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<p>This manuscript is comprised of three papers that examine the far-reaching and often invisible political outcomes of gender role socialization in the United States. These papers focus primarily on two areas: political confidence amongst girls and women, and the effects of gender on survey measurement and data quality.</p><p>Chapter one focuses on political confidence, and the likelihood that women will run for political office. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership, and their lack of political ambition, relative to men, has been identified as a primary cause. In this paper, I explore the relationship between an individual's masculinity and femininity and her development of political ambition. Using original survey data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), I first empirically demonstrate that gender (masculinity/femininity) and sex (male/female) are unique elements of identity and, moreover, are both independently related to political ambition. I then explore the relevance of gender for the study of candidate emergence, testing whether and how masculinity and femininity might be related to political ambition are supported empirically. While the results suggest that masculinity is positively associated with the development of political ambition, the relationship between femininity and candidate emergence seems to be more complicated and not what prevailing stereotypes might lead us to expect. Moreover, while the relationship between masculinity and political ambition is the same for men and women, the relationship between femininity and political ambition is very different for women than it is for men. This study suggests that gender role socialization is highly related with both men's and women's desire to seek positions of political leadership.</p><p>Chapter two continues this exploration of gendered differences in the development of political ambition, this time exploring how social attractiveness and gendered perceptions of political leadership impact the desire to hold political office.Women are persistently underrepresented as candidates for public office and remain underrepresented at all levels of government in the United States. Previous literature suggests that the gendered ambition gap, gender socialization, insufficient recruitment, media scrutiny, family responsibilities, modern campaign strategies, and political opportunity structures all contribute to the gender imbalance in pools of officeholders and candidates. To explain women's reticence to run, scholars have offered explanations addressing structural, institutional, and individual-level factors that deter women from becoming candidates, especially for high positions in the U.S. government. This paper examines a previously unexplored factor: how dating and socialized norms of sexual attraction affect political ambition. This study investigates whether young, single, and heterosexual women's desire for male attention and fear of being perceived as unattractive or "too ambitious" present obstacles to running for office. The results of these experiments suggest that social expectations about gender, attraction and sexuality, and political office-holding may contribute to women's reticence to pursue political leadership. Chapter two is a co-authored work and represents the joint efforts of Laura Lazarus Frankel, Shauna Shames, and Nadia Farjood.</p><p>Chapter 3 bridges survey methodology and gender socialization, focusing on how interviewer sex affects survey measurement and data quality. Specifically, this paper examines whether and how matching interviewer and respondent sex affects panel attrition--respondents dropping out of the study after participating in the first wave. While the majority of research on interviewer effects suggests that matching interviewer and respondent characteristics (homophily) yields higher quality data, little work has examined whether this pattern holds true in the area of panel attrition. Using paradata from the General Social Survey (GSS), I explore this question. My analysis reveals that, despite its broader positive effects on data quality, matching interviewer and respondent sex increases likelihood to attrit. Interestingly, this phenomenon only emerges amongst male respondents. However, while assigning female interviewers to male respondents decreases their propensity to attrit, it also increases the likelihood of biased responses on gender related items. These conflicting outcomes represent a tradeoff for scholars and survey researchers, requiring careful consideration of mode, content, and study goals when designing surveys and/or analyzing survey data. The implications of these patterns and areas for further research are discussed.</p><p>Together, these papers illustrate two ways that gender norms are related to political outcomes: they contribute to patterns of candidate emergence and affect the measurement of political attitudes and behaviors.</p> / Dissertation

Gender stereotypes and the prejudices associated with them are a frequently discussed issue in the society as well as in the academic world. Even though there is certain evidence of the changes in the media presentation of masculine and feminine roles, the stereotypical illustration of men and women still persists and the media have a significant impact on gender socialisation (Renzetti, Curran, 2003). TV advertising is a typical example of a media format presenting masculine and feminine genders unequally. This thesis examines this assumption focusing on the TV advertising of cars. I also follow-up on my bachelor thesis in which I dealt with the gender stereotypes in the TV advertising for children. In the research background and theory I concentrate on the general understanding of the biological and social views of gender, gender development and gender socialisation. I also provide a short introduction to the media as well as TV advertising theory. The methodological part explains the reasons for the usage of the selected research method and forms guidelines for the data analysis. 54 unique advertisements were analysed using quantitative content analysis which examined 24 variables associated with the three main categories: the advertising itself, the promoted car(s) and the participating...

