Um dos métodos de fabricação de engrenagem em grande escala é baseado na usinagem por ferramentas de corte denominadas Cortador Hob ou Fresa Caracol. Esse método permite agilidade e precisão. A máquina e a ferramenta destinadas a esse processo são para aplicação específica na fabricação de dentados em engrenagens e eixos, fazendo-se necessário portanto um aprofundamento na otimização, melhor utilização dessas ferramentas. A não substituição da ferramenta no momento correto implica em dois problemas: ou ela poder ser trocada antes do término da vida ou ela pode ser usada em excesso e formar o chamado desgaste excessivo, o que reduz o número de afiações do cortador. O ponto a ser estudado o qual se trata essa dissertação é poder estimar a quantidade de peças a ser produzida com cada uma dessas ferramentas. Entretanto, sabe-se que uma mesma ferramenta pode ser aplicada a diversos tipos de peças, com variação de diâmetro e espessura, o que caracteriza a complexibilidade desse processo. Para isso foram coletados dados de usinagem e de desgaste da ferramenta em função das dimensões do par peça/ferramenta. Depois foram determinada curva padrão de desgaste em relação ao par peça/ferramenta e a partir dessa curva padrão, determinar a vida dos cortadores em quantidade de peças a serem fabricadas. Em seguida, os testes realizados puderam comprovar a efetividade dessa correlação. / The method of manufacture of gear on a large scale is based on process that use cutting tools, called Hob or “Caracol”. This method allows the speed and accuracy. The machine and tool designed for this process are specific for application in the manufacture of toothed gears and shafts. This making it necessary insight into the optimization of these tools. Failure to replace the tool at the right time involves two problems: or it can be exchanged before the end of life, or it can be overused and form the so-called excessive wear, which reduces the number of cutter sharpenings. The point of study from which it comes this work is to determine the quantity of parts to be produced with each of these tools, it know that the same tool can be applied to various types of pieces, ranging in diameter and thickness, which characterizes the complexity of this process. Therefore data about machining tool wear depending on the size of the pair part / tool were plotted collected. After that, standard curves of wear in relation to the pair part / tool and by this standard curve, to determine the life of the cutters in quantities of parts to be manufactured. Soon after, the tests performed could proved the effectiveness of this correlation.

Um dos métodos de fabricação de engrenagem em grande escala é baseado na usinagem por ferramentas de corte denominadas Cortador Hob ou Fresa Caracol. Esse método permite agilidade e precisão. A máquina e a ferramenta destinadas a esse processo são para aplicação específica na fabricação de dentados em engrenagens e eixos, fazendo-se necessário portanto um aprofundamento na otimização, melhor utilização dessas ferramentas. A não substituição da ferramenta no momento correto implica em dois problemas: ou ela poder ser trocada antes do término da vida ou ela pode ser usada em excesso e formar o chamado desgaste excessivo, o que reduz o número de afiações do cortador. O ponto a ser estudado o qual se trata essa dissertação é poder estimar a quantidade de peças a ser produzida com cada uma dessas ferramentas. Entretanto, sabe-se que uma mesma ferramenta pode ser aplicada a diversos tipos de peças, com variação de diâmetro e espessura, o que caracteriza a complexibilidade desse processo. Para isso foram coletados dados de usinagem e de desgaste da ferramenta em função das dimensões do par peça/ferramenta. Depois foram determinada curva padrão de desgaste em relação ao par peça/ferramenta e a partir dessa curva padrão, determinar a vida dos cortadores em quantidade de peças a serem fabricadas. Em seguida, os testes realizados puderam comprovar a efetividade dessa correlação. / The method of manufacture of gear on a large scale is based on process that use cutting tools, called Hob or “Caracol”. This method allows the speed and accuracy. The machine and tool designed for this process are specific for application in the manufacture of toothed gears and shafts. This making it necessary insight into the optimization of these tools. Failure to replace the tool at the right time involves two problems: or it can be exchanged before the end of life, or it can be overused and form the so-called excessive wear, which reduces the number of cutter sharpenings. The point of study from which it comes this work is to determine the quantity of parts to be produced with each of these tools, it know that the same tool can be applied to various types of pieces, ranging in diameter and thickness, which characterizes the complexity of this process. Therefore data about machining tool wear depending on the size of the pair part / tool were plotted collected. After that, standard curves of wear in relation to the pair part / tool and by this standard curve, to determine the life of the cutters in quantities of parts to be manufactured. Soon after, the tests performed could proved the effectiveness of this correlation.

