Gas phase studies of organometallic systems have provided deep insight into reaction mechanisms and reaction intermediates. In this thesis, several metal/ligand systems were examined in an effort to form metal carbenes in the gas phase. With cobalt and iron porphyrins, the carbene undergoes metal-ligand insertion. With copper bis-oxazolines, metal carbenes tend to undergo metal-ligand insertion and a Wolff rearrangement. To avoid insertions, we turned to a rigid ligand, 1, 10-phenanthroline. Under ESI conditions, a copper (I) complex with phenanthroline can be formed. When treated with diazoacetate esters, the dominant product results from addition with loss of nitrogen followed by loss of CO. This appears to be the result of a Wolff rearrangement of the metal carbene to give a metal ketene complex that spontaneously loses CO. There is no evidence of any stable metal carbenes in this reaction system. Trimethylsilyldiazomethane was also used as a carbene precursor, and its reaction with the copper phenanthroline complex gives addition with loss of nitrogen; but the product exhibits no carbene reactivity with alkenes. Here computational modeling suggests that the metal carbene undergoes a 1, 2 methyl migration, giving an exceptionally stable sila-alkene complex with the copper. As an alternative path to a metal carbene, we have used ESI to form a complex between the copper (I) phenanthroline and betaine (N, N, N-trimethylglycine). Under CID, this complex wills decarboxylates to give a copper ylide complex. Further CID leads to loss of trimethylamine and the formation of a complex between methylene and the copper phenanthroline. Depending on the CID conditions, two isobaric products are formed. One exhibits no carbene reactivity and the other readily gives carbene behavior with alkenes. The former is likely a metal-ligand insertion product, and the latter is the true metal carbene species. We explored the reactions of the carbene with electron-rich alkenes, such as ethyl vinyl ether and 3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran, and electron-deficient alkenes, such as trichloroethylene.

Hydrocarbon conversion and synthesis gas production are two components of the power production process that require significant development and exploration in the advanced energy arena. To remain within our current fueling infrastructure, it is imperative that an efficient and reliable mechanism to facilitate these components of the power production process is developed for automotive applications. A honeycomb monolith rhodium based catalyst has been identified as a potential fuel reformer element for use in automotive hydrocarbon fuel conversion. Using the novel and minimally invasive SpaciMS (Spatially resolved capillary inlet Mass Spectroscopy), developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratories, and an internal temperature acquisition system, the impact of fuel inlet space velocity on the operating rhodium based catalytic fuel reformer of interest was parametrically studied. In situ temperature and species profiles of the catalyst during steady state operation were produced. The data acquired through these experiments was then used to demonstrate analytic capability by conducting thermodynamic analyses on the operating fuel reformer. Experimental and analytical results can be used in development of design considerations for fuel conversion systems.

In the production of boron fibers using CVD technique, boron deposition and dichloroborane formation reactions take place in a reactor. Boron deposition reaction occurs at the surface while formation of dichloroborane is the result of both gas phase and surface reactions. A CSTR type of reactor was designed and constructed from stainless steel to investigate the gas phase reaction kinetics and kinetic parameters of boron fibers produced from the reaction of boron trichloride and hydrogen gases in a CVD reactor. The gases were heated by passing through the two pipes which were located into the ceramic furnace and they were mixed in the CSTR. The effluent gas mixture of the reactor was quenched by passing through a heat exchanger. An FT-IR spectrophotometer was connected to the heat exchanger outlet stream to perform on-line chemical analysis of the effluent gas mixture. Experiments were carried out at atmospheric pressure and a reactor temperature range of 300-600 &ordm / C with different inlet reactant concentrations. The analysis of the FT-IR spectra indicated that the gas phase reaction and the surface reaction started at reactor temperatures above 170 &ordm / C and 500&ordm / C, respectively. It was concluded that reaction rate of the product increased with an increase in the inlet concentration of both reactants (BCl3 and H2) and with an increase in the reactor temperature. The gas phase reaction rate was expressed in terms of a th and b th orders with respect to the inlet concentrations of BCl3 and H2. The activation energy of the gas phase reaction, a and b were found to be 30.156 , 0.54 and 0.64, respectively. The correlation coefficient was 0.9969.

No description available.