In Be Good, Sweet Maid: The Trials of Dorothy Joudrie (1999), Audrey Andrews recounts the life and trial of Dorothy Joudrie, a so-called wealthy socialite who was arrested in Calgary in 1995 for attempting to murder her estranged husband after decades of domestic abuse. Andrews tells Joudrie’s story in the form of a semi-auto/biographical text that quotes other scholarly and creative literary works in an intertextual dialogue about violence against women, post-World War II gender socialization, and the “battered women syndrome” defence. This thesis takes this highly referential dialogue as its starting point, and then extends Andrews’ cultural work by tracing a genealogy of colonialism in Canadian domestic violence laws with the help of selected intertexts – including Yvonne Johnson’s Stolen Life: Journey of a Cree Woman (1998), the trial of Angelique Lavallee, and Lorena Bobbitt’s infamous case. First, I source the epigraphs that Andrews strategically places at the start of each chapter and discern the layer of meaning that these external texts bring to Joudrie’s story in order to raise questions about how Andrews rearticulates the work of others and the politics of such a rearticulation. Second, I similarly frame Joudrie’s 1995 trial as a referential and intertextual discourse based in precedent established by the Supreme Court in 1990 when it ruled that expert testimony on the “battered woman syndrome” was admissible in the R. v. Lavallee case (Shaffer 1). This allows me to consider a consequence of the ruling often overlooked in feminist literature: due to the fact that the original defendant, Angelique Lavallee, was a Métis woman whose identity was erased in the courtroom and in case law, subsequent trials employing the “battered woman syndrome” defence repeat settler relations entrenched in colonial violence. Third, I expose how representations can fail by thinking through what Stephen Couser calls the auto/bio/ethics of life writing, which reveals the limits of Canadian laws and literatures. Ultimately, this discussion generates questions about who is considered human under the law and how life writing might re-imagine the “reasonable” human in more just and compassionate ways. / Thesis (Master, Gender Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-07-28 10:28:24.988

L’objectif général de cette thèse est de clarifier les processus participant au maintien de la division sexuée de l'orientation scolaire puis professionnelle. Dans une perspective socio développementale, ce travail de thèse examine d'une part la variation des représentations sex-typées des métiers chez les enfants et d'autre part, les représentations intergroupes de sexe puis les aspirations professionnelles de jeunes adultes. Plus précisément, nous avons mesuré la variation de la catégorisation sex-typée des métiers, auprès d’enfants, à différents âges, ainsi que leurs comportements (choix/rejet) face à des scenarii stéréotypés vs contre-stéréotypées puis leur métier préféré. Nous proposons dans un premier temps que ces différentes mesures révèlent l'existence d'une phase de « rigidité » relative aux connaissances puis aux comportements et aux préférences liés aux rôles de sexe, chez les élèves les plus jeunes (7 ans) comparativement aux plus âgé-e-s (9 et 11 ans). Deux études (Germes 1 et Germes 2) permettent de démontrer que ce « pic de rigidité » appliqué aux métiers s'observe vers 9 ans. Nous examinons dans un second temps les représentations intergroupes et les aspirations professionnelles de jeunes adultes en formation professionnelle à dominance féminine vs masculine. Nous postulons que nous devrions observer une asymétrie cognitive de sexe ainsi qu'une ligne de partage entre les sexes concernant les aspirations professionnelles. Ainsi, choisir une filière professionnelle à dominance féminine vs masculine ne remet pas en question le maintien de l'asymétrie sociale et cognitive entre le féminin et le masculin. Trois études permettent de valider cette hypothèse. Enfin, nous discutons des applications sociales de ce travail de thèse, sur la mise en œuvre de l’égalité entre les sexes. / This thesis aims to contribute to highlight mechanisms of educational and occupational sex segregation. In a socio-developmental perspective, this dissertation examines, on the one hand, the variation of sex-typed jobs representations, among primary school pupils, and on the other hand, the sex intergroup representations and then, the professional aspirations of young adults. More specifically, we analysed the variation of sex-typed jobs categorization, among children, at different ages, their behavior (choice / rejection) regarding to stereotyped vs counter-stereotyped scenarii and then, their preferred occupation. First, we propose that these various measures reveal the existence of a "rigidity phase" about knowledge, behaviors and preferences related to sex roles, among the youngest pupils (7 years) compared to the most elderly children (9 and 11 years old). Two studies (Germs 1 and Germs 2) reveal that this "rigidity phase" applied to jobs, is observed around 9 years. Secondly, we examine the intergroup representations and career aspirations among young adults, in female vs male vocational training. We expect to a cognitive gender asymmetry and an occupational sex segregation regarding to career aspirations. Thus, choosing a female vs male vocational career does not change the social and cognitive asymmetry between female and male. Three studies confirmed this postulate. Finally, we discuss the résults of this thesis work, to lead a proposal for social applications and intervention in the educational system in favor of gender equality.