Orientador: Pablo Siqueira Meirelles / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FenderNeto_Jorge_M.pdf: 2791447 bytes, checksum: 25726f29cfa1373b250f3deb7ef10a43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste no estudo da influência da relação de transmissão no consumo de combustível de um ônibus urbano em uma rota específica. Com este conhecimento poderemos aperfeiçoar ainda no projeto o conjunto motor/transmissão. Avaliações da rota com a transmissão atual foram necessárias para sabermos o quão próximo à plena carga o motor está trabalhando nesta aplicação. Para esta correlação levantamos em dinamômetro curvas com 100%, 75%, 50% e 25% de carga e com as aquisições realizadas em campo foi possível avaliar qual é a reserva de torque disponível e quais as faixas de rotação mais críticas. Com o torque necessário e a velocidade do veículo devido ao seu ciclo de trabalho foi possível levantar quais relações de transmissão podem ser utilizadas e avaliar qual proporcionará menor consumo de combustível. Estudos sobre "startability" e "gradeability" são necessários para garantir que o desempenho do veículo não será prejudicado a ponto de impossibilitar a realização do serviço ao qual se propõe. Atualmente, com a evolução das normas de emissões, os recursos eletrônicos para gerenciamento do motor estão cada vez mais complexos, com elevados custos de desenvolvimento/aplicação. Este estudo é uma alternativa para o melhor aproveitamento de combustível, visando adequar a relação de transmissão ao tipo de rota/utilização do veículo, mantendo o motor o maior tempo possível em suas faixas de melhor rendimento / Abstract: The main objective of this document is the study of transmission influence in the fuel consumption of a bus on a specified route. With this knowledge we can improve in the Project the set engine / transmission. Route evaluation was necessary to know how close to full load this vehicle is working, to this correlation we take on a dynamometer the partial curves with 100%, 75%, 50% e 25% of load and with field data acquisition is possible to evaluate the torque back-up available and the more critical rotation tracks. With the necessary torque and the vehicle speed due to its cycle of work we can raise which relations of transmission can be used to evaluate which will provide the minor fuel consumption. Startability and gradeability evaluations are needed to ensure that the vehicle performance will not be impaired to preclude the service which is proposed. Currently, with the development of emission standards, the electronic resources to manage the engine are increasingly complex, with high costs of development / implementation. This study is an alternative to the better use of fuel, looking forward to adequate the transmission relation to the type of route / use of the vehicle, keeping the engine the furthest time possible in its tracks to a better consumption / Mestrado / Dinâmica / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como a arte e a moda, representam o cotidiano no contemporâneo, principalmente no que diz respeito à crítica ao sistema vigente, a representação do instante formador do cotidiano e da apropriação da arte pelo consumo. Por necessidade de um recorte metodológico as Artes de Muro também conhecidas como Grafites foram escolhidas como fenômeno de observação por ser uma arte pública e de fácil acesso a maioria dos indivíduos que interagem com o espaço urbano. Observa-se que embora a Arte de Muro seja em sua maioria uma crítica aos moldes impostos pelo sistema, ela acaba por ser aglutinada por ele e transformada em bens de consumo de alto valor. / The objective of this work is to see how art and fashion, represent the everyday in contemporary, especially with regard to the criticism of the current system, the representation of time trainer every day and appropriation of art by consumption. On the need for a methodological approach for the Arts also known as Wall Graffiti were chosen as a phenomenon of observation to be a public and easily accessible to most individuals who interact with the urban space art. It is observed that although the Art Wall is mostly a critique of the molds imposed by the system, it turns out to be bonded by it and transformed into consume high value goods.

