Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This dissertation explores the effects of a Prison Theatre project conducted at the Youth Centre at Westville Correctional Centre in 2010. It explores the relationship between change and increased levels of Social Capital that staff and offenders attribute to the performances. The centre houses male offenders between the ages of 18 and 25. The project was of particular interest because it involved offenders, correctional staff and management. The plays were made using a problem-posing methodology that involved the audience in proposing solutions. These were documented and circulated to management, staff, and offenders. The plays addressed three topics. The first topic was chosen by the cast, and the other two topics were chosen by the management. The topics were: Increasing self-esteem in the Youth Centre (Chosen by offenders); No smoking policy (Chosen by management); Sexual assault (Chosen by management). I interviewed the cast, a sample of the audience, and correctional staff and managers. The data was analysed in terms of levels and elements of Social Capital (Putnam, 1995) and included Negative Social Capital. I have not found other examples of research in the field of Prison Theatre that have made use of concepts related to Social Capital to analyse the impact of theatre projects. This research therefore establishes a new area of focus for the field of Prison Theatre. The findings proved that the theatre project was an effective means of increasing communication between members of different gangs and between correctional staff and offenders in a non-threatening manner. This provided opportunities for changes in relations of power and increased problem solving in the correctional environment. As a result two systemic changes occurred. The staff provided feedback on offenders‟ requests and complaints and designated smoking areas were created. The findings demonstrate how notions of Social Capital can explain how theatre affects change in a correctional context because it focuses on social dynamics rather than systemic issues. This is important in a correctional environment where offender‟s ability to effect systemic change is limited. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

It is a common observation that organizations of violence make use of moral transgression to bond new recruits to the group’s authority figures and to encourage compliance to them. The present study drew on the work of Festinger (1957), Aronson and Mills (1959) and Martens et al. (2007) and, for the first time examined this observation empirically. It was hypothesized that when participants agreed to make a moral transgression for the experimenter that they would come to view him more positively, see him as more professional and become more compliant to him, and that this would happen even more when that choice to comply was made salient. Participants were asked to place a number of bugs into a modified coffee grinder that ostensibly exterminated the bugs and then to activate the device. No bugs were killed in any condition, but participants were either led to believe that they were killing the bugs or informed that it was just a simulation. Subsequent positivity in the perception of the experimenter and how professional they considered him to be was then measured by questionnaire and compliance to him was measured in an optional data-entry task. Results yielded partial support for the research hypotheses suggesting that at least under some circumstances, agreeing to make a personal moral transgression for an authority figure leads to increases in the positivity in the perception of that figure and compliance to him and that making that choice salient enhances this effect. The implications of this finding for the understanding of the processes by which a person can become bonded to unsavory authority-figures and potential applications to community education programs are discussed; as are the limitations of this study and possibilities for future research.

The subculture of gang violence has become a most feared phenomenon in many povertystricken communities in South Africa and especially in the Western Cape. The gang violence that is prevalent in these communities affects mostly the adolescents, who are supposed to be &lsquo / the leaders of tomorrow&rsquo / . The purpose of this research study was to focus on adolescents in a community where gang violence is rife and in turn reveals their perceptions on gang violence, what the causes of gang violence are and how they are affected by it as expressed in their own words. The researcher establishes the significance and necessity of focusing on adolescents as influenced by gang violence through a phenomenological exploration of their lives. The position that is developed affirms that adolescents are adversely affected by gang violence both from a behavioral and cognitive standpoint. The dire extent of gang violence on these adolescents&rsquo / lives is illustrated by using Fanon&rsquo / s six dimensions of violence. Furthermore various theoretical hypotheses are provided to explain the or igin of gang violence in comparison to the explanations expressed by the adolescents themselves from the interviews conducted. The study is concluded with recommendations extracted from relevant literature as well as comments expressed by the participants of this study. The main limitation within this study was the lack of research outputs within the South African context on the topic of how gang violence affects adolescents who are not gang members. The rich information produced by this study in conducting in-depth interviews with adolescents makes this study significant.

