Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-14T12:34:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) AVALIAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA DE UM TURBOGERADOR OPERANDO COM GÁS NATURAL E MISTURAS DIESEL BIODIESEL.pdf: 1608514 bytes, checksum: 4e26dca37cbcf2bb5c54b977bcf9bf48 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T12:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) AVALIAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA DE UM TURBOGERADOR OPERANDO COM GÁS NATURAL E MISTURAS DIESEL BIODIESEL.pdf: 1608514 bytes, checksum: 4e26dca37cbcf2bb5c54b977bcf9bf48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Em 2006, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), através da Resolução Normativa nº 235, estabeleceu critérios e requisitos para a qualificação das centrais de cogeração de energia. Atualmente, segundo dados desta agência, existem 78 termelétricas com cogeração em operação no Brasil, totalizando mais de 2.945 MW de potência instalada. Ainda há seis unidades previstas, sendo uma em fase de construção e cinco com construções ainda não iniciadas, totalizando mais de 25 MW de potência. Os combustíveis utilizados nestas usinas são derivados dos fósseis e da biomassa. Em períodos de seca, o uso das termelétricas é de grande importância para a manutenção do sistema elétrico, e o perfeito funcionamento, junto com valores de rendimento otimizados, devem ser garantidos para que também haja redução dos danos ambientais causados por este tipo de geração. O presente trabalho analisa numericamente o comportamento térmico de uma unidade de potência com turbina a gás tomando como estudo de caso uma unidade geradora a gás da Usina Termelétrica de Camaçari (UTC) localizada no município de Dias D’Ávila, no estado da Bahia. No estudo foi analisado o funcionamento com três diferentes combustíveis (gás natural, óleo diesel e biodiesel) e os resultados comparados em termos da eficiência energética e ecológica, cujos melhores valores foram encontrados para o biodiesel puro, e posteriormente, para as misturas óleo diesel/biodiesel (até aproximadamente 50% de biodiesel), gás natural, misturas óleo diesel/biodiesel (com quantidades inferiores a 20% de biodiesel) e óleo diesel. / In 2006, the National Electricity Energy Agency (ANEEL), by Normative Resolution n. 235, established criteria and requirements for the qualification of the cogeneration power plants. Currently, according to ANEEL data, there are 78 thermal power plants with cogeneration in operation in Brazil, totaling more than 2,945 MW of installed capacity. There are six units planned, one under construction and five with construction not started yet, totaling more than 25 MW of power. Fuels used in these plants are derived from fossil and biomass. In dry periods, the use of thermal power is of great importance for the maintenance of the energy system, and the perfect operation, together with optimized performance values should be guaranteed so that there are also reducing environmental damage caused by this type of generation. This study numerically analyzes the thermal behavior of a power unit with gas turbine using as a case study a gas turbine of Thermal Power Plant of Camaçari, in the municipality of Dias D’Ávila, in the state of Bahia. In the study, the operation analysis was done with three different fuels (natural gas, diesel oil and biodiesel) and the results compared in terms of energy and ecological efficiency, whose best values were found for pure biodiesel, and later for blend diesel oil/biodiesel (up to approximately 50% of biodiesel), natural gas, mixtures diesel oil/biodiesel (with quantities less than 20% of biodiesel) and diesel oil.