Les engrenages en matériau polymère sont de plus en plus utilisés dans des domaines variés, notamment dans des applications automobiles, où il est courant de trouver des engrènements polymère / métal ou polymère / polymère. Pour bon nombre d’applications, les polymères choisis pour réaliser des engrenages moulés ou taillés sont des semi-cristallins de type polyamides (nylon). Néanmoins, leur caractère viscoélastique introduit une difficulté supplémentaire dans la modélisation. En effet, le comportement viscoélastique des polymères dépend de la température et de la vitesse de rotation. Pour les Polyamides, il dépend également de l’humidité. Par conséquent, la viscoélasticité peut influencer la répartition des charges, l’erreur de transmission sous charge, la raideur d’engrènement… Dans cette thèse, une méthode numérique originale modélisant le comportement mécanique des engrenages en Polyamide 6,6 est proposée. L’approche développée utilise le modèle rhéologique linéaire de Kelvin généralisé pour simuler le comportement viscoélastique du matériau et prendre en compte la température, la vitesse de rotation et l’humidité. Ensuite ce modèle rhéologique est intégré dans le modèle quasi-statique du partage des charges développé par le LaMCoS. Ce processus de calcul permet d’obtenir les résultats essentiels pour les engrenages (répartition des charges, pressions de contact, erreur de transmission sous charge, raideur d’engrènement) avec un temps de calcul assez court. Enfin, un banc expérimental avec des engrenages en Polyamide 6,6 est développé et fabriqué dans le cadre de cette thèse. Il permet d’obtenir deux résultats : la température de l’engrenage pendant son fonctionnement et l’erreur de transmission sous charge. Cette dernière permet de valider le modèle quasi-statique du partage des charges. / Polymer gears are increasingly used, especially in automotive applications, where it is common to find meshing polymer / metal or polymer / polymer.For many applications, the polymer selected to produce gears by cutting or by injection moulding is polyamide (nylon) which has semi-crystalline structure. However, the viscoelastic character of Polyamide material introduces an additional difficulty in modeling. Indeed, the viscoelastic behavior of polymers is temperature and rotation speed dependent. In addition for polyamides, it also humidity dependent. Therefore, viscoelasticity influences the load sharing, the load transmission error, the meshing stiffness... In this thesis, an original numerical method modeling the mechanical behavior of polyamide 6.6 gears is proposed. This approach uses the linear rheological model of generalized Kelvin to simulate the viscoelastic behavior of the material and take into account the temperature, speed and humidity. The rheological model is integrated into the quasi-static load sharing model developed by the LaMCoS. This process provides the essential results for gears (load sharing, contact pressure, load transmission error, meshing stiffness) with short computation time. Finally, an experimental test bench with Polyamide 6.6 gears is developed. It provides two experimental results: the temperature of the gear during operation and the load transmission error which validates the quasi-static load sharing model

With the projected growth of wind energy in the United States expected to account for 20% of the energy portfolio by 2030, it can be expected that wind turbines will not only increase in number, but also in size. This increase in size implies that internal components, such as the gearbox, will also increase to handle the higher loads. And given the high failure rates for gearbox components already in existence, one could expect more failure if nothing is done to improve reliability. It is well known that wind loading is not constant, rather it is random and ultimately causes fatigue loading. This thesis is concerned with studying what the effects of dynamic loading are on a smaller gear system. It is assumed the findings of this study can be scaled to a larger wind turbine system. A simple spur gear pair is first simulated at constant loading to establish a baseline and then run with a sinusoidal input with differing amplitudes and frequencies. The hypothesis is that by varying the amplitude and frequency, the responses for gear contact force and input and output shaft torques will also vary. And if these variations are noted, then conclusions may be drawn as how the frequency and amplitude influence the system. After which, it may then be correlated to a wind turbine system. Knowing what affects the frequency and amplitude have on a smaller system may help to establish guidelines. For this model, mechanical simulation software is used to build a multibody dynamics model of a spur gear system with flexible shafts. Using known wind data obtained near Amarillo, TX, a matrix of possible frequencies and amplitudes for a sinusoidal input are implemented and the solutions compared to those at constant loading. It was found that the system responded similarly regardless of input, showing RMS values for accelerations of approximately 50 m/s2, gear contact forces of 520 N, input shaft torques of 42 Nm, and output shaft torques of 78 Nm. This behavior is not expected is most likely due to insufficiencies in the assumptions made to construct the model.

No description available.

Diploma thesis deals with the design of a small, computer-controlled machine tool. It is used for gearwheels production and combines the two most used manufacturing methods. The dissertation was dealt with in cooperation with a business subject which focuses on the development of milling machines. The introductory section is discussing research of current state of knowledge and market research focused on gearing machine tools, including patent investigation. The conceptual solution is discussing several variants of the cinematographic arrangement of the axes from which the final design solution was developed. This is described in detail in the second part of the dissertation. It contains description of individual construction complexes, choice of propellant units, modal analysis of sliding systems using the method of finite elements and in the conclusion the electronic part of the machine with its overall shape solution.

The basic aim of this thesis is to design optimisation of the brake bench in question. For this kind of optimisation, it was necessary to ascertain which failings the current brake bench exhibited. After ascertaining such failings, design of modification to this brake bench must be performed. In terms of this thesis, it was ascertained that the brake bench has insufficient brake power. Based on this finding, two alternatives for modifications have been selected. The first is replacement of the dynamometer and the second is insertion of a gear box into the brake bench. Rigidity analysis was performed on the gear casing.