[pt] Os nitretos, carbetos, boretos e óxidos de metais de transição na forma de nanopartículas, têm recebido nos últimos anos uma grande atenção no mundo científico, por apresentar propriedades físicas e químicas bem específicas, com aplicações diretas na indústria de alta tecnologia. Esta tese de doutorado foi motivada pelo desenvolvimento e avaliação experimental de uma nova configuração de reator, tubular e de fluxo cruzado, que promove um melhor contato entre as fases gasosas reagentes, possibilitando a execução da síntese de nanopartículas em temperaturas mais baixas. O reator consiste em um tubo de quartzo e um sistema de alimentação de gás NH3(g), dotado de chicanas que o redireciona promovendo uma distribuição mais homogênea deste nos orifícios de alimentação no reator. O TiCl4, uma vez vaporizado, é arrastado pelo argônio na direção axial do reator e o NH3 é injetado na direção radial central do reator. No aparato experimental desenvolvido foram avaliados os efeitos das variáveis do processo, temperatura, tempo espacial e pressão parcial do TiCl4 sobre o tamanho médio de cristalitos das partículas sintetizadas. Os resultados experimentais obtidos mostraram que no reator proposto foi possível produzir, na temperatura ambiente, nitreto de titânio (TiN) com 100por cento de conversão e tamanhos de cristalitos abaixo de 20 nm. Além da produção do TiN, também observou-se a formação de um co-produto, também particulado, o cloreto de amônio (NH4Cl). Nas análises por difração de Raios-X observou-se a presença de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) na forma de anatásio e de oxinitreto de titânio. O aparecimento destas fases pode ser explicado pela alta reatividade do nitreto de titânio com o oxigênio e vapor de água presentes na atmosfera e a sua elevada superfície específica. / [en] Nitrides, carbides, borides and oxides of transition metals in the form of nanoparticles have received in recent years the attention in the scientific world, by their specific physical and chemical properties, with direct applications to the high technology industry. This thesis was motivated by the development and experimental evaluation of a new reactor concept, tubular and cross-flow, which promotes better contact between the gas-phase reactants, allowing the execution of nanoparticle synthesis at lower temperatures. The reactor consists of a quartz tube and a gas supply system (NH3), equipped with baffles that redirects the gas promoting a more homogeneous distribution of it in the holes that feed the reactor. The TiCl4 vaporized is carried by argon gas, in the axial direction, to the reactor and NH3 is injected in the radial direction in the central region of the reactor. In the experimental apparatus developed were evaluated the effects of process variables, temperature, space time and TiCl4 partial pressure, on average crystallite size of the synthesized particles. The experimental results obtained show that in the proposed reactor was possible to produce, at room temperature, titanium nitride with 100% conversion and crystallite size below 20nm. Besides the production of the titanium nitride was also observed the formation of a particulate co- product, the ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). In the X-ray diffraction analyzes was observed the presence of titanium dioxide (anatase) and titanium oxynitride. The occurrence of these phases can be explained by the high reactivity of titanium nitride with oxygen and water vapor present in the atmosphere and their high specific surface.

No description available.

Durant la nuit, le radical nitrate (NO3) est le principal oxydant troposphérique des composés organiques. La compréhension de l'implication des composés organiques dans les processus de chimie troposphérique exige donc une connaissance des constantes cinétiques de leurs réactions avec le radical NO3. Toutefois, au regard du nombre considérable de composés organiques émis ou formés dans la troposphère, il est difficilement envisageable d'appréhender la réactivité de chaque composé en nous reposant exclusivement sur des études de laboratoire. Celles-ci se doivent d'être complétées par l'usage de méthodes prédictives. Nous avons donc, au cours de ce travail, développé une relation de type structure-réactivité (SAR) qui permet le calcul des constantes de vitesse des réactions des composés organiques avec le radical nitrate. Cette méthode prédictive empirique permet d'estimer la réactivité d'un composé à partir de sa structure moléculaire et a été élaborée à partir de constantes cinétiques expérimentales publiées dans la littérature. De plus, conjointement au développement de cette SAR, les constantes cinétiques des réactions d'aldéhydes et d'éthers insaturés avec le radical nitrate ont été mesurées au laboratoire. Ces études expérimentales ont ainsi contribué à étoffer la base de données cinétiques sur laquelle repose cette SAR afin de permettre son parachèvement. Cette SAR reproduit, à un facteur deux près, plus de 90% des constantes cinétiques des alcènes et des composés aliphatiques oxygénés saturés et insaturés / The nitrate radical (NO3) is the main oxidant of organic compounds in the night-time troposphere. Thus, comprehension of organic compounds involvement in tropospheric chemical processes requires the knowledge of the rate coefficients for their reactions with the nitrate radical. Nevertheless, considering the wide range of organic compounds emitted or formed in the atmosphere, it is difficult to determine the reactivity of each compound only with laboratory studies. Thereby, these experimental studies have to be completed by predictive methods. In this study, a group-additivity method is therefore used to develop a new Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) which allows prediction of the rate constants for reactions of organic compounds with the NO3 radical. This empirical method is based on the prediction of a rate constant leaning only on the molecular structure of the organic compound. It relies on experimental rate constants available in the literature. Moreover, the rate constants of unsaturated aldehydes and ethers with the nitrate radical have been measured. Thereby, these experimental studies contribute to expend the kinetic database used for the SAR development and allow its improvement. For saturated and unsaturated oxygenated compounds, more than 90% of the rate constants are reproduced within a factor of two

