O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como a arte e a moda, representam o cotidiano no contemporâneo, principalmente no que diz respeito à crítica ao sistema vigente, a representação do instante formador do cotidiano e da apropriação da arte pelo consumo. Por necessidade de um recorte metodológico as Artes de Muro também conhecidas como Grafites foram escolhidas como fenômeno de observação por ser uma arte pública e de fácil acesso a maioria dos indivíduos que interagem com o espaço urbano. Observa-se que embora a Arte de Muro seja em sua maioria uma crítica aos moldes impostos pelo sistema, ela acaba por ser aglutinada por ele e transformada em bens de consumo de alto valor. / The objective of this work is to see how art and fashion, represent the everyday in contemporary, especially with regard to the criticism of the current system, the representation of time trainer every day and appropriation of art by consumption. On the need for a methodological approach for the Arts also known as Wall Graffiti were chosen as a phenomenon of observation to be a public and easily accessible to most individuals who interact with the urban space art. It is observed that although the Art Wall is mostly a critique of the molds imposed by the system, it turns out to be bonded by it and transformed into consume high value goods.

Fault feature analysis of gear tooth spall plays a vital role in gear fault diagnosis. Knowing the characteristic of fault features and their evolution as a gear tooth fault progresses is key to fault severity assessment. This thesis provides a comprehensive (both theoretical and experimental) analysis of the fault vibration features of a gear transmission with progressive localized gear tooth pitting and spalling. A dynamic model of a one-stage spur gear transmission is proposed to analyze the vibration behavior of a gear transmission with tooth fault. The proposed dynamic model considers the effects of Time Varying Mesh Stiffness (TVMS), tooth surface roughness changes and geometric deviations due to pitting and spalling, and also incorporates a time-varying load sharing ratio, as well as dynamic tooth contact friction forces, friction moments and dynamic mesh damping ratios. The gear dynamical model is validated by comparison with responses obtained from an experimental test rig under different load and fault conditions. In addition, several methods are proposed for the evaluation of the TVMS of a gear pair with tooth spall(s) with curved bottom and irregular shapes, which fills the current research gap on modelling tooth spalls with irregular shapes and randomly distribution conditions. Experiments are conducted and the fault vibration features and their evolution as the tooth fault progresses are analyzed. Based on feature analysis, a new health indicator is proposed to detect progressive localized tooth spall.

Chan, Ngai Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-70). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.III / List of Figures --- p.VI / List of Tables --- p.VIII / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background Information --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Project Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Background on Gear Hobbing --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Traditional gear hobbing machines --- p.12 / Chapter 2 --- Design and Testing of the MMT system --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Specifications of the MMT system --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Overall Configuration --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Linear Actuation --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Main Spindle Assembly --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Tool Plate Assembly --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Motion Control --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Main Features --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Mechanically Decoupled Gear Hobbing --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Single Setup for Non-planar Gears --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Quality Assurance by Computer Simulation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Turning Test --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Experiment Results --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Tornos' Performance --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Estimation of Cutting Force and Workpiece Deflection --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Synchronization Test --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Experimental Results --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Gear Hobbing Test --- p.36 / Chapter 3 --- Diagnostic Tool: Gear Hobbing Simulation --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- Simulation Model --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Simulations with Process Defects --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Asynchronous motion between tool and workpiece spindle --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Pitch error of the cutter hob --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Tool spindle run-out error --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Combination of process defects --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment Validation --- p.50 / Chapter 4 --- Technical know-hows --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Premature Part Break-off --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- Tool Alignment and Centering --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Two-turns Aligning Algorithm --- p.59 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.63 / References --- p.67 / Publication Record --- p.71 / Appendix --- p.72