Atomization of fuel is an important pre-requisite for efficient combustion in devices such as gas turbines, liquid propellant rocket engines, internal combustion engines and incinerators. The overall objective of the present work is to explore air-assisted atomization strategies for high viscosity fuels and liquids. Air-assisted atomization is a twin-fluid atomization method in which energy of the gas is used to assist the atomization of liquids. Broadly, three categories of air-assisted injection, i.e., effervescent, impinging jet and pre-filming air-blast are studied. Laser-based diagnostics are used to characterize the spray structure in terms of cone angle, penetration and drop size distribution. A backlit direct imaging method is used to study the macroscopic spray characteristics such as spray structure and spray cone angle while the microscopic characteristics are measured using the Particle/droplet imaging analysis (PDIA) technique. Effervescent atomization is a technique in which a small amount of gas is injected into the liquid at high pressure in the form of bubbles. Upon injection, the two-phase mixture expands rapidly and shatters the liquid into droplets and ligaments. Effervescent spray characteristics of viscous fuels such as Jatropha and Pongamia pure plant oils and diesel are studied. Measurements are made at various gas-to-liquid ratios (GLRs) and injection pressures. A Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the order of 20 µm is achieved at an injection pressure of 10 bar and GLR of 0.2 with viscous fuels. An image-based method is proposed and applied to evaluate the unsteadiness in the spray. A map indicating steady/unsteady regime of operation has been generated. An optically accessible injector tip is developed which has enabled visualization of the two-phase flow structure inside the exit orifice of the atomizer. An important contribution of the present work is the correlation of the two-phase flow regime in the orifice with the external spray structure. For viscous fuels, the spray is observed to be steady only in the annular two-phase flow regime. Unexpanded gas bubbles observed in the liquid core even at an injection pressure of 10 bar indicate that the bubbly flow regime may not be beneficial for high viscosity oils. A novel method of external mixing twin-fluid atomization is developed. In this method, two identical liquid jets impinging at an angle are atomized using a gas jet. The effect of liquid viscosity (1 cP to 39 cP) and surface tension (22 mN/m to 72 mN/m) on this mode of atomization is studied by using water-glycerol and water-ethanol mixtures, respectively. An SMD of the order of 40 µm is achieved for a viscosity of 39 cP at a GLR of 0.13 at a liquid pressure of 8 bar and gas pressure of 5 bar. It is observed that the effect of liquid properties is minimal at high GLRs where the liquid jets are broken before the impingement as in the prompt atomization mode. Finally, a pre-filming air-blast technique is explored for transient spray applications. An SMD of 22 µm is obtained with diesel at liquid and gas pressures as low as 10 bar and 8.5 bar, respectively. With this technique, an SMD of 44 µm is achieved for Jatropha oil having a viscosity 10 times higher than that of diesel.

<p>  </p> <p>In gas turbines, the hot gas exiting the combustor can be as high as 2000 ^oC, and some of this hot gas enter into the space between the stator and rotor disks (wheelspace). Since the hot gas entering with its high temperatures could damage the disks, hot-gas ingestion must be minimized. This is done by using rim seals and by introducing a flow of cooler air from the compressor (sealing flow) into the wheelspace. </p> <p>Ingress and egress into rim seals are driven by the stator vanes, the rotor and its rotation, and the rotor blades. This study focuses on the first-stage turbine, where ingress could cause the most damage and has two parts. The first part focuses on understanding ingress and egress driven by the rotor and its rotation, known as rotationally-induced ingress, by studying ingress about an axial seal in a stator-rotor configuration without vanes and without blades. The second part focuses on understanding ingress and egress driven by stator vanes, known as externally-induced ingress, by studying a stator-rotor configuration with vanes but no blades, where the ratio of the external Reynolds number to the rotational Reynolds number is 0.538. For both parts, solutions were generated by wall-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) based on the WALE subgrid model and by Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based on the SST model. For both stator-rotor configurations, the grid-independent solutions obtained were compared with available experimental data.   </p> <p>Results obtained for the configuration without vanes and blades show Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) to form even without swirl from the hot-gas flow and to create a wavy shear layer on the rotor. Also, Vortex shedding (VS) occurs on the backward-facing side of the seal and impinges on the rotor side of the seal. The KHI and VS produce alternating regions of high and low pressures about the rotor-side of the axial seal, which cause ingress to start on the rotor side of the seal. Results obtained for the configuration with vanes but no blades show both LES and RANS to correctly predict the coefficient of pressure, C_p, upstream of the axial seal. However, only LES was able to correctly predict the sealing effectiveness. This shows C_p by itself maybe is inadequate in quantifying externally-induced ingress. One reason why RANS was unable to predict sealing effectiveness is significantly under predicting the pressure drop on the rotor surface, which affected the pressure variation along the hot-gas path and hence the pressure difference across the axial seal, which ultimately drives ingress. </p>

The efficient and enhanced mixing of heat and incoming reactants is achieved in modern gas turbine systems by employing swirling flows. This is realized by a low velocity region (internal recirculation zone -IRZ) zone resulting from vortex breakdown phenomenon. Besides, IRZ acts as effective flame holder/stabilization mode. Double concentric swirling jet is employed in plethora of industrial applications such as heat exchange, spray drying and combustion. As such, understanding essential features of vortex breakdown induced IRZ and its acoustic response in swirling flow/flame is important in thermo-acoustic instability studies. The key results of the present experimental investigation are discussed in four parts. In the first part, primary transition (sub-critical states) from a pre-vortex breakdown (Pre-VB) flow reversal to a fully-developed central toroidal recirculation zone (CTRZ) in a non-reacting, double-concentric swirling jet configuration is discussed when the swirl number is varied in the range 0.592 S 0.801. This transition proceeds with the formation of two intermediate, critical flow regimes. First, a partially-penetrated vortex breakdown bubble (VBB) is formed that indicates the first occurrence of an enclosed structure resulting in an opposed flow stagnation region. Second, a metastable transition structure is formed that marks the collapse of inner mixing vortices. In this study, the time-averaged topological changes in the coherent recirculation structures are discussed based on the non-dimensional modified Rossby number (Rom) which appears to describe the spreading of the zone of swirl influence in different flow regimes. The second part describes a secondary transition from an open-bubble type axisymmetric vortex breakdown (sub-critical states) to partially-open bubble mode (super-critical states) through an intermediate, critical regime of conical sheet formation for flow modes Rom ≤ 1 is discussed when the swirl number (S) is increased beyond 0.801. In the third part, amplitude dependent acoustic response of above mentioned sub and supercritical flow states is discussed. It was observed that the global acoustic response of the sub-critical VB states was fundamentally different from their corresponding super-critical modes. In particular, with a stepwise increase in excitation amplitude till a critical value, the sub-critical VB topology moved downstream and radially outward. Beyond a critical magnitude, the VB bubble transited back upstream and finally underwent radial shrinkage at the threshold excitation amplitude. On the other hand, the topology of the super-critical VB state continuously moved downstream and radially outwards and finally widened/fanned-out at threshold amplitude. In the final part, transition in time-averaged flame global flame structure is reported as a function of geometric swirl number. In particular, with a stepwise increase in swirl intensity, primary transition is depicted as a transformation from zero-swirl straight jet flame to lifted flame with blue base and finally to swirling seated flame. Further, a secondary transition is reported which consists of transformation from swirling seated flame to swirling flame with a conical tailpiece and finally to highly-swirled near blowout ultra-lean flame. For this purpose, CH* chemiluminescence imaging and 2D PIV in meridional planes were employed. Three baseline fuel flow rates through the central fuel injection pipe were considered. For each of the fuel flow cases (Ref), six different co-airflow rate settings (Rea) were employed. The geometric swirl number (SG) was increased in steps from zero till blowout for a particular fuel and co-airflow setting. A regime map (SG vs Rea) depicting different regions of flame stabilization were then drawn for each fuel flow case. The secondary transformation is explained on the basis of physical significance of Rom.