Ces travaux de thèse sont le fruit de la collaboration entre la société Hispano-Suiza et le LaMCoS de l’INSA de Lyon. Dans le cadre du développement de nouveaux systèmes de propulsion, l’implantation d’un train planétaire / épicycloïdal entre la turbine et l’hélice semble être une voie intéressante pour atteindre les performances souhaitées en terme de rendement. L’augmentation des puissances transmises et la réduction des masses embarquées dans les applications aéronautiques tendent à rendre les composants de plus en plus déformables. Lors de ces travaux de recherche, un modèle dynamique de trains planétaires a été développé, incorporant les effets des erreurs de montage, des écarts de forme et des sous-ensembles flexibles. Une approche à paramètres concentrés est utilisée, intégrant notamment des éléments spécifiques d’engrenage et des éléments d’arbre. Pour les éléments d’engrenage, le formalisme des fines tranches juxtaposées est employé pour représenter les dentures. Une raideur élémentaire et un écart normal sont attribués à chacune des tranches et sont réactualisés à chaque pas de temps en fonction de la cinématique des composants et des déviations du profil des dentures. Les déformations de la couronne sont introduites à l’aide d’un anneau discret composé de poutres droites couplé aux éléments d’engrenage. Les dentures double-hélice sont modélisées par deux éléments d’engrenage d’angles d’hélice opposés liés par une poutre de Timoshenko. Finalement, les équations du mouvement sont résolues pas à pas dans le temps par un schéma de Newmark combiné à un algorithme de contact normal, permettant de prendre en compte les pertes de contact partielles ou complètes. Dans un premier temps, un certain nombre d’éléments de validation est présenté et comparé à des résultats tirés de la littérature. Afin d’asseoir notre modélisation, l’influence des erreurs de positionnement des satellites, du décalage des hélices, des erreurs de pas et des déformations de la couronne sur les distributions de charge est abordée pour différentes configurations de train planétaire. Dans un deuxième temps, l’optimisation des corrections de denture dans le but de réduire les vibrations est investiguée. Les corrections de profil sont introduites sur les engrènements de façon (i) linéaire et symétrique en tête de dents et (ii) identique pour tous les satellites mais (iii) différente selon le flanc actif. Dans ce contexte, les corrections sont tout d’abord optimisées vis-à-vis des efforts dynamiques d’engrènement à l’aide d’un algorithme génétique. Puis, leurs performances sont analysées en fonction du couple transmis et de la vitesse de rotation. Par la suite, un critère « équivalent » est dérivé, vérifié et utilisé pour étudier l’influence du décalage des hélices et d’une correction longitudinale parabolique sur ces corrections de profil optimales. Enfin, une sous-structure du porte-couronne est introduite et son impact sur les distributions de charge est exploré. / This research work was conducted at the Contact and Structural Mechanics Laboratory (LaMCoS) of LaMCoS - INSA Lyon (UMR CNRS 5259) in partnership with Hispano-Suiza (SAFRAN group). In the context of new turbo jet engine developments, a promising technological solution consists in inserting a planetary / epicyclic gear train between the turbine and the propeller which, in theory, can improve the system performance, especially in terms of efficiency. Increasing power densities and mass reduction constraints lead to more compliant structures which need to be analyzed from a dynamic viewpoint. The present work deals therefore with the dynamic modelling of planetary / epicyclic gears and the effects of assembly errors, tooth shape deviations and deformable structural components. A lumped parameter approach has been favored which combines rigid-body gear elements, beam and lumped parameters elements. A thin-slice model has been used to simulate the time-varying elastic properties of gear teeth with an elemental stiffness and a normal deviation functions attributed to every discrete cell on the contact lines (thin slice) and updated at each time step with respect to the meshing course and the instant positions of the teeth. Ring-gear deformations are introduced via a model of elastic annulus discretized into straight beam elements and connected to the gear elements. Double-helical gears are simulated by linking two gear elements of opposite hands by Timoshenko beam elements. The possibility of helix stagger is implemented by shifting the helix positions in the base plane. Finally, the equations of motion are solved step by step in time by combining a Newmark scheme and a normal contact algorithm which makes it possible to account for partial and total instant contact losses. A number of comparisons with benchmark results from the literature are presented which prove that the proposed theoretical and numerical developments are sound and can actually be used to simulate the influence of planet position errors, helix stagger, pitch errors and ring-gear deformations. The optimization of tooth shape modifications, i.e. profile and lead modifications, re dynamic mesh forces in planetary gears is tackled. Using a genetic algorithm, optimum profile modifications are derived and compared with some analytical results in the literature. Their performance over a range of loads and speeds is assessed for helical and double helical gears with rigid and flexible ring-gears. A quasi-static “equivalent” criterion based on local transmission errors is presented and commented upon. Having proved its relevance, a number of results are derived concerning the influence of helix stagger and lead crowning superimposed on optimum profile modifications. Finally, a deformable ring-gear support is introduced using a sub-structuring technique and its contribution in terms of tooth load distribution is examined.