Les α-galactosides sont des glucides non digestibles constitués d'unités galactose liées en α(1,6). Les α-galactosides de la famille du raffinose (RFO) sont, avec le saccharose, les principaux oligosaccharides des légumineuses. Cependant, aucune activité α(1,6)-galactosidase n'est retrouvée au niveau de l'épithélium intestinal humain, les RFO sont donc exclusivement fermentés par les enzymes microbiennes. Ces travaux introduisent une enzyme bifonctionnelle de Ruminococcus gnavus E1, un membre majoritaire du microbiote intestinal humain, présentant une activité α(1,6)-galactosidase/ saccharose kinase (AgaSK). L'analyse de la séquence peptidique montre qu'AgaSK présente deux domaines : un domaine homologue aux α-galactosidases GH36, et un autre contenant un motif de fixation des nucléotides (motif A de Walker). La caractérisation des paramètres biochimiques d'AgaSK met en évidence cette bifonctionnalité puisqu'elle est capable d'hydrolyser les α(1,6)-galactosides solubles, et parallèlement en présence d'ATP de phosphoryler le saccharose spécifiquement sur la position C6 du glucose. La production directe de saccharose-6-phosphate à partir de l'hydrolyse du raffinose constitue une voie métabolique jamais décrite chez les bactéries. L'analyse de chacun des domaines montre que les domaines isolés d'AgaSK sont actifs mais la comparaison de leurs paramètres cinétiques montre qu'il y a des différences entre la protéine entière et les domaines isolés. La résolution de la structure du domaine α-galactosidase en complexe avec le galactose démontre que l'état oligomérique est nécessaire pour le bon repliement de la protéine et pour une fixation efficace du substrat. / Α-galactosides are non digestible carbohydrates present in many leguminous plants. Soluble α-galactosides consist of galactose units α(1,6) linked to different carbohydrates. Among these, the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) and sucrose, are the most abundant oligosaccharides found in legumes. However, no α(1,6)galactosidase activity exists in the human intestine mucosa and α-galactosides are exclusively fermented by microbial α(1,6)galactosidases (EC3.2.1.22). Here we introduce a bifunctional enzyme, the α(1,6)galactosidase/sucrose kinase (AgaSK) whose gene is highly transcribed in vivo by Ruminococcus gnavus E1, a major member of human dominant intestinal microbiota. Sequence analysis showed that AgaSK is composed of two domains: one closely related to α-galactosidases from glycoside hydrolase family GH36 and the other containing a nucleotide binding motif (Walker A motif). Its biochemical characterization showed that AgaSK is able to hydrolyze efficiently soluble α-galacosides. Furthermore, AgaSK it is able to bind nucleotide to phosphorylate specifically on the C6 position of glucose sucrose. The production of sucrose-6-P directly from raffinose brings out a glycolytic pathway in bacteria, not described so far. In addition, AgaSK isolated domains are active but the biochemical characterization has shown that there are differences in the activities between the whole protein and isolated domains. The crystal structures of the galactosidase domain in complex with the product shed light onto the reaction and substrate recognition mechanisms and highlight an oligomeric state necessary for efficient substrate binding.

Sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. acumulam suas reservas de carbono no endosperma na forma de um polissacarídeo de parede celular, o galactomanano. Os galactomananos são polissacarídeos constituídos de uma cadeia principal de resíduos de D-manose ligadas β-1,4, ramificada por resíduos de D-galactose α-1,6 ligados. A mobilização deste ocorre após a germinação e envolve três enzimas hidrolíticas (α-galactosidase, endo-β-mananase e exo-β-manosidase). A α-galactosidase é a primeira enzima atuar sobre o galactomanano hidrolisando as ligações α-1,6 das galactoses ramificadas a cadeia principal de manano (ligados β-1,4), permitindo a ação da endo-β-mananase, que hidrolisará o polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos, onde a β-manosidase atuará (ligações β-1,4), transformando oligossacarídeos a monossacarídeos a serem utilizados no desenvolvimento do embrião. Buscando a compreensão das características da α-galactosidase e modo de ação sobre o galactomanano, procedeu-se com a purificação, em três etapas,e caracterização bioquímica (pH ótimo, temperatura ótima e aspectos cinéticos) da α-galactosidase de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. Além disso, visando evidenciar a modulação da enzima endo-β-mananase pela distribuição de ramificações de galactose no galactomanano (estrutura fina do galactomanano), procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas do galactomanano de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. utilizando a enzima endo-β-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) somente ou em conjunto com a α-galactosidase semipurificada de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Capítulo 1) ou com a α-galactosidase comercial de Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Megazyme®), seguido de análise dos oligossacarídeos por HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). Também procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas de galactomananos de 6 espécies com razão manose:galactose variando de 1:1 a 150:1 com endo-β-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) e análise dos oligossacarídeos produzidos por HPAEC-PAD. A α-galactosidase semipurificada possui, aproximadamente, 42 kDa de peso molecular em condições desnaturantes e, aproximadamente 72 kDa de peso molecular na forma nativa, sugerindo que a enzima assuma estrutura quartenária. A temperatura ótima apresentada se encontra na faixa de 50°C a 55°C, pH ótimo na faixa de 4,4 a 5,4, Km= 1,8276 mM e a velocidade máxima de 0,5024 μmolGal.min-1.mgprot-1. A espectrometria de massas gerou os fragmentos: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSM-TSIADS NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, estando a proteína referente a esta sequência relacionada à mobilização de reserva. Durante a purificação e sequenciamento interno da α-galactosidase e demais proteínas foram detectadas isoformas da α-galactosidase de pesos moleculares variados (42 kDa a 20 kDa). Sugere-se que estas isoformas encontradas inicialmente na purificação estejam relacionadas com outras funções da α-galactosidase, enquanto as isoformas encontradas após todas as etapas de purificação e identificação por espectrometria de massas estejam relacionadas com ativação e adaptação da α-galactosidase durante todo o