Syngas consisting mainly of a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other diluents, is an important fuel for power generation applications since it can be obtained from both biomass and coal gasification. Clean coal technologies require stable and efficient operation of syngas-fired gas turbines. The trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is a relatively new gas turbine combustor concept which shows tremendous potential in achieving stable combustion under wide operating conditions with low emissions. In the present work, combustion of low calorific value syngas in a TVC has been studied using in-situ laser diagnostic techniques and numerical modeling. Specifically, this work reports in-situ measurements of mixture fraction, OH radical concentration and velocity in a single cavity TVC, using state-of-the art laser diagnostic techniques such as Planar Laser-induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Numerical simulations using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approaches have also been carried out to complement the experimental measurements. The fuel-air momentum flux ratio (MFR), where the air momentum corresponds to that entering the cavity through a specially-incorporated flow guide vane, is used to characterize the mixing. Acetone PLIF experiments show that at high MFRs, the fuel-air mixing in the cavity is very minimal and is enhanced as the MFR reduces, due to a favourable vortex formation in the cavity, which is corroborated by PIV measurements. Reacting flow PIV measurements which differ substantially from the non-reacting cases primarily because of the gas expansion due to heat release show that the vortex is displaced from the centre of the cavity towards the guide vane. The MFR was hence identified as the controlling parameter for mixing in the cavity. Quantitative OH concentration contours showed that at higher MFRs 4.5, the fuel jet and the air jet stream are separated and a flame front is formed at the interface. As the MFR is lowered to 0.3, the fuel air mixing increases and a flame front is formed at the bottom and downstream edge of the cavity where a stratified charge is present. A flame stabilization mechanism has been proposed which accounts for the wide MFRs and premixing in the mainstream as well. LES simulations using a flamelet-based combustion model were conducted to predict mean OH radical concentration and velocity along with URANS simulations using a modified Eddy dissipation concept model. The LES predictions were observed to agree closely with experimental data, and were clearly superior to the URANS predictions as expected. Performance characteristics in the form of exhaust temperature pattern factor and pollutant emissions were also measured. The NOx emissions were found to be less than 2 ppm, CO emissions below 0.2% and HC emissions below 700 ppm across various conditions. Overall, the in-situ experimental data coupled with insight from simulations and the exhaust measurements have confirmed the advantages of using the TVC as a gas turbine combustor and provided guidelines for stable and efficient operation of the combustor with syngas fuel.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Zirconia (ZrO2) is an important ceramic material with a broad range of applications. Due to its high melting temperature, low thermal conductivity, and high-temperature stability, zirconia based ceramics have been widely used for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). When TBC is exposed to thermal cycling during real applications, the TBC may fail due to several mechanisms: (1) phase transformation into yttrium-rich and yttrium-depleted regions, When the yttrium-rich region produces pure zirconia domains that transform between monoclinic and tetragonal phases upon thermal cycling; and (2) cracking of the coating due to stress induced by erosion. The mechanism of erosion involves gross plastic damage within the TBC, often leading to ceramic loss and/or cracks down to the bond coat. The damage mechanisms are related to service parameters, including TBC material properties, temperature, velocity, particle size, and impact angle. The goal of this thesis is to understand the structural and mechanical properties of the thermal barrier coating material, thus increasing the service lifetime of gas turbine engines. To this end, it is critical to study the fundamental properties and potential failure mechanisms of zirconia. This thesis is focused on investigating the structural and mechanical properties of zirconia. There are mainly two parts studied in this paper, (1) ab initio calculations of thermodynamic properties of both monoclinic and tetragonal phase zirconia, and monoclinic-to-tetragonal phase transformation, and (2) image-based finite element simulation of the indentation process of yttria-stabilized zirconia. In the first part of this study, the structural properties, including lattice parameter, band structure, density of state, as well as elastic constants for both monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia have been computed. The pressure-dependent phase transition between tetragonal (t-ZrO2) and cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2) has been calculated using the density function theory (DFT) method. Phase transformation is defined by the band structure and tetragonal distortion changes. The results predict a transition from a monoclinic structure to a fluorite-type cubic structure at the pressure of 37 GPa. Thermodynamic property calculations of monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO2) were also carried out. Temperature-dependent heat capacity, entropy, free energy, Debye temperature of monoclinic zirconia, from 0 to 1000 K, were computed, and they compared well with those reported in the literature. Moreover, the atomistic simulations correctly predicted the phase transitions of m-ZrO2 under compressive pressures ranging from 0 to 70 GPa. The phase transition pressures of monoclinic to orthorhombic I (3 GPa), orthorhombic I to orthorhombic II (8 GPa), orthorhombic II to tetragonal (37 GPa), and stable tetragonal phases (37-60 GPa) are in excellent agreement with experimental data. In the second part of this study, the mechanical response of yttria-stabilized zirconia under Rockwell superficial indentation was studied. The microstructure image based finite element method was used to validate the model using a composite cermet material. Then, the finite element model of Rockwell indentation of yttria-stabilized zirconia was developed, and the result was compared with experimental hardness data.