Gender in the playground: Ethnographic research This hesis analyses the (re)production of gender stereotypes in the playground. The theoretical framework of the analysis is based on the classical approaches (Renzetti and Curran 2005 Jarkovská 2004) , gender socialization (Giddens 1999, Gilligan 2001 and Bem 2003) and is also inspired by current research on playgrounds (Paetcher, Clark 2003 Millan 2012). The research was conducted at a playground located in Beroun throughout years 2013 and 2014 as a non-participating observation of the visitors of the playground. The work presents a comprehensive view of gender and gender stereotypes reproduced at the playground in two areas: 1) the area of gender stereotypes in the playground reproduced by children and 2) the area of gender stereotypes which adult accompaniment brings to the field. Analysis shows the way in which these categories are (re)constructed and played out in everyday life and how they affect the subculture of the playground. The analysis is mainly based on the surprising finding that the children at the playground were accompanied by almost the same number of men as women. Other findings are related to the children themselves. Children in the playground do a lot of gaming activities, which is no longer so surprising and also proves that...

Abstract This study is based on a qualitative observational study of sex education. The observations were carried out in four classes in a high school year 1 in southwest Sweden. The purpose was to create an understanding of how society's discourse on relationships, consent and sexuality is expressed among students. In the study, the reactions and word choices used by the students were observed. The reactions were interpreted as an expression of the norms that the students learned from gender socialization, which are heteronormative. The theories applied in the study are sociology of emotions, which means the difference between emotions and feelings and their expression. Discourse was chosen as a theory and means that the language of one's surroundings is how one percieves it. Finally, gender socialization was chosen as a concept to describe and analyze the norms, values, and perceptions the indivitual has grown up in that govern one's behavior. The metod used to analyze the empiric discourse analysis to understand the way in which student's behavior reflects society. The study is also based on reflexive methodology, which means that the researcher's previous knowledge of the subject helps one understand the whole.  The result of the study was that the student's reactions and ideas show that the discourse they refer to is heteronormative. The sociological contribution is to increase knowledge about the effects that arise with and without sex education, so that they themselves can influence their lives and surroundings. / Studien bygger på en kvalitativ observationsundersökning av sexualundervisning.Observationerna genomfördes i fyra klasser i en gymnasieskola i årskurs 1 i sydvästraSverige. Syftet var att skapa en förståelse kring hur diskursen samhället har kring relationer,samtycke och sexualitet uttrycker sig bland eleverna. I studien observerades de reaktioner ochordval som eleverna använde. Reaktionerna tolkades som ett uttryck för de normer someleverna lärt sig genom könssocialisation, vilka är heteronormativa. De teorier som tillämpas istudien är emotionssociologi som innebär skillnaden mellan känslor och emotioner samt derasuttryck. Diskurs valdes som teori och innebär att språket om sin omgivning är så en uppfattarden. Till sist valdes könssocialisation som begrepp för att beskriva och analysera de normer,värden och föreställningar individen vuxit upp i som styr ens beteenden.Metoden som användes för att analysera empirin var diskursanalys för att förstådet sätt som elevernas beteende speglar samhället. Studien utgår även från reflexivmetodologi som innebär att de förkunskaper forskaren har kring ämnet hjälper en att förståhelheten.Resultatet av studien blev därmed att elevernas reaktioner och föreställningar visar påatt diskursen de relaterar till är heteronormativ. Det sociologiska bidraget är att öka kunskapkring vilka effekter som uppstår med och utan sexualundervisning, för att de själva ska kunnapåverka sitt liv och omgivning.

Este trabalho se insere na área da Psicologia Moral buscando investigar crenças e valores referentes à socialização de gênero, pautados nas representações de adolescentes, de camadas populares urbanas. Pesquisa realizada com pouco mais de duzentos jovens, entre onze e quinze anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, em uma unidade escolar da rede pública municipal na zona norte da cidade de São Paulo. Utilizou como ferramenta um questionário contendo dez afirmações incompletas que em sua primeira parte sugeriam associações aos papéis sociais, tanto em relação às feminilidades, quanto às masculinidades, complementados por conflitos de interesses, primeiramente entre pares do sexo oposto e posteriormente por parceiros de mesmo sexo. Aplicada a análise a partir dos referenciais dos modelos organizadores de pensamento às respostas dadas, foi possível identificar a idéia