<p>People outside of prison tend to imagine sex in prison as violent gang attacks on defenceless individuals, but in actual fact, sex in prison is more complicated than the isolated gang rapes that take place. For the purpose of this study, the researcher followed the qualitative research approach from a constructivist perspective to understand how participants portrayed or constructed their experiences of victimization and/or perceprion of rape.</p>

Esta Tese analisa as principais tendências e causas da criminalidade violenta em três regiões socioculturais do Rio Grande do Sul – Colônia Velha, Fronteira, Metropolitana de Porto Alegre -, durante a década de 1990 e início da seguinte. A criminalidade violenta foi expressa por taxas por 100.000 habitantes de homicídios, lesões corporais e roubos, além das relativas a dois cenários criminais: 1) não organizados entre conhecidos, abrangendo ameaças e lesões corporais leves; e 2) não organizados entre desconhecidos, reunindo modalidades ordinárias de roubos. Conjuntamente com fatores socioeconômicos, o modelo explicativo incluiu: a disposicionalidade social para a violência, a oferta de serviços de segurança pública e privada, a prevenção comunitária, bem como a presença de gangues de crianças e de adolescentes e do crime organizado, ambos representando a dinâmica da criminalidade violenta. Como fundamentação teórica das variáveis examinou-se diversas correntes sociológicas e criminológicas. Elaboraram-se indicadores sociais e criminais de 32 municípios com 20.000 ou mais habitantes pertencentes às três regiões socioculturais, utilizando-se dados primários e secundários, para então se efetuar a análise estatística multivariada que testou a influência de cada indicador sobre as taxas de delitos violentos. Em termos de resultados, sobressaíram-se como fatores explicativos: a) para os homicídios, a urbanização, a presença de gangues escolares e a segurança privada; b) para as lesões corporais, as taxas de pessoas sem companheiro, de tráfico de entorpecentes e de armas registradas; c) para os roubos, a precariedade domiciliar e a segurança privada; d) para o cenário do crime 1, a vulnerabilidade familiar; e) para o cenário do crime 2, a segurança privada. A Tese também apresenta uma extensa revisão bibliográfica das principais linhas de análise da violência e do crime no Brasil, assim como uma relação de estratégias de enfrentamento da criminalidade violenta que demandam a articulação de vários atores, públicos e privados. / This theses analyses main tendencies and causes of violent crimes in three socio-cultural regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) – Colonia Velha, Fronteira and the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre – through the decade of the 1990´s and the beginning of the following one. Violent crime was dealt with in terms of crime rates per 100.000 inhabitants for intentional homicides, aggravated assaults and robberies. Along with those, two kinds of social scenarios of crimes were analyzed. One includes non-organized aggressors victimizing friends and acquaintances through threats and minor assaults. The second one includes also non-organized agressors, but this time victimizing individuals unrelated to them through ordinary types of robberies. Conjointly with socioeconomic factors, the explanatory model included: social predisposition for violence, supply of social safety services and community prevention measures. The presence of youth gangs and organized crime are also incorporated, representing the internal dinamics of violent criminality. Different theoretical currents in sociology and criminology were used to sustain the inclusion of the variables. Social as well as crime indicators were designed and collected from primary and secondary sources, for 32 state counties [municípios] with population equal or above 20.000 inhabitants within the regions contemplated. From such data set, multivariate analysis were performed estimating the influence of each indicator over the crime rates. In terms of results, the following explanatory factors stand out: a) for intentional homicides: level of urbanization, presence of school gangs and use of private safety services; b) for aggravated assaults: persons living alone, level of illegal drugs trade, and registered guns; c) for robberies: inadequacy of housing and private safety services; d) for the type-one scenario: family vulnerability; e) for the type-two scenario: private safety services. The theses also presents an extensive bibliographical review of the main analytical currents of violent crime research in Brazil as well as a squeme of strategies for dealing with violent crime.