This study examines the use of one finishing electrode to finish multiple dies without remachining the electrode. The multiple-use electrode finishing experiment in this study addresses technology in the die-forging industry. Methods of manufacturing spherical straight bevel forge gear dies have relied on die-sinking Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) practices that showed great potential for advancement. The focus of this study is solely on the improvements of electrode use in EDM finishing-processes. The surface finish quality itself is not an area of concern other than maintaining that it does not diminish. The focused concern is maximizing the process by using one electrode unmodified for multiple-finishing operations. The objective for improvement is utilization of one finishing electrode used multiple times rather than only one finishing electrode per die. Utilizing a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), the inspection of specific locations on the finishing electrode reveals the repeatability and accuracy of use for one finishing electrode for six gear forging-dies. Initial experimentation validates the capabilities to finish four dies accurately in two separate die configurations with one electrode. To accomplish finishing the four initial dies, a die-sinking EDM machine that possesses a large enough working envelope was included in the process. The transition of using graphite electrode materials in place of brass for finishing multiple dies aids in reducing what was a total eight-hour process time into a four-hour process time.A machine with a working envelope large enough for only setting up one die to be EDM machined generated the eight-hour process time. The researcher achieved the eight-hour process time by replacing brass electrodes in the roughing stages with graphite electrodes. The extent to which one finish electrode can finish a sample set of six complete dies with one electrode is studied. Data is extrapolated from the deviation of absolute locations on a three-dimensional solid model compared to the multiple-use finishing electrode. Specific locations inspected on the electrode conclude the study efforts with results revealing that the maximum repeated use of an electrode is seven uses.

<p><p>In order to be competitive in the markets of today, more and more companies try to make their production more effective by automation. Consequently more money is invested in robots and the operability of the robots becomes increasingly important. Undetected faults may result in damages, both to the robot itself and to the operator, which make detection and prediction of faults important.</p><p>The gearboxes responsible for controlling the motions of the robots are essential for their functionality. In order to increase the understanding about them this project focuses on creating a model of the stress distribution inside a gearbox.</p><p>First, the geometry of the gearbox is measured and digitalized using a vernier caliper, a protractor, a ruler and the CAD-program Solid Works. Then the geometry is imported into the finite element program Samcef.</p><p>In Samcef, the interaction between the parts in the gearbox is modeled and a dynamic simulation of the stresses inside the gearbox during a robot cycle performed.</p><p>Since there are almost no experience about Samcef at ABB SECRC, part of the project is to evaluate the program and comment the experiences received when using it.</p><p>Two main power transmission steps are identified, modeled and simulated. They are merged together into a big model where both steps are present. This model consists of all the essential power transmission inside the gearbox, from input to output. The load applied is a rotational movement on the input axle during a robot cycle.</p></p>

The demands the automotive gear designer has to considerduring the gear design process have changed. To design a gearthat will not fail is still a challenging task, but now lownoise is also a main objective. Both customers and legalregulations demand noise reduction of gears. Moreover, thequality of the product is more in focus than ever before. Inaddition, the gear design process itself must be inexpensiveand quick. One can say that the gear designer faces a newdesign environment. The objective of this thesis is tocontribute to the answer to some of the questions raised inthis new design environment. In order to respond to the new design situation, the geardesigner must consider new phenomena of gears that werepreviously not a matter of concern. One such phenomenon is anew gear failure type, Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture (TIFF).As the gear teeth are made more slender in an attempt to reducethe stiffness variation during the mesh cycle, therebypotentially reducing the noise, the risk of TIFF is increased.The phenomenon of TIFF is explored in detail (paper III-VI)through fractographic analysis, numerical crack initiationanalysis using FEM, determination of residual stress by meansof neutron diffraction measurements, testing for determiningmaterial fatigue properties, fracture mechanical FE-analysis,sensitivity analysis and the development of an engineeringdesign method. The main findings of the analysis of TIFF arethat TIFF cracks initiate in the tooth interior, TIFF occursmainly in case hardened idlers, the fracture surface has acharacteristic plateau at approximately the mid-height of thetooth and the risk of TIFF is more pronounced in slender gearteeth. Along with the more optimised gear design, there is atendency for the gear to be less robust. Low robustness, i.e.,great variation in performance of the product, implies a highincidence of rejects, malfunction and/or bad-will, all of whichmay have a negative effect on company earnings. As the use ofoptimisation decreases the safety margins, greater attentionhas to be paid to guaranteeing the products' robustness.Moreover, in order to be cost-effective, the qualities of thegear must be verified early in the design process, implying anextended use of simulations. In this thesis, two robustnessanalyses are presented in which the analysing tool issimulation. The first one considers robust tooth root bendingfatigue strength as the gear is exposed to mounting errors, thesecond one considers robust noise characteristics of a gearexposed to manufacturing errors, varying torque and wear. Bothof these case studies address the problem of robustness ofgears and demonstrate how it can be estimated by use ofsimulations. The main result from the former robustnessanalysis is that wide gears are more sensitive to mountingerrors, while the latter analysis showed that to achieve robustnoise characteristics of a gear it should have large helixangles, and some profile- and lead crowning should beintroduced. The transverse contact ratio is a trade-off factorin the sense that both low average noise levels and low scatterin noise due to perturbations cannot be achieved. <b>Keywords</b>: robust design, Taguchi method, gear, idler,simulations, Finite Element Method, Tooth Interior FatigueFracture, TIFF