processo de mobilização de reservas. Os dados gerados das comparações dos oligossacarídeos produzidos em cada hidrólise sugerem que as ramificações do galactomanano podem modular o reconhecimento de sítios de clivagem pela endo-β-mananase: (1) existe a produção de oligossacarídeos limites de digestão F1, F2 e F3 após hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-β-mananase, como demonstrado para xiloglucanos; (2) os oligossacarídeos F1 possuem proporções distintas quando da hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-β-mananase em diferentes concentrações (ExP I e EXP IV), evidenciando preferência por sítios com menor grau de galactosilação; (3) a presença da α-galactosidase diminui a produção dos oligossacarídeos F2 e F3, mostrando que estes não possuem resistência intrínseca a hidrólise e que a reação atinge o equilíbrio mesmo quando ainda existem sítios de clivagem ainda disponíveis (EXP III); (4) polissacarídeos com estruturas diferentes, razão manose:galactose variando entre 150:1 a 1:1, são digeridos em diferentes taxas de hidrólise pela mesma enzima, evidenciando que a ramificação com galactose dificulta a ação da endo-β-mananase. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a estrutura do polissacarídeo galactomanano também contenha, pelo menos, parte da informação requerida para seu próprio metabolismo, código para a sua degradação, estando esta informação contida na distribuição das ramificações com resíduos de D-galactose. Sendo assim, sugere-se que as diferentes isoformas da α-galactosidase relacionadas à degradação da reserva de galactomanano de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seriam produto da ação proteolítica da própria enzima a fim de melhorar a afinidade da α-galactosidase ao substrato durante o processo de mobilização de reserva. O aumento da afinidade da α-galactosidase ao substrato durante todo o processo de mobilização garantiria a liberação das ramificações com galactose de forma contínua, permitindo e aumentando a eficiência da ação da enzima endo-β-mananase aos sítios de clivagem, garantindo a degradação do polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos de forma regulada, passível de bloqueio, pelo acúmulo de oligossacarídeos e galactose livre que inibem a ação das enzimas endo-β-mananase e α-galactosidase, respectivamente, e dificultando a ação de microorganismos, propiciando ao embrião a maior quantidade de açúcares para o seu desenvolvimento, aumentando as chances de sucesso no estabelecimento da plântula / The seeds of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. have an endosperm which accumulates galactomannan as a storage polysaccharide in the cell walls. Galactomannans are composed of a linear backbone of β-(1,4)-linked D-mannose residues with D-galactose α-(1,6)-linkages substitutions. The galactomannans are hydrolysed after protrusion of the radicle. This process is perfomed by three enzymes (α-galactosidase, endo-β-mannanase and exo-β-manosidase). The α-galactosidase is the first enzyme to cleave the polysaccharides, removing the D-galactose residues, allowing the performance of the endo-β-mannanase, which hydrolyses the mannan backbone to mannan oligosaccharides. The last part of the process includes exo-β-manoside, that cleaves the mannan oligosaccharides to mannose residues, which could be used by the embryo during growth. Aiming at understanding the function of ?-galactosidase in the process of galatomanannan degradation, we studied its mode of action on mannans and galactomannans. The α-galactosidase of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. was purified and characterized (pH and temperature optimum and the enzyme kinetics). We found that the semipurified α-galactosidase molecular weight was 42kDa at denaturating conditions, but in native conditions was 72kDa, suggesting that the enzyme has a quaternary structure. The enzyme optimum pH was between 4,4-5,4, optimum temperature between 50°C-55°C, Km= 1,8276 mM and Vmáx= 0,5024 μmolGal.min-1.mgprot-1. Mass spectrometry measures resulted the following fragments: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSMTSIADS-NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, being the protein from this sequence related with storage mobilization. Possible α-galactosidase isoforms were detected during the purification, suggesting other functions for the enzyme. The α-galactosidase isoforms detected after all purification steps and with measured mass spectrometry (from 42kDa to 20kDa) should be related to the storage mobilization. We suggest that the α-galactosidase isoforms in Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds represents products of the enzyme self-digestion, this process being correlated with the enzyme/polysaccharide affinity and at last, correlated to the galactomannan mobilization. An extract semipurified from Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. and enriched with α-galactosidase activity, was used along with endo-β-mannanase from Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) or both endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase (semipurified from Sesbania virgata seeds - Chapter 1- or commercial enzyme from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba - Megazyme®) were used to study the fine structure of galactomannans. Hydrolysis of galactomannans from six species with different mannose:galactose (1:1 to 150:1) ratio were performed with endo-β-mananase from Aspergillus niger. The oligosaccharides from all hydrolysis were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). The hydrolysis fragments data (HPAEC-PAD) suggest that the side-chains of the polysaccharides can modulate the hydrolytic sites recognition on the galactomannan by the endo-β-mannanase. This conclusion is supported by: (1) the presence of limited digest oligosaccharides F1 and dimmers (F2) and trimers (F3) of the F1 oligosaccharides; (2) the presence of different F1 oligosaccharides proportions after hydrolysis with endo-β-mannanase at different concentrations, showing preference on less-branched hydrolytic sites; (3) the α-galactosidase digestion avoided the accumulation of oligosaccharides F2 and F3, showing that these oligosaccharides do not present intrinsic resistance to hydrolysis and that the reaction reaches an equilibrium even when sites of hydrolysis are still available; (4) polymers with different fine structure (ratio mannose:galactose 1:1 to 150:1) were hydrolysed at different rates by the endo-β-mannanase, showing that galactose branching interferes on the enzyme action. Considering that, the branching pattern of the polysaccharide seems to have direct influence on the interaction of the enzyme with substrate; we suggest that the structure of the galactomannan holds part of information required for its own degradation. The higher enzyme x substrate affinity, ensure the galactose branches digestion, improving the endo-β-mannanase action, ensuring the degradation of the polysaccharides to oligosaccharides. This highly regulated degradation process prevents microorganisms predation and increases the plantlet establishement