In order to reduce emissions and achieve sustainable energy systems, renewable energy is increasingly being integrated into the power grid. However, the integration of renewable energy into the grid poses several challenges, including maintaining a stable power supply under changing and unpredictable conditions. Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) assesses a generator's ability to maintain stable voltage during grid voltage drops, which is crucial for renewables due to their low inertia and vulnerability to voltage disruptions caused by changes in wind or sunlight. LVRT requirements are defined by regional grid codes and regulations, which vary in their diversity. A study was conducted using Matlab Simulink to model and simulate the LVRT phenomenon on Siemens Energy's medium gas turbine generator. The entire power system generation system was simulated to observe the system's response and the generator's behavior during LVRT events. A previous gas turbine power plant project in Romania, delivered by Siemens Energy in Finspång, was simulated for analysis and compared against the grid code requirements. The findings indicated that the Siemens Energy gas turbine model SGT-750 satisfies the Romanian LVRT grid code requirements.

This report travels through multiple disciplines to seek innovative and sustainable energy solutions for wastewater treatment plants. The first subject is a report about increased global temperatures and an over-exploitation of natural resources that threatens ecosystems worldwide. The situation is urgent where the current trend is a 2°C increase of global temperatures already in 2040. Furthermore, the energy-land nexus becomes increasingly apparent where the world is going from a dependence on easily accessible fossil resources to renewables limited by land allocation. A direction of the required transition is suggested where all actors of the society must contribute to quickly construct a new carbon-neutral resource and energy system. Wastewater treatment is as required today as it is in the future, but it may move towards a more emphasized role where resource management and energy recovery will be increasingly important. This report is a master’s thesis in energy engineering with an ambition to provide some clues, with a focus on energy, to how wastewater treatment plants can be successfully integrated within the future society. A background check is conducted in the cross section between science, society, politics and wastewater treatment. Above this, a layer of technological insights is applied, from where accessible energy pathways can be identified and evaluated. A not so distant step for wastewater treatment plants would be to absorb surplus renewable electricity and store it in chemical storage mediums, since biogas is already commonly produced and many times also refined to vehicle fuel. Such extra steps could be excellent ways of improving the integration of wastewater treatment plants into the society. New and innovative electric grid-connected energy storage technologies are required when large synchronous electric generators are being replaced by ‘smaller’ wind turbines and solar cells which are intermittent (variable) by nature. A transition of the society requires energy storages, balancing of electric grids, waste-resource utilization, energy efficiency measures etcetera… This interdisciplinary approach aims to identify relevant energy technologies for wastewater treatment plants that could represent decisive steps towards sustainability.

This thesis demonstrates the successful development of a software sensor for Siemens Energy's SGT-700 gas turbines using machine learning algorithms. Our goal was to enhance the robustness of measurements and redundancies, enabling early detection of sensor or turbine malfunctions and contributing to predictive maintenance methodologies. The research is based on a real-world case study, implementing the Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP DM) methodology in an industrial setting. The thesis details the process from dataset preparation and data exploration to algorithm development and evaluation, providing a comprehensive view of the development process. This work is a step towards integrating machine learning into gas turbine systems. The data preparation process highlights the challenges that arise in the industrial application of data-driven methodologies due to inevitable data quality issues. It provides insight into potential future improvements, such as the constraint programming approach used for dataset construction in this thesis, which remains a valuable tool for future research. The range of algorithms proposed for the software sensor's development spans from basic to more complex methods, including shallow networks, ensemble methods and recurrent neural networks. Our findings explore the limitations and potential of the proposed algorithms, providing valuable insights into the practical application of machine learning in gas turbines. This includes assessing the reliability of these solutions, their role in monitoring machine health