Esta Tese analisa as principais tendências e causas da criminalidade violenta em três regiões socioculturais do Rio Grande do Sul – Colônia Velha, Fronteira, Metropolitana de Porto Alegre -, durante a década de 1990 e início da seguinte. A criminalidade violenta foi expressa por taxas por 100.000 habitantes de homicídios, lesões corporais e roubos, além das relativas a dois cenários criminais: 1) não organizados entre conhecidos, abrangendo ameaças e lesões corporais leves; e 2) não organizados entre desconhecidos, reunindo modalidades ordinárias de roubos. Conjuntamente com fatores socioeconômicos, o modelo explicativo incluiu: a disposicionalidade social para a violência, a oferta de serviços de segurança pública e privada, a prevenção comunitária, bem como a presença de gangues de crianças e de adolescentes e do crime organizado, ambos representando a dinâmica da criminalidade violenta. Como fundamentação teórica das variáveis examinou-se diversas correntes sociológicas e criminológicas. Elaboraram-se indicadores sociais e criminais de 32 municípios com 20.000 ou mais habitantes pertencentes às três regiões socioculturais, utilizando-se dados primários e secundários, para então se efetuar a análise estatística multivariada que testou a influência de cada indicador sobre as taxas de delitos violentos. Em termos de resultados, sobressaíram-se como fatores explicativos: a) para os homicídios, a urbanização, a presença de gangues escolares e a segurança privada; b) para as lesões corporais, as taxas de pessoas sem companheiro, de tráfico de entorpecentes e de armas registradas; c) para os roubos, a precariedade domiciliar e a segurança privada; d) para o cenário do crime 1, a vulnerabilidade familiar; e) para o cenário do crime 2, a segurança privada. A Tese também apresenta uma extensa revisão bibliográfica das principais linhas de análise da violência e do crime no Brasil, assim como uma relação de estratégias de enfrentamento da criminalidade violenta que demandam a articulação de vários atores, públicos e privados. / This theses analyses main tendencies and causes of violent crimes in three socio-cultural regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) – Colonia Velha, Fronteira and the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre – through the decade of the 1990´s and the beginning of the following one. Violent crime was dealt with in terms of crime rates per 100.000 inhabitants for intentional homicides, aggravated assaults and robberies. Along with those, two kinds of social scenarios of crimes were analyzed. One includes non-organized aggressors victimizing friends and acquaintances through threats and minor assaults. The second one includes also non-organized agressors, but this time victimizing individuals unrelated to them through ordinary types of robberies. Conjointly with socioeconomic factors, the explanatory model included: social predisposition for violence, supply of social safety services and community prevention measures. The presence of youth gangs and organized crime are also incorporated, representing the internal dinamics of violent criminality. Different theoretical currents in sociology and criminology were used to sustain the inclusion of the variables. Social as well as crime indicators were designed and collected from primary and secondary sources, for 32 state counties [municípios] with population equal or above 20.000 inhabitants within the regions contemplated. From such data set, multivariate analysis were performed estimating the influence of each indicator over the crime rates. In terms of results, the following explanatory factors stand out: a) for intentional homicides: level of urbanization, presence of school gangs and use of private safety services; b) for aggravated assaults: persons living alone, level of illegal drugs trade, and registered guns; c) for robberies: inadequacy of housing and private safety services; d) for the type-one scenario: family vulnerability; e) for the type-two scenario: private safety services. The theses also presents an extensive bibliographical review of the main analytical currents of violent crime research in Brazil as well as a squeme of strategies for dealing with violent crime.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O presente estudo apresenta e analisa determinadas prÃticas culturais e educativas construÃdas com o movimento das gangues de pichadores na cidade de Fortaleza, capital do CearÃ, Brasil, nas dÃcadas de 1980 e 1990. Esses sujeitos sociais ousados e transgressores se fazem presentes numa escrita com spray e sangue, carregada de vivacidade e aprendizados na cidade. A pesquisa infectada de parcialidade e paixÃo està na contramÃo das visÃes preconceituosas e moralistas que tratam esses sujeitos como vÃndalos, marginais e criminosos odiados que merecem a expurgaÃÃo. Com o auxÃlio das reflexÃes de autores como Nietzsche e Foucault, de vontade de potÃncia e genealogia; Maffesoli, em tribos errantes e emotivas; De Certeau, nas apropriaÃÃes, dribles e astÃcias na cidade, à possÃvel lanÃar um olhar sobre esse movimento intrigante e desafiador. Quem sÃo esses pichadores? Como agem? Como sÃo estabelecidas suas prÃticas culturais e educativas? Quais os conflitos existentes? Quais as motivaÃÃes, inclusive, em riscos de vida, que levam os pichadores a marcar seus traÃos nos vitrais da cidade? SÃo muitas as perguntas inquietantes sobre esse grupo social que sÃo respondidas nesta dissertaÃÃo intensa de vivÃncias e experiÃncias, percebidas em muitas entrevistas e conversas com esses sujeitos, tendo tambÃm apoio nas pÃginas de periÃdicos que constantemente tratam do assunto e da escrita que esses pichadores escrevem à fina forÃa nos muros, viadutos, marquises, placas e prÃdios, entendendo a prÃpria cidade como um texto, documento vivo e latente de apropriaÃÃo e pertencimento por parte desse grupo social repleto de emoÃÃo e aÃÃo. / This present study shows and analyzes certain cultural and educational practices built with gang graffiti movement in Fortaleza city, CearÃ, Brazil, in 80âs and 90âs decades. These bold and lawless social people are present and written with a spray and blood, full of vivacity and learning in the city. This research, infected by passion and bias, is against the prejudiced views and moralists who treat these guys as thugs and criminals, who deserve hated purge. With reflections from authors such as Nietzsche and Foucault, about power and pedigree, Maffesoli about hordes and emotional; Certeau, the appropriations, tricks and gimmicks in the city, itÂs possible to take a look at this intriguing and challenging movement. Who are these taggers? How do they act? How are cultural and educational practices? What are the conflicts? What are the motivations, even life-threatening, leading the graffiti to mark their features stained glass windows in the city? There are many disturbing questions about this social group that are answered in this experiences and experiences intense study, perceived in many interviews and conversations with those guys, and also support in journals pages that deal constantly writing these taggers write strength in thin walls, bridges, canopies, signs and buildings, considering the city itself as a text, latent and living document of ownership and belonging on part of this social group fully of emotion and action.