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Tumorimpfstoffe auf der Basis des Plasmid-Vektors pCI, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) und MVA-infizierten dendritischen Zellen entwickelt und durch Sequenzierung, Western blotting und durchflußzytometrische Analyse überprüft. Die in vivo Wirksamkeit der Vakzinen wurde in verschiedenen Tumormodellen in C57BL/6 Mäusen verglichen. Die auf dem eukaryotischen Expressionsvektor pCI basierende DNA-Vakzinierung induzierte einen sehr wirksamen, antigenspezifischen und langfristigen Schutz vor Muzin, CEA oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. Eine MVA-Vakzinierung bietet in den in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Tumormodellen keinen signifikanten Schutz vor Muzin oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. <br /> <br /> Sowohl humane, als auch murine in vitro generierte dendritische Zellen lassen sich mit MVA &ndash; im Vergleich zu anderen viralen Vektoren &ndash; sehr gut infizieren. Die Expressionsrate der eingefügten Gene ist aber gering im Vergleich zur Expression in permissiven Wirtszellen des Virus (embryonale Hühnerfibroblasten). Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine MVA-Infektion dendritischer Zellen ähnliche Auswirkungen auf den Reifezustand humaner und muriner dendritischer Zellen hat, wie eine Infektion mit replikationskompetenten Vakzinia-Stämmen, und außerdem die Hochregulation von CD40 während der terminalen Reifung von murinen dendritischen Zellen inhibiert wird. Die während der langfristigen in vitro Kultur auf CEF-Zellen entstandenen Deletionen im MVA Genom führten zu einer starken Attenuierung und dem Verlust einiger Gene, die immunmodulatorische Proteine kodieren, jedoch nicht zu einer Verminderung des zytopathischen Effekts in dendritischen Zellen. <br /> <br /> Die geringe Expressionsrate und die beobachtete Inhibition der Expression kostimulatorischer Moleküle auf dendritischen Zellen kann für eine wenig effektive Induktion einer Immunantwort in MVA vakzinierten Tieren durch cross priming oder die direkte Infektion antigenpräsentierender Zellen verantwortlich sein.<br /> <br /> Durch die Modifikation einer Methode zur intrazellulären IFN-gamma Färbung konnten in vakzinierten Mäusen tumorantigenspezifische CTL sensitiv und quantitativ detektiert werden. Die so bestimmte CTL-Frequenz, nicht jedoch die humorale Antwort, korrelierte mit der in vivo Wirksamkeit der verschiedenen Vakzinen: DNA vakzinierte Tiere entwickeln starke tumorantigenspezifische CTL-Antworten, wohingegen in MVA-vakzinierten Tieren überwiegend gegen virale Epitope gerichtete CD4 und CD8-T-Zellen detektiert wurden.<br /> <br /> Die Wirksamkeit der pCI-DNA-Vakzine spricht für die Weiterentwicklung in weiteren präklinischen Mausmodellen, beispielsweise unter Verwendung von MUC1 oder HLA-A2 transgenen Mäusen. Die Methoden zur Detektion Tumorantigen-spezifischer CTL in 96-Loch-Mikrotiterplatten können dabei zur systematischen Suche nach im Menschen immundominanten T-Zell-Epitopen im Muzin-Molekül genutzt werden. <br /> <br /> Der durchgeführte Vergleich der auf den Vektoren pCI und MVA basierenden Vakzinen und die Analyse neuerer Publikationen führen zu dem Ergebniss, daß vor allem DNA-Vakzinen in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung von aktiven Tumorimpfstoffen spielen werden. Rekombinante MVA-Viren, eventuell in Kombination mit DNA- oder anderen Vektoren, haben sich dagegen in zahlreichen Studien als wirksame Impfstoffe zur Kontrolle von durch Pathogene hervorgerufenen Infektionserkrankungen erwiesen. / In this study, tumor vaccines based on the plasmid pCI, the attenuated vaccinia virus strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and MVA-infected dendritic cells were constructed and characterized by sequencing, Western blot and flow cytometric analysis. The efficiency to induce tumor immunity in vivo was compared in several C57BL/6 mouse tumor models. Naked DNA Vaccination based on the eukaryotic expression vector pCI did induce very effective, antigen-specific and long-term protection against tumor cell lines expressing mucin, CEA or beta-Gal whereas MVA vaccination did not elicit protective immunity against Mucin or beta-Gal expressing tumors. MVA does infect human or murine in vitro generated dendritic cells very efficiently compared to other viral vectors, however expression levels of the inserted antigens in dendritic cells are significantly lower than in permissive host cells (chicken embryo fibroblasts). <br /> <br /> It could be shown that the effect of MVA infection on the maturation status of dendritic cells is similar to the effects described for dendritic cells infected with replication competent vaccinia strains. In addition it was shown that the upregulation of the important costimulatory molecule CD40 through LPS stimulation is strongly inhibited in MVA infected cells. During passage in tissue culture, MVA has accumulated a number of large deletions, including a number of immunomodulatory molecules and resulting in a strong attenuation. However the strong cytopathic effect on dendritic cells is maintained. <br /> <br /> The low level of expression and the effect on dendritic cell maturation may be responsible for the failure of MVA to induce tumor immunity through either cross presentation or direct infection of antigen presenting cells.<br /> <br /> To detect and quantify tumor-antigen-specific CTL a method based on intracellular IFN-gamma staining was modified and it could be shown that the cellular &ndash; but not the humoral &ndash; response does correlate with in vivo protection: DNA but not MVA vaccines do induce high levels of tumorantigen-specific CTL whereas MVA-vaccines do induce strong and long lasting CD4 and CD8-T-cell responses against vaccinia antigens. <br /> <br /> The excellent protection induced by pCI-DNA-vaccination in different tumor models does encourage us to further investigate the elicitation of tumor immunity in MUC1 or HLA-A2 transgenic mice. In mice transgenic for human MHC-I, the IFN-gamma staining protocol could be used to systematically screen for mucin T-cell epitopes that are relevant in humans.

Sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. acumulam suas reservas de carbono no endosperma na forma de um polissacarídeo de parede celular, o galactomanano. Os galactomananos são polissacarídeos constituídos de uma cadeia principal de resíduos de D-manose ligadas &beta;-1,4, ramificada por resíduos de D-galactose &alpha;-1,6 ligados. A mobilização deste ocorre após a germinação e envolve três enzimas hidrolíticas (&alpha;-galactosidase, endo-&beta;-mananase e exo-&beta;-manosidase). A &alpha;-galactosidase é a primeira enzima atuar sobre o galactomanano hidrolisando as ligações &alpha;-1,6 das galactoses ramificadas a cadeia principal de manano (ligados &beta;-1,4), permitindo a ação da endo-&beta;-mananase, que hidrolisará o polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos, onde a &beta;-manosidase atuará (ligações &beta;-1,4), transformando oligossacarídeos a monossacarídeos a serem utilizados no desenvolvimento do embrião. Buscando a compreensão das características da &alpha;-galactosidase e modo de ação sobre o galactomanano, procedeu-se com a purificação, em três etapas,e caracterização bioquímica (pH ótimo, temperatura ótima e aspectos cinéticos) da &alpha;-galactosidase de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. Além disso, visando evidenciar a modulação da enzima endo-&beta;-mananase pela distribuição de ramificações de galactose no galactomanano (estrutura fina do galactomanano), procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas do galactomanano de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. utilizando a enzima endo-&beta;-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme&reg;) somente ou em conjunto com a &alpha;-galactosidase semipurificada de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Capítulo 1) ou com a &alpha;-galactosidase comercial de Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Megazyme&reg;), seguido de análise dos oligossacarídeos por HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). Também procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas de galactomananos de 6 espécies com razão manose:galactose variando de 1:1 a 150:1 com endo-&beta;-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme&reg;) e análise dos oligossacarídeos produzidos por HPAEC-PAD. A &alpha;-galactosidase semipurificada possui, aproximadamente, 42 kDa de peso molecular em condições desnaturantes e, aproximadamente 72 kDa de peso molecular na forma nativa, sugerindo que a enzima assuma estrutura quartenária. A temperatura ótima apresentada se encontra na faixa de 50°C a 55°C, pH ótimo na faixa de 4,4 a 5,4, Km= 1,8276 mM e a velocidade máxima de 0,5024 &mu;molGal.min-1.mgprot-1. A espectrometria de massas gerou os fragmentos: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSM-TSIADS NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, estando a proteína referente a esta sequência relacionada à mobilização de reserva. Durante a purificação e sequenciamento interno da &alpha;-galactosidase e demais proteínas foram detectadas isoformas da &alpha;-galactosidase de pesos moleculares variados (42 kDa a 20 kDa). Sugere-se que estas isoformas encontradas inicialmente na purificação estejam relacionadas com outras funções da &alpha;-galactosidase, enquanto as isoformas encontradas após todas as etapas de purificação e identificação por espectrometria de massas estejam relacionadas com ativação e adaptação da &alpha;-galactosidase durante todo o processo de mobilização de reservas. Os dados gerados das comparações dos oligossacarídeos produzidos em cada hidrólise sugerem que as ramificações do galactomanano podem modular o reconhecimento de sítios de clivagem pela endo-&beta;-mananase: (1) existe a produção de oligossacarídeos limites de digestão F1, F2 e F3 após hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-&beta;-mananase, como demonstrado para xiloglucanos; (2) os oligossacarídeos F1 possuem proporções distintas quando da hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-&beta;-mananase em diferentes concentrações (ExP I e EXP IV), evidenciando preferência por sítios com menor grau de galactosilação; (3) a presença da &alpha;-galactosidase diminui a produção dos oligossacarídeos F2 e F3, mostrando que estes não possuem resistência intrínseca a hidrólise e que a reação atinge o equilíbrio mesmo quando ainda existem sítios de clivagem ainda disponíveis (EXP III); (4) polissacarídeos com estruturas diferentes, razão manose:galactose variando entre 150:1 a 1:1, são digeridos em diferentes taxas de hidrólise pela mesma enzima, evidenciando que a ramificação com galactose dificulta a ação da endo-&beta;-mananase. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a estrutura do polissacarídeo galactomanano também contenha, pelo menos, parte da informação requerida para seu próprio metabolismo, código para a sua degradação, estando esta informação contida na distribuição das ramificações com resíduos de D-galactose. Sendo assim, sugere-se que as diferentes isoformas da &alpha;-galactosidase relacionadas à degradação da reserva de galactomanano de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seriam produto da ação proteolítica da própria enzima a fim de melhorar a afinidade da &alpha;-galactosidase ao substrato durante o processo de mobilização de reserva. O aumento da afinidade da &alpha;-galactosidase ao substrato durante todo o processo de mobilização garantiria a liberação das ramificações com galactose de forma contínua, permitindo e aumentando a eficiência da ação da enzima endo-&beta;-mananase aos sítios de clivagem, garantindo a degradação do polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos de forma regulada, passível de bloqueio, pelo acúmulo de oligossacarídeos e galactose livre que inibem a ação das enzimas endo-&beta;-mananase e &alpha;-galactosidase, respectivamente, e dificultando a ação de microorganismos, propiciando ao embrião a maior quantidade de açúcares para o seu desenvolvimento, aumentando as chances de sucesso no estabelecimento da plântula / The seeds of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. have an endosperm which accumulates galactomannan as a storage polysaccharide in the cell walls. Galactomannans are composed of a linear backbone of &beta;-(1,4)-linked D-mannose residues with D-galactose &alpha;-(1,6)-linkages substitutions. The galactomannans are hydrolysed after protrusion of the radicle. This process is perfomed by three enzymes (&alpha;-galactosidase, endo-&beta;-mannanase and exo-&beta;-manosidase). The &alpha;-galactosidase is the first enzyme to cleave the polysaccharides, removing the D-galactose residues, allowing the performance of the endo-&beta;-mannanase, which hydrolyses the mannan backbone to mannan oligosaccharides. The last part of the process includes exo-&beta;-manoside, that cleaves the mannan oligosaccharides to mannose residues, which could be used by the embryo during growth. Aiming at understanding the function of ?