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:11305004 研究代表者:後藤 俊夫 研究期間:1999-2001年度

<p>Mass spectrometry (MS) is a versatile analytical tool that is especially useful for identification of unknown compounds in mixtures when coupled with chromatography. In MS experiments, the analytes are ionized, separated based on their mass-to-charge (<i>m/z</i>) ratios, and detected. The molecular weight of the analyte can often be derived from the mass spectrum if stable molecular ions (M^•+) or stable protonated/deprotonated analyte molecules ([M+H]⁺ or [M-H]^–) are generated. Further, MS can also be used to obtain structural information for the ionized analytes via their fragmentation reactions. Tandem mass spectrometry (MSⁿ) experiments are powerful for the characterization of unknown compounds in mixtures without the need for coupling them with chromatography. In MSⁿ experiments, the analytes are ionized, the ions of interest are isolated and subjected to reactions, such as collision-activated dissociation (CAD) or ion-molecule reactions with neutral reagent molecules. The fragmentation pattern or the diagnostic ion-molecule reaction product ions can be utilized to elucidate the structures of the analytes. The fragment ions or diagnostic product ions can further be subjected to CAD to obtain more structural information. Besides analytical purposes, MSⁿ also provides a powerful tool for exploring the reactivities of reaction intermediates that are elusive, such as phenylcarbyne anions and phenylcarbene anions.</p> <p>The research described in this dissertation mainly focuses on the development of MSⁿ methods based on diagnostic gas-phase ion-molecule reactions followed by CAD for (1) the characterization of differently substituted ureas and (2) the differentiation of sulfonate esters from their isomeric analogs, such as sulfite esters and sulfones. HPLC was coupled with the MSⁿ methods discussed above to demonstrate its usefulness in the identification of compounds in mixtures. Additionally, a gas-phase reactivity study on phenylcarbyne anions is discussed in this dissertation. The phenylcarbyne anions were generated by CAD of two nitrogen molecules from negatively charged phenyl tetrazole precursors. Their reactivities towards various reagents were explored and rationalized with the help of quantum chemical calculations.</p>

L’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier, d’une part, les réactions des nitrates d’alkyles avec OH qui ont un intérêt atmosphérique, et d’autre part, les réactions des radicaux OH avec les alcanes et des atomes d’oxygène avec les oléfines qui ont un intérêt pour la combustion. Toutes les réactions ont été étudiées dans des réacteurs à écoulement à basse pression, y compris le réacteur à écoulement à haute température mis en place dans le cadre de la thèse, couplés à un spectromètre de masse quadripolaire à ionisation par impact électronique. Pour les réactions OH + nitrate d’alkyle, la dépendance en température de la constante de vitesse a été mesurée pour dix nitrates d'alkyles, dont pour huit nitrates pour la première fois, sur une large plage de température. Pour six nitrates, les produits de la voie réactionnelle menant au recyclage direct de NO₂, arrachement d’atome H de carbone α, ont été observés et leur rendements mesurés. La grande quantité de données obtenues dans ce travail a été utilisée pour une mise à jour de la relation structure-activité (SAR) pour les réactions d'alkyles nitrates avec OH et a permis d'améliorer les modèles atmosphériques actuels. Les études de réactions de radicaux OH avec les trois alcanes et de l'atome O avec l’éthylène et le propène ont permis de déterminer les constantes de vitesse respectives sur une large gamme de température allant de 220 à 900 K. De plus, la distribution des produits de réactions multivoies O + oléfine en fonction de la température a été déterminée pour la première fois. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer les modèles de combustion actuellement utilisés. / The objective of this work was to study the reactions of alkyl nitrates with OH radicals relevant to atmosphere and reactions of OH radical with alkanes and oxygen atoms with olefins of interest for combustion chemistry. All reactions were studied in low pressure flow reactors (including high temperature flow reactor developed during the thesis) coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization. For OH reaction with nitrates, the temperature dependence of the rate constant was measured in an extended temperature range for ten alkyl nitrates, for eight of them for the first time. For six nitrates, the products of reaction pathway leading to direct recycling of NO₂ (H atom abstraction from α carbon) were observed and their yields were measured. The large amount of data obtained in this work has been used for an update of the structure-activity relation (SAR) for the reactions of alkyl nitrates with OH and will improve existing atmospheric models. For the reactions of OH radicals with three alkanes and O atoms with ethene and propene the rate constants were measured over a wide temperature range, 220-900 K. Moreover, the distribution of the products of the multichannel reactions O + olefin was determined as a function of temperature for the first time. These results are expected to improve current combustion models.