Esta Tese analisa as principais tendências e causas da criminalidade violenta em três regiões socioculturais do Rio Grande do Sul – Colônia Velha, Fronteira, Metropolitana de Porto Alegre -, durante a década de 1990 e início da seguinte. A criminalidade violenta foi expressa por taxas por 100.000 habitantes de homicídios, lesões corporais e roubos, além das relativas a dois cenários criminais: 1) não organizados entre conhecidos, abrangendo ameaças e lesões corporais leves; e 2) não organizados entre desconhecidos, reunindo modalidades ordinárias de roubos. Conjuntamente com fatores socioeconômicos, o modelo explicativo incluiu: a disposicionalidade social para a violência, a oferta de serviços de segurança pública e privada, a prevenção comunitária, bem como a presença de gangues de crianças e de adolescentes e do crime organizado, ambos representando a dinâmica da criminalidade violenta. Como fundamentação teórica das variáveis examinou-se diversas correntes sociológicas e criminológicas. Elaboraram-se indicadores sociais e criminais de 32 municípios com 20.000 ou mais habitantes pertencentes às três regiões socioculturais, utilizando-se dados primários e secundários, para então se efetuar a análise estatística multivariada que testou a influência de cada indicador sobre as taxas de delitos violentos. Em termos de resultados, sobressaíram-se como fatores explicativos: a) para os homicídios, a urbanização, a presença de gangues escolares e a segurança privada; b) para as lesões corporais, as taxas de pessoas sem companheiro, de tráfico de entorpecentes e de armas registradas; c) para os roubos, a precariedade domiciliar e a segurança privada; d) para o cenário do crime 1, a vulnerabilidade familiar; e) para o cenário do crime 2, a segurança privada. A Tese também apresenta uma extensa revisão bibliográfica das principais linhas de análise da violência e do crime no Brasil, assim como uma relação de estratégias de enfrentamento da criminalidade violenta que demandam a articulação de vários atores, públicos e privados. / This theses analyses main tendencies and causes of violent crimes in three socio-cultural regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) – Colonia Velha, Fronteira and the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre – through the decade of the 1990´s and the beginning of the following one. Violent crime was dealt with in terms of crime rates per 100.000 inhabitants for intentional homicides, aggravated assaults and robberies. Along with those, two kinds of social scenarios of crimes were analyzed. One includes non-organized aggressors victimizing friends and acquaintances through threats and minor assaults. The second one includes also non-organized agressors, but this time victimizing individuals unrelated to them through ordinary types of robberies. Conjointly with socioeconomic factors, the explanatory model included: social predisposition for violence, supply of social safety services and community prevention measures. The presence of youth gangs and organized crime are also incorporated, representing the internal dinamics of violent criminality. Different theoretical currents in sociology and criminology were used to sustain the inclusion of the variables. Social as well as crime indicators were designed and collected from primary and secondary sources, for 32 state counties [municípios] with population equal or above 20.000 inhabitants within the regions contemplated. From such data set, multivariate analysis were performed estimating the influence of each indicator over the crime rates. In terms of results, the following explanatory factors stand out: a) for intentional homicides: level of urbanization, presence of school gangs and use of private safety services; b) for aggravated assaults: persons living alone, level of illegal drugs trade, and registered guns; c) for robberies: inadequacy of housing and private safety services; d) for the type-one scenario: family vulnerability; e) for the type-two scenario: private safety services. The theses also presents an extensive bibliographical review of the main analytical currents of violent crime research in Brazil as well as a squeme of strategies for dealing with violent crime.

Magister Artium - MA / People outside of prison tend to imagine sex in prison as violent gang attacks on defenceless individuals, but in actual fact, sex in prison is more complicated than the isolated gang rapes that take place. For the purpose of this study, the researcher followed the qualitative research approach from a constructivist perspective to understand how participants portrayed or constructed their experiences of victimization and/or perceprion of rape. / South Africa