-galactosidase in the process of galatomanannan degradation, we studied its mode of action on mannans and galactomannans. The &alpha;-galactosidase of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. was purified and characterized (pH and temperature optimum and the enzyme kinetics). We found that the semipurified &alpha;-galactosidase molecular weight was 42kDa at denaturating conditions, but in native conditions was 72kDa, suggesting that the enzyme has a quaternary structure. The enzyme optimum pH was between 4,4-5,4, optimum temperature between 50°C-55°C, Km= 1,8276 mM and Vmáx= 0,5024 &mu;molGal.min-1.mgprot-1. Mass spectrometry measures resulted the following fragments: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSMTSIADS-NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, being the protein from this sequence related with storage mobilization. Possible &alpha;-galactosidase isoforms were detected during the purification, suggesting other functions for the enzyme. The &alpha;-galactosidase isoforms detected after all purification steps and with measured mass spectrometry (from 42kDa to 20kDa) should be related to the storage mobilization. We suggest that the &alpha;-galactosidase isoforms in Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds represents products of the enzyme self-digestion, this process being correlated with the enzyme/polysaccharide affinity and at last, correlated to the galactomannan mobilization. An extract semipurified from Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. and enriched with &alpha;-galactosidase activity, was used along with endo-&beta;-mannanase from Aspergillus niger (Megazyme&reg;) or both endo-&beta;-mannanase and &alpha;-galactosidase (semipurified from Sesbania virgata seeds - Chapter 1- or commercial enzyme from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba - Megazyme&reg;) were used to study the fine structure of galactomannans. Hydrolysis of galactomannans from six species with different mannose:galactose (1:1 to 150:1) ratio were performed with endo-&beta;-mananase from Aspergillus niger. The oligosaccharides from all hydrolysis were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). The hydrolysis fragments data (HPAEC-PAD) suggest that the side-chains of the polysaccharides can modulate the hydrolytic sites recognition on the galactomannan by the endo-&beta;-mannanase. This conclusion is supported by: (1) the presence of limited digest oligosaccharides F1 and dimmers (F2) and trimers (F3) of the F1 oligosaccharides; (2) the presence of different F1 oligosaccharides proportions after hydrolysis with endo-&beta;-mannanase at different concentrations, showing preference on less-branched hydrolytic sites; (3) the &alpha;-galactosidase digestion avoided the accumulation of oligosaccharides F2 and F3, showing that these oligosaccharides do not present intrinsic resistance to hydrolysis and that the reaction reaches an equilibrium even when sites of hydrolysis are still available; (4) polymers with different fine structure (ratio mannose:galactose 1:1 to 150:1) were hydrolysed at different rates by the endo-&beta;-mannanase, showing that galactose branching interferes on the enzyme action. Considering that, the branching pattern of the polysaccharide seems to have direct influence on the interaction of the enzyme with substrate; we suggest that the structure of the galactomannan holds part of information required for its own degradation. The higher enzyme x substrate affinity, ensure the galactose branches digestion, improving the endo-&beta;-mannanase action, ensuring the degradation of the polysaccharides to oligosaccharides. This highly regulated degradation process prevents microorganisms predation and increases the plantlet establishement

Riboswitches have gained attention as tools for synthetic biology, since they enable researchers to reprogram cells to sense and respond to exogenous molecules. In vitro evolutionary approaches produced numerous RNA aptamers that bind such small ligands, but their conversion into functional riboswitches remains difficult. We previously developed a computational approach for the design of synthetic theophylline riboswitches based on secondary structure prediction. These riboswitches have been constructed to regulate ligand dependent transcription termination in Escherichia coli. Here, we test the usability of this design strategy by applying the approach to tetracycline and streptomycin aptamers. The resulting tetracycline riboswitches exhibit robust regulatory properties in vivo. Tandem fusions of these riboswitches with theophylline riboswitches represent logic gates responding to two different input signals. In contrast, the conversion of the streptomycin aptamer into functional riboswitches appears to be difficult. Investigations of the underlying aptamer secondary structure revealed differences between in silico prediction and structure probing. We conclude that only aptamers adopting the minimal free energy (MFE) structure are suitable targets for construction of synthetic riboswitches with design approaches based on equilibrium thermodynamics of RNA structures. Further improvements in the design strategy are required to implement aptamer structures not corresponding to the calculated MFE state.

As glicosidases são enzimas que apresentam uma grande variedade de enovelamentos, assim como uma alta especificidade frente a diferentes substratos. Estas enzimas têm em comum a presença de dois resíduos catalíticos, responsáveis pela clivagem das ligações glicosídicas. O uso de glicosidases nas indústrias têxtil e alimentícia, no processamento de polpa de papel e na síntese de oligossacarídeos tem incentivado a engenharia destas proteínas no sentido de melhorar suas propriedades catalíticas e estabilidade. Estudos estruturais das glicosidases têm aumentado nosso entendimento de seus mecanismos de ação catalitica, assim como dos processos de interação proteína-carboidrato. Neste trabalho apresentamos os estudos cristalográficos de duas glicosidases de fungos, sendo elas a beta-galactosidase de Penicillium sp. e a Exo-inulinase de Aspergillis awamori, assim como estudos por espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS) da beta-xylosidase de Trichoderma reesei. As estruturas cristalográficas da beta-galactosidase e de seu complexo com galactose foram determinadas pela técnica de substituição isomórfa simples com espalhamento anômalo (SIRAS) até 1.9 A angstron de resolução para a estrutura sem substrato e 2.0 angstron de resolução para o complexo. A estrutura do complexo com galactose foi usada para identificar os resíduos catalíticos, sendo o resíduo Glu 200 identificado como doador de próton e o resíduo Glu 299 como o nucleófílo. As estruturas cristalográficas da Exo-inulinase de Aspergillus awamori e de seu complexo com frutose foram também determinadas pela técnica de substituição isomórfa simples com espalhamento anômalo (SIRAS) até 1.55 angstron e 1.8 angstron de resolução, respectivamente. A partir da estrutura do complexo foi possível identificar os resíduos Asp41 e Glu241 como o nucleófilo e o doador de próton, respectivamente. Além disto, foi possível verificar que o Asp189, o qual faz parte do motivo conservado Arg-Asp-Pro (RDP), é importante no reconhecimento do substrato através de duas pontes de hidrogênio. Com o intuito de obter informações estruturais sobre a P-xylosidase seu envelope foi determinado a partir dos dados do espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos. O envelope da p-xylosidase em solução foi calculado a 20 A de resolução, sendo o raio de giro e a dimensão máxima 36.9 angstron e 90 angstron, respectivamente. Usando algoritmos de reconhecimento de possíveis domínios foi determinado que esta proteína apresenta, além dos dois domínios característicos da família GHF3, um barril TIM e um domínio alfa/beta, um terceiro domínio. A predição da estrutura secundária e os dados de dicroísmo circular indicam que este terceiro domínio apresentaria um enovelamento tipo beta. / Glycosidases belong to a group of enzymes displaying a great variety of protein folds and substrate specificities. Two critically located acidic residues make up the catalytic machinery of these enzymes, responsible for the cleavage of glycosidic bonds. The applications of glycosidases in textile, food, and pulp processing, as well as in catalysts and oligosaccharide synthesis have encouraged the engineering of these proteins in order to obtain improved catalytic properties and stability. Furthermore, structural studies extend our understanding of the catalytic mechanism and the role of glycosidases in the recognition processes of their different substrates. In this work, we describe crystallographic studies of two fungi glycosidases, beta-galactosidase from Penicillium sp and Exo-inulinase from Aspergillis awamori, and the small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) studies of another glycosidase, beta-xylosidase (from Trichoderma reesei). The crystallographic structures of j3-galactosidase its complex with galactose were solved by single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (SIRAS) using the quick cryo-soaking technique, at 1.90 angstron and 2.10 angstron resolution, respectively . The X-ray structure of the enzyme-galactose complex was useful in identifying the residue Glu 200 as the proton donor and residue Glu 299 as the nucleophile involved in catalysis. The x-ray structure of exo-inulinase and its complex with fructose were also solved by SIRAS using the quick cryo-soaking technique at 1.55 angstron and 1.8 angstron resolutions, respectively. The solved structure of the enzyme-fructose complex revealed two catalytically important residues, Asp41 and Glu241, as nucleophile and proton donor, respectively. It was also possible to see that residue Asp189, which belongs to the Arg-Asp-Pro motif, provides hydrogen bonds important for substrate recognition. In order to gain structurai insights about the beta-Xylosidase from Trichoderma reesei, we calculated their SAXS envelope. The low resolution shape of this enzyme in solution was obtained fiom synchrotron x-ray scattering data at 20 angstron resolution. The radii of gyration and the maximum dimension of the beta-Xylosidase were calculated to be 36.9 angstron and 90 angstron, respectively. In contrast to the fold of the only structurally characterized member of GHF-3, the beta-D-glucan exohydrolase, which has two distinct domains, the shape of the beta-xylosidase indicates the presence of three domains located in the same plane. Domain recognition algorithms were used to show that the C-terminal part of the mino acid sequence of the protein forms the third domain. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and secondary structure prediction programs show that this additional domain adopts predominantly the B-conformation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-24T04:00:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Araujo Figueiredo.pdf: 5051471 bytes, checksum: 845523d46a114f99e92e4c1f07b80e2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 / ß-galactosidases are a class of glycosyl-hydrolases that act on the plant cell primary walls, hydrolyzing ß-D-galactose at the nonreducing ends of ß-D-galactosides present in several biological molecules. Initially a characterization of the monosaccharides present in the primary wall of the pericarp and endosperm of Coffea arabica fruits at different ripening stages was performed, identifying the polysaccharides present in these regions, along with the putative carbohydrate target for the ß-galactosidase. In parallel, a molecular and a biochemical characterization of ß-galactosidase was performed. A partial characterization of ß-galactosidase genomic DNA structure, along with a transcription analysis and an in vitro and in situ biochemical activity were performed, identifying peaks of expression in the early stages of growth and in fully ripe fruit. Finally, in order to evaluate the ß-galactosidase effects on coffee fruit ripening, C. arabica calli were transformed by biolistic using RNA interference approach, in order to obtain genetically modified coffee plants with a silenced ß-galactosidase expression. Three transgenic calli growing on selective medium containing ammonium glufosinate were obtained, two of which contained the ß-galactosidase gene fragment. These calli are under embryogenic regeneration and the resulting seedlings will be further analyzed in order to confirm the presence of the transgenes and to assess of the effects of ß-galactosidase gene silencing on coffee fruit ripening. / As ß-galactosidases sao uma classe de glicosil-hidrolases que atuam na parede primaria das celulas vegetais, hidrolisando residuos ß-D-galactosis de extremidades nao redutoras de ß-D galactosideos presentes em diversas moleculas biologicas. Inicialmente foi feita uma caracterizacao