In order to be competitive in the markets of today, more and more companies try to make their production more effective by automation. Consequently more money is invested in robots and the operability of the robots becomes increasingly important. Undetected faults may result in damages, both to the robot itself and to the operator, which make detection and prediction of faults important. The gearboxes responsible for controlling the motions of the robots are essential for their functionality. In order to increase the understanding about them this project focuses on creating a model of the stress distribution inside a gearbox. First, the geometry of the gearbox is measured and digitalized using a vernier caliper, a protractor, a ruler and the CAD-program Solid Works. Then the geometry is imported into the finite element program Samcef. In Samcef, the interaction between the parts in the gearbox is modeled and a dynamic simulation of the stresses inside the gearbox during a robot cycle performed. Since there are almost no experience about Samcef at ABB SECRC, part of the project is to evaluate the program and comment the experiences received when using it. Two main power transmission steps are identified, modeled and simulated. They are merged together into a big model where both steps are present. This model consists of all the essential power transmission inside the gearbox, from input to output. The load applied is a rotational movement on the input axle during a robot cycle.

Simulating the translatory motion of a vehicle during a gear shift gives a good basis to evaluate performance and comfort of a gear shift. This evaluation can be used for gear shifting strategy in an automatic transmission. A model of a diesel engine and it's electronic control system is developed to capture the engines behaviour in a vehicle simulation environment. The modelled quantities are brake torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature and are based on engine speed and pedal position. In order to describe these outputs the inlet air flow and boost pressure are also modelled and used as inner variables. The model is intended to be implemented on board a vehicle in a control unit which has limited computational performance. To keep the model as computationally efficient as possible the model basically consists of look-up tables and polynomials. First order systems are used to describe the dynamics of air flow and exhaust temperature. The outputs enables gear shift optimization over three variables, torque for vehicle acceleration, fuel consumption for efficiency and exhaust temperature to maintain high efficiency in the exhaust after treatment system. The engine model captures the low frequent dynamics of the modelled quantities in the closed loop of the engine and it's electronic control system. The model only consists of three states, one for the pressure build up in the intake manifold and two states for modelling the exhaust temperature. The model is compared to measured data from a engine test cell and the mean absolute relative error are lower than 6.8%, 7.8% and 5.8% for brake torque, fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature respectively. These results are considered good given the simplicity of the model.

Denna studie har som mål att undersöka hur produktplaceringar i spelet Metal Gear Solid 4 kan ha för roll i narrativet, vad dessa tillför spelet och vilken roll de har för karaktärerna i berättelsen. Studien undersöker även om dessa produktplaceringar visas på ett sätt som förstärker produktens eller varumärkets status men även för att se om stereotyper nyttjas för att upphöja deras effekt. Denna studie bygger på en kvalitativ textanalys med semiotiska och narrativa inslag där jag tillsammans med valda teorier om bland annat narratologi och produktplacering kommer att svara på uppsatsens frågeställning: Hur används och integrerar varumärken/produkterna med narrativet och karaktärerna i Metal Gear Solid 4?  Resultatet visar att de produkter och varumärken som finns med i spelet har varit viktiga för både narrativet och karaktärerna. Dessa produktplaceringar har bland annat gjort spelets berättelse och dess karaktärer mer verkliga då de har hjälpt att skapa en länk mellan fiktion och verklighet. Produkterna har spelat en stor roll i narrativets story och händelseförlopp då de har varit viktiga instrument som har underlättat spelandet och fört narrativet framåt samtidigt som de har använts av spelets karaktärer och gjort det möjligt för dem att kunna uppnå det slutgiltiga målet i narrativet, vilket är som många andra berättelser idag, världsfred.

Rotary tables are generally regarded as the forth axis of machining tools. Traditionally, gear sets are used as reducers in the rotary tables. In order to improve the positioning accuracy, load and efficiency of rotary tables, a rotary table which applies the roller gear cam reducer is proposed. From the deduction of the theory, applications of roller gear cam reducers in the industries can be achieved. This thesis is focused on developing the procedure as follows: Firstly, the type of roller gear cam reducer and design parameters are identified. Secondly, the mechanical characteristics of the device are analyzed. Finally, a rotary table is designed and implemented to investigate the performance of the of the roller gear cam rotary table.