over time, and the importance of clean, usable data in driving accurate and satisfactory estimates of different variables in gas turbines. The research underscores that, while replacing a physical sensor with a software sensor is not yet feasible, integrating these solutions into gas turbine systems for health monitoring is indeed possible. This work lays the groundwork for future advancements and discoveries in the field. / Denna avhandling dokumenterar den framgångsrika utvecklingen av en mjukvarusensor för Siemens Energy's SGT-700 gasturbiner med hjälp av maskininlärningsalgoritmer. Vårt mål var att öka mätkvaliten samt införa redundans, vilket möjliggör tidig upptäckt av sensor- eller turbinfel och bidrar till utvecklingen av prediktiv underhållsmetodik. Forskningen baseras på en verklig fallstudie, implementerad enligt Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining-metodiken i en industriell miljö. Avhandligen beskriver processen från datamängdsförberedelse och datautforskning till utveckling och utvärdering av algoritmer, vilket ger en heltäckande bild av utvecklingsprocessen. Detta arbete är ett steg mot att integrera maskininlärning i gasturbinssystem. Dataförberedelsesprocessen belyser de utmaningar som uppstår vid industriell tillämpning av datadrivna metoder på grund av oundvikliga datakvalitetsproblem. Det ger insikt i potentiella framtida förbättringar, såsom den begränsningsprogrammeringsansats som används för datamängdskonstruktion i denna avhandling, vilket förblir ett värdefullt verktyg för framtida forskning. Utvecklingen av mjukvarusensorn sträcker sig från grundläggande till mer komplexa metoder, inklusive ytliga nätverk, ensemblemetoder och återkommande neurala nätverk. Våra resultat utforskar begränsningarna och potentialen hos de föreslagna algoritmerna och ger värdefulla insikter i den praktiska tillämpningen av maskininlärning i gasturbiner. Detta inkluderar att bedöma tillförlitligheten hos dessa lösningar, deras roll i övervakning av maskinhälsa över tid och vikten av ren, användbar data för att generera korrekta och tillfredsställande uppskattningar av olika variabler i gasturbiner. Forskningen understryker att, medan det ännu inte är genomförbart att ersätta en fysisk sensor med en mjukvarusensor, är det verkligen möjligt att integrera dessa lösningar i gasturbinssystem för tillståndsövervakning. Detta arbete lägger grunden för vidare studier och upptäckter inom området. / Esta tesis demuestra el exitoso desarrollo de un sensor basado en software para las turbinas de gas SGT-700 de Siemens Energy utilizando algoritmos de aprendizaje automático. Esto con el objetivo de contribuir a las metodologías de mantenimiento predictivo. La investigación se basa en un estudio industrial que implementa la metodología de Proceso Estándar de la Industria para la Minería de Datos, cuyo acrónimo en inglés CRISP-DM. La tesis detalla el proceso desde la preparación del 'dataset', la exploración de datos hasta el desarrollo y evaluación de algoritmos, proporcionando una visión holistica del proceso de desarrollo. Este trabajo representa un paso hacia la integración del aprendizaje automático en turbinas de gas. Nuestros hallazgos exploran las limitaciones y el potencial de los algoritmos propuestos, proporcionando un analisis sobre la aplicación práctica del aprendizaje automático en turbinas de gas. Esto incluye evaluar la confiabilidad de estas soluciones, su papel en la monitorización de la salud de la máquina a lo largo del tiempo, y la importancia de los datos limpios y utilizables para impulsar estimaciones precisas y satisfactorias de diferentes variables en las turbinas de gas. La investigación sugiere que, aunque reemplazar un sensor físico con un sensor basado en aprendizaje automatico aún no es factible, sí es posible integrar estas soluciones en los sistemas de turbinas de gas para monitorear del estado de la maquina.

Until a few decades ago few people could imagine that the photovoltaic, solar thermal and other power based on renewable resources, will become a reality. Today people from all over the world on the contrary try at full blast derive benefit from of all possible available source. Using sunlight as a source of energy is first enforced only for small devices such as calculators for charging the battery, but now we are able to produced energy from the sun to supply people around the world. Of course it is not possible supply consumer sector plus firm only from performances renewable power supply. Therefore endeavour is derive benefit from classical energy production at the same time with others power supply. The basic components of photovoltaic and solar thermal power are panels. The panels are made of different materials in different shapes and sizes. During production, the resulting effect looks in addition to costs associated with production. For photovoltaic and solar thermal power plant requires sufficient sunlight. The sunshine has biggest intensity on south of ours planets. Therefore endeavour is build lump these power station just in stand with bigger intensity sunshine. One of them is just Cyprus, too.