dos monossacarideos presentes na parede primaria do pericarpo e do endosperma de frutos de Coffea arabica em distintas fases de maturacao, identificando os polissacarideos presentes nesta regiao celular, juntamente com os provaveis carboidratos-alvo para as ß-galactosidases. Em paralelo, foi realizada uma caracterizacao molecular e bioquimica das ß-galactosidases. Foi realizada uma caracterização parcial da estrutura do seu DNA genomico, juntamente com uma analise do nivel de transcricao e da atividade bioquimica in vitro e in situ foram realizadas, identificando picos de expressao nas fases iniciais de crescimento e nos frutos completamente maduros. Por fim, visando avaliar os efeitos das ß-galactosidases na maturacao de frutos de cafe, calos embriogenicos de C. arabica foram transformados por biobalistica, utilizando a tecnica do RNA interferente, com a finalidade de obtencao de plantas geneticamente modificadas de cafeeiro para o silenciamento da expressao do gene das ß-galactosidases. Foram obtidos tres calos transgenicos crescendo em meio seletivo com glufosinato de amonio, dentre os quais dois continham o fragmento deste gene. Estes calos encontram-se em fase de formacao de embrioes somaticos e as plantulas resultantes desta regeneracao serao analisadas, a posteriori, para confirmacao da presenca dos transgenes e avaliacao dos efeitos do silenciamento do gene das ß-galactosidases sobre a maturacao de frutos de cafe.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A imobilizaÃÃo de &#946;-galactosidase para hidrÃlise de lactose à uma proposta para agregar valor ao soro de leite com conseqÃente produÃÃo de galactose e glicose. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver biocatalisadores a partir de diferentes suportes orgÃnicos e protocolos de ativaÃÃo visando à hidrÃlise de lactose proveniente do soro de leite. Inicialmente, prepararam-se os suportes a serem aplicados no estudo como quitosana 2,5% (m/v) (sem e com prÃ-tratamento com dimetilformamida) e 2,0% (m/v), quitosana-alginato-epoxilado (QAE), bagaÃo de caju (BC) e fibra de casca de coco verde (CV), os quais foram ativados de diferentes formas, com glutaraldeÃdo, epicloridrina ou glicidol. Na primeira etapa, determinaram-se o rendimento de imobilizaÃÃo, atividade recuperada e atividade aparente dos diferentes derivados obtidos para assim determinar os seis melhores â quitosana 2,5% (m/v) ativada com glutaraldeÃdo (QUITGLU1), quitosana 2,0% (m/v) coagulada com KOH a 50ÂC ativada com glutaraldeÃdo (QUITGLU2) ou epicloridrina (QUITEPI) ou glicidol (QUITGLI), quitosana 2,5% (m/v) tratada com dimetilformamida ativada com epicloridrina (QUIT-DMFEPI) ou glicidol (QUIT-DMFGLI). Para segunda fase, os catalisadores (QUITGLU1, QUITGLU2, QUITEPI, QUITGLI) foram estudados quanto à estabilidade operacional com o uso de reator contÃnuo, assim como ensaios de carga mÃxima e efetividade. Baseado nestes ensaios determinou-se QUITGLU2 como melhor biocatalisador e realizaram-se os seguintes estudos: variaÃÃo do tempo de imobilizaÃÃo, determinaÃÃo da melhor temperatura e pH para atividade enzimÃtica, determinaÃÃo de parÃmetros cinÃticos, estocagem sob 10ÂC e estabilidade operacional com o uso de alta carga enzimÃtica usando soro de leite como substrato. Suportes como CV e BC nÃo apresentaram boa adequaÃÃo para imobilizaÃÃo de &#946;-galactosidase de Kluyveromyces lactis, assim como o suporte QAE. Suportes com tratamento com dimetilformamida apresentaram baixos rendimentos de imobilizaÃÃo. Os resultados para o derivado QUITGLU2 apresentaram carga mÃxima de 75 mgProteÃna.g-1 de suporte e efetividade superiores aos demais. A estabilidade operacional para este derivado apresentou-se estÃvel, visto sua produÃÃo de glicose constante por 10 h de reaÃÃo. O tempo 3 h mostrou-se suficiente para imobilizaÃÃo. Os valores de Km e VmÃx tanto para enzima solÃvel (46,79 mM e 7.142,86 &#956;mol.(mL.min)-1) quanto para o derivado (69,56 mM e 113,25 &#956;mol.(g.min)-1). Durante os 120 dias de armazenamento sob 10ÂC, nÃo houve decrÃscimo da atividade hidrolÃtica do derivado, demonstrando Ãtima estabilidade à estocagem. Por fim, o biocatalisador mostrou bons resultados de estabilidade operacional quando utilizado em alta carga oferecida (255,9 mgProteÃna.g-1 de quitosana de carga teoricamente imobilizada) para hidrÃlise de soro de leite / &#946;-galactosidase immobilization was studied seeking to add value to cheese whey trough lactose hydrolyze producing galactose and glucose. This work aimed to develop biocatalysts using different organic supports and activation protocols. Firstly, some supports were prepared as chitosan 2.5% (w/v) (with and without pretreatment with dimethylformamide) and 2.0% (w/v), chitosan-alginate-epoxide (QAE), cashew bagasse (BC) and coconut shell fiber (CV), which were activated in different ways with glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin or glycidol. Initially, it was determined the immobilization yield, couple yield and apparent activity from obtained catalysts, being chosen six derivatives according to better results parameters: 2.5% chitosan (w/v) glutaraldehyde activated (QUITGLU1), 2.0% chitosan (w/v) KOH coagulated at 50ÂC glutaraldehyde activated (QUITGLU2) and epichlorohydrin (QUITEPI) or glycidol (QUITGLI), chitosan 2.5% (w/v) dimethylformamide treated with epichlorohydrin (QUIT-DMFEPI) or glycidol (QUIT-DMFGLI). Thus, catalysts (QUITGLU1, QUITGLU2, QUITEPI, QUITGLI) were studied as operational stability by using a continuous reactor, as well as, maximum enzyme loading and effectiveness assays. Then, it was determined QUITGLU2 as the best biocatalyst and following studies were carried out: immobilization time, enzyme optimum temperature and pH, kinetic parameters using lactose as substrate at 37ÂC, storage at 10ÂC and operational stability using high load enzyme and cheese whey as substrate. CV and BC supports did not present good results for &#946;-Kluyveromyces lactis galactosidase immobilization, as well as, QAE support. Supports treated with dimethylformamide presented low immobilization yields. The results for QUITGLU2 derivative presented maximum loading of 75 mgProtein.g-1support and higher effectiveness than others. The operational stability for this derivative remained stable, with constant glucose production for 10 h of reaction. Immobilization time of 3h proved enough for the process. The Km and VmÃx values were respectively: free enzyme (46.79 mM and 7,142.86 &#956;mol.(mL.min)-1) and catalyst (69.56 mM and 113.25 &#956;mol.(g.min)-1). During 120 days of storage at 10ÂC, no decrease derivative hydrolitic activity was noted, demonstrating satisfactory storage stability. Finally, the biocatalyst showed good results as operational stability when used high offered enzyme load (theoretically immobilized load 255.9 mgProtein.g-1chitosan) for cheese whey hydrolysis

Pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shigella flexneri relies predominantly on members of the AraC/XylS family of transcriptional regulators, Rns (or its homolog, CfaD) and MxiE, respectively. Rns/CfaD regulate the expression of pili, which allow the bacteria to attach to the intestinal epithelium. Better understanding of the role Rns plays in virulence was attained by expanding our knowledge of the Rns regulon, revealing that it functions as an activator of cexE, a previously uncharacterized gene. By in vitro DNase I footprinting two Rns-binding sites were identified upstream of cexEp, both of which are required for full activation of cexE. The amino terminus of CexE also contains a secretory signal peptide that is removed during translocation to the periplasm. Though the function of CexE remains unknown, these studies suggest that CexE is a novel ETEC virulence factor since it is regulated by Rns/CfaD. In Shigella flexneri, the expression of a subset of virulence genes (including, ipaH9.8 and ospE2) is dependent upon the activator MxiE and a cytoplasmic chaperone IpgC. To define the molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation by this chaperone-activator pair, an in vitro pull down assay was performed revealing that MxiE specifically interacts with IpgC in a complex. Additionally, IpgC recognizes three polypeptide regions in MxiE: within MxiE(1-46), MxiE(46-110) and MxiE(196-216). Furthermore, it seems that MxiE and IpgC regulate transcription of ipaH9.8 and ospE2 promoters differently. In the bacterium, the formation of the MxiE-IpgC complex is initially prevented because IpgC is sequestered in individual complexes with effector proteins, IpaB and IpaC. Upon contact with an eukaryotic host cell the effector proteins are secreted, thereby freeing IpgC to form a complex with MxiE and activate the expression of virulence genes. This new characterization of the role of Rns and MxiE in virulence gene regulation in ETEC and S. flexneri, respectively will give new insights into the pathogenesis of the regulators.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the lactose has been of great importance, due to absence or lack of the enzyme present lactase in the process digestive human. The enzyme β-galactosidase is very used in the processing of milk products by being of low cost and enough studied all over the world. The use of this enzyme in the dairy products prevents the crystallization of the products and it provides to the intolerant people the lactose better life quality. The objective of this work was accomplish a comparative study of the hydrolysis of the cheese whey usig two different maufactures β-galactosidase Prozyn and Lactozym, respectively, Kluyveromyces lactis and Kluyveromyces fragilis, of origin of yeasts. The tests of hydrolysis of the cheese whey were accomplished in a reactor with agitation control and temperature. The cheese whey concentration was of 60 g/L, temperatures of 43, 45 and 48°C, concentration of the enzyme of 4 g/L, pH 6,0 and 6,5 and agitation 300 rpm. Both enzymes obteined better result to 45 °C, however the enzyme Prozyn converts the lactose in smaller time. An analysis was accomplished to verify the concentration of total sugar of the cheese whey, 75%, to evaluate the hydrolysis, obtaining the glucose concentration in function of the time for each studied condition. The influence of the lactose concentration was verified in the enzyne, using lactose solution in erlenmeyer. The enzymatic activity was growing of the concentration 10 g/L up to 120 g/. The enzyatic stability in relation to the pH presented better result pH 6,5 for both enzymes Prozyn and Lactozym. The thermal stability of the free enzyme was certain for the time of half life. The enzyme Prozyn to temperature of 50°C it presented time of life 4,62 min and to 55°C was 2,77 min and enzyme Lactozym to the 50°C was 6,32 min and to 45°C was 115,52 min. In the determination of the enzymatic activity the method of the initial rates of the reaction of hydrolysis of the cheese whey was used. The obteined enzymatic activity was 75,03.10-3 mol/(genzyme.h) and 44,6.10-3 mol/(genzyme.h) for Prozyn and Lactozym, respectively. / O estudo da hidrólise enzimática da lactose tem sido de grande importância, devido a ausência ou carência da enzima lactase presente no processo digestivo humano. A enzima β-galactosidase é a mais utilizada no processamento de produtos lácteos por ser de baixo custo, eficiente e bastante estudada em todo o mundo. A utilização desta enzima nos laticínios previne a cristalização da lactose dos produtos e proporciona às pessoas intolerantes a lactose melhor qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo comparativo da hidrólise da lactose presente no soro de queijo, utilizando β- galactosidase originária das leveduras Kluyveromyces lactis e Kluyveromyces fragilis adquiridas da Prozyn e Lactozym. Os ensaios de hidrólise do soro de queijo foram realizados em um reator com controle de agitação e temperatura. A concentração de soro foi de 60 g/L, temperaturas de 43, 45, 48 e 53°C, concentração da enzima de 4 g/L, pH 6,0 e 6,5 e agitação 300 e sem agitação mecânica. Ambas as enzimas forneceram melhor resultado à 45 °C, no entanto, a enzima Prozyn converte a lactose em menor tempo. O teor de lactose presente no soro de queijo com concentração 60 g/L foi de 75%. A concentração de glicose em função do tempo determinou a duração da hidrólise, onde a lactose foi quebrada pela enzima e resultou na formação de glicose e galactose em quantidade equimolar. Verificou-se a influência da concentração de lactose na enzima, utilizando solução de lactose na faixa de 10 a 120 g/L em solução tampão láctico pH 6,5 e temperatura 30°C. A atividade enzimática foi crescente da concentração 20 g/L até 100 g/L. A estabilidade enzimática em relação ao pH apresentou melhor resultado em pH 6,0 para a Prozyn e pH 6,5 para a Lactozym. A estabilidade térmica da enzima livre foi determinada pelo tempo de meia vida. A enzima Prozyn à 50°C, apresentou tempo de meia vida de 4,62 min e à 55°C, 2,77 min e a enzima Lactozym à 50°C, 6,30 min e à 45°C, 115,52 min. Na determinação da atividade enzimática utilizou-se o método das taxas iniciais da reação de hidrólise do soro. A atividade enzimática obtida foi 75,03.10-3 mol/(genz..h) e 44,6.10-3 mol/(genz..h) para Prozyn e Lactozym, respectivamente. / Mestre em Engenharia Química