構，並找出所有的計費因子，使未來經營GPRS的電信業者的行銷人員及計費系統設計人員有一個依循的準則。而在實例中也的確發現本文所提出的GPRS計費架構，可以應用在現實的計費系統上，提供各式各樣的費率組合。 / Pricing Package was used in telecommunications industry for many years. However, the operators always use the conventional voice service packages to cover the data services. The charge for every call is duration based but it cannot be applied for new introduced technology, e.g. GPRS. The technology of GPRS is quite different with the voice services; the charging model will be different as well. A volume-based charging model is an ideal way. 　GPRS is a broadband mobile data service. According to the limitation of wireless resources, the demand of quality of service is high. GPRS was designed to support QoS (Quality of Service) which can be considered as a charging factor. 　This material tried to propose a GPRS charging architecture and find out all of the charging factors. The marketing people and charging system designers of GPRS operators can create their own pricing packages based on this GPRS charging architecture. In the case study, we found that this GPRS charging architecture can be applied to the real world charging systems and provide kinds of pricing packages.

電信業務的營運成本分析，首重各項業務耗用資源的合理分攤，而傳統的財務會計制度，並無法滿足此項需求，因此本文擬採用「作業基礎成本制度 (ABC, Activity Based Costing)」，來作為各項成本分攤的基礎。而有鑑於電信事業規模龐大而複雜，常造成營運流程分析的困難，本文擬採用IDEFO圖形作為分析的工具。IDEFO目前已成為美國聯邦標準FIPS 183 (Federal Information Processing Standards Publications 183)，其最大的優點是適合用來描述龐大而複雜的系統，又因為IDEFO的圖形呈現皆以作業為中心，有助於我們結構化地描述以作業為中心的活動。 本文嘗試利用作業基礎成本制度與IDEFO功能模式(Function Modeling)去分析GSM行動電話業者的營運成本。綜合相關的研究結果，發現本文所提出的營運成本分析架構，確實能提供行動電話業者一套連貫而完整的分析架構，以分析實例來說，電信業者可藉由本架構分析出整個作業的成本，並能將這些成本追蹤到相關的費用會計科目，使得分析出的數據能更具成本攸關性，對於所分析出的每通平均發話成本而言，也比傳統財務會計的計算方式更加合理。

<p>We have 3G on the doorstep but nothing seems to attract ordinary people to this technology. To attract the mass market the telecom industry must show something beyond high bit rates. They must show how ordinary people can take advantage of this new technology. This is done by showing the possibilities of the new technology and by demonstrating applications that it will handle. The telecom industry must convince the telecom operators to invest in this technology and the only thing that matters to them is how much revenue they can make by adopting the upcoming technology. </p><p>To convince the operators industry must show how the operators can charge for the new types of applications that will be introduced soon. This is the main reason why this Master's Thesis has been conducted. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a demonstration to Ericsson's 3G lab in Katrineholm in the form of an IP application with a billing solution. This thesis describes the migration from 1G to 3G and examines existing and future billing strategies as well. </p><p>The IP application is an application that uses progressive streaming in order to stream multimedia content to a PDA connected to a 3G phone. This application is platform independent because it is placed on leading Web servers, Apache and IIS. </p><p>The billing application consists of a number of steps. The first step is logging, which is performed by the Web server on which the streaming application is placed. The second step, processing and billing, is performed in the BGw, which is Ericsson's mediation tool, and the SQL server.The third step is displaying the bill, which is done by using ASP to create an active HTML page.</p>

<p>Market information and established communication between seller and buyer play an important role in business activities. This thesis investigates the Transkei area in the Eastern Cape&nbsp / Province, South Africa to find out how to empower rural farmers by providing them with less-expensive mobile technology enabling them to post and advertise their produce, access market&nbsp / information on a common database, and find and communicate with potential customers. The farmers&rsquo / requirements were identified using quantitative and qualitative methods and a prototype&nbsp / consisting of USSD and web applications was developed. It allows the farmer to follow a sequence of menu commands to send a request to the database and access market information, such&nbsp / as commodity prices, and post information about their own produce so as to attract more customers. The low cost of USSD and the ubiquity of mobile phones enable the system to be usable, affordable and effective. During the final stage of development, the system was tested successfully and addressed a major problem faced by farmers, i.e. lack of access to market information.</p>

La exitosa implantación de la telefonía móvil a escala mundial presenta una muy importante oportunidad para la expansión del comercio electrónico sobre entornos inalámbricos. El comercio electrónico para móviles, m-Commerce, implica tres aspectos básicos: 1) la negociación y el servicio en la vecindad de cliente, 2) información oportuna y georeferenciada mientras el usuario esta en movimiento, 3) la posibilidad para completar una transacción en cualquier sitio y momento. El usuario debe tener las facilidades siguientes: la negociación y la entrega inmediata, métodos rápidos de micro y de macro pago, y facilidad de uso en el ambiente de móvil. Una de las novedades del comercio móvil es la posibilidad de atraer a clientes en el vecindario hacia un centro de venta y/o servicios proporcionándoles la información apropiada. Existen, sin embargo, una serie de factores que dificultan la implantación y el desarrollo del comercio móvil respecto al comercio electrónico. Esos inconvenientes se relacionan con las características del ambiente inalámbrico: normalmente menor ancho de banda, latencia más baja, menos estabilidad de conexiones, la disponibilidad menos previsible. Y las limitaciones en los equipos móviles: la unidad de procesamiento central menos potente, menos memoria, limitaciones en el consumo de potencia, formato reducido de pantalla, y otras más.La seguridad extremo a extremo entre el servidor de Internet y el terminal móvil es indispensable para aplicaciones de comercio electrónico. La especificación de la capa de seguridad WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security de WAP) no proporciona este nivel de seguridad. El uso de WTLS y la seguridad a nivel de la capa de transporte TLS (Transport Layer Security) permite la privacidad en los canales inalámbrico e Internet, pero la seguridad alcanzada no es suficiente para aplicaciones de comercio electrónico; por ello se precisan mecanismos de seguridad extremo a extremo. En esta tesis se propone una alternativa a la arquitectura de la seguridad de WAP para resolver el problema mencionado, basada en la implementación de una capa de seguridad nueva dentro de la capa WAE (Wireless Application Environment). Esto hace posible la seguridad extremo a extremo, compatibilidad con TLS, transparencia ante el usuario, y se evita la traducción y descompresión en la pasarela de WAP. Varios estudios sobre usabilidad de los dispositivos con capacidades de WAP indican que los usuarios se desconectaron debido a tiempos de respuesta lentos y la falta de comodidad en el uso (interfaces no agradables, servicios costosos, . ). Los estudios coincidieron en que las velocidades más rápidas y el uso extendido de equipos móviles de datos promueven el comercio móvil, y que el número de usuarios familiarizados con equipos móviles sube constantemente, particularmente entre usuarios de WAP, de modo que estos usuarios comienzan a ver sus teléfonos móviles como algo más que meros teléfonos. La movilidad del usuario contribuye a hacer las redes inalámbricas más complejas, y constituyen los nuevos paradigmas en el intercambio de información. Las posibilidades que se abren para la Internet inalámbrica constituyen una oportunidad importante para el comercio electrónico. El futuro e impacto social de las tecnologías utilizadas, WAP, GPRS, UMTS, . son cuestionadas habitualmente. En esta tesis se analiza la posibilidad de realizar operaciones de m-Commerce sobre WAP. Por ello, se presentan los mecanismos de seguridad de WTLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security) y se analiza la seguridad extremo a extremo en este protocolo. En redes inalámbricas, existe la necesidad de acelerar la respuesta al usuario, facilitarle el uso en ambientes ruidosos, con desconexión no previsible, sobre dispositivos con formato limitado. Para paliar los problemas relacionados a la entrega de información, facilitar el uso y personalizar el servicio con el cliente, se presenta una propuesta basada en un sistema intermediario. Los objetivos de dicho intermediario son a) reducir el tráfico de datos en el canal inalámbrico delegando tareas tales como la búsqueda, interacción y filtrado de la información al Intermediario aún estando fuera de línea; b) Reutilizar contenidos: reutilizar la información residente en el almacén intermedio mediante un sistema distribuido de caches y proxies; c) Personalizar la información: conociendo previamente el perfil del usuario se puede filtrar y distribuir información en forma predictiva y d) Gestionar la información del estado de los certificados con OCSP (On-line Certificate Status Protocol).

We have 3G on the doorstep but nothing seems to attract ordinary people to this technology. To attract the mass market the telecom industry must show something beyond high bit rates. They must show how ordinary people can take advantage of this new technology. This is done by showing the possibilities of the new technology and by demonstrating applications that it will handle. The telecom industry must convince the telecom operators to invest in this technology and the only thing that matters to them is how much revenue they can make by adopting the upcoming technology. To convince the operators industry must show how the operators can charge for the new types of applications that will be introduced soon. This is the main reason why this Master's Thesis has been conducted. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a demonstration to Ericsson's 3G lab in Katrineholm in the form of an IP application with a billing solution. This thesis describes the migration from 1G to 3G and examines existing and future billing strategies as well. The IP application is an application that uses progressive streaming in order to stream multimedia content to a PDA connected to a 3G phone. This application is platform independent because it is placed on leading Web servers, Apache and IIS. The billing application consists of a number of steps. The first step is logging, which is performed by the Web server on which the streaming application is placed. The second step, processing and billing, is performed in the BGw, which is Ericsson's mediation tool, and the SQL server.The third step is displaying the bill, which is done by using ASP to create an active HTML page.

Σε αυτήν την εργασία μελετήθηκε και σχεδιάστηκε ένας ψηφιακά ελεγχόμενος ταλαντωτής (DCO) με σκοπό GSM εφαρμογή. Οι συχνότητες λειτουργίας κυμαίνονται στο φάσμα 1.6GHz – 2GHz με βήμα 20kHz. Ο θόρυβος φάσης ποσοτικοποιείται στα -160dB/Hz σε 20 MHz απόκλιση. Ο έλεγχος του DCO γίνεται πλήρως ψηφιακά επιτρέποντας την υλοποίηση πλήρους ψηφιακού βρόχου κλειδώματος φάσης (ADPLL) και καθολικού system on chip design (SoC). Ο ταλαντωτής καταναλώνει 4,5 mWatt με 3,76 mA ρεύμα σε 1.2 V τροφοδοσία. / A Digitally Controlled Oscillator is studied and designed for GSM application. The operating frequencies are 1.6-2GHz with tuning range of 400MHz and finest step size 20 KHz. A fully digital control is achieved form where arises the opportunity for fabrication of an All-Digital Phase Locked Loop (ADPLL) and the whole system on chip (SoC). The proposed DCO core consumes 3.76mA from a 1.2V supply.

De nombreuses craintes sont aujourd'hui formulées quant à la nocivité des champs de radiofréquences émis par les téléphones portables sur la santé. Etant donné que la tête et la peau sont les organes les plus exposés, la circulation sanguine cérébrale, la microcirculation cutanée au niveau du visage et l'activité électrique du cerveau sont spécifiquement concernées. A cet effet, nous avons mené deux études chez des volontaires adultes sains pour évaluer la vitesse du débit sanguin cérébral dans les artères cérébrales moyennes par Doppler transcrânien et le micro-débit sanguin cutané du visage par laser Doppler fluxmétrique dans la première étude ; et pour détecter d'éventuelles modifications dans l'activité électrique du cerveau par électroencéphalographie dans la deuxième. L'exposition aux radiofréquences était réalisée par deux téléphones issus du commerce, un 'réel' qui émettait des radiofréquences et chauffait en même temps et l'autre 'sham' qui chauffait seulement sans émission. La première étude n'a pas montré d'effet des radiofréquences sur la vitesse du débit sanguin cérébral au niveau des artères cérébrales moyennes, pourtant une augmentation significative du micro-débit sanguin cutané pendant l'exposition 'réelle' par rapport à l'exposition 'sham' a été observée alors que l'augmentation de la température de la peau était identique dans les deux sessions d'exposition 'sham' et 'réelle'. L'activité électrique du cerveau a présenté une diminution dans la puissance spectrale de la bande de fréquence alpha (8-12 Hz) pendant et après l'exposition 'réelle' par rapport à l'exposition 'sham'.

<p>Market information and established communication between seller and buyer play an important role in business activities. This thesis investigates the Transkei area in the Eastern Cape&nbsp / Province, South Africa to find out how to empower rural farmers by providing them with less-expensive mobile technology enabling them to post and advertise their produce, access market&nbsp / information on a common database, and find and communicate with potential customers. The farmers&rsquo / requirements were identified using quantitative and qualitative methods and a prototype&nbsp / consisting of USSD and web applications was developed. It allows the farmer to follow a sequence of menu commands to send a request to the database and access market information, such&nbsp / as commodity prices, and post information about their own produce so as to attract more customers. The low cost of USSD and the ubiquity of mobile phones enable the system to be usable, affordable and effective. During the final stage of development, the system was tested successfully and addressed a major problem faced by farmers, i.e. lack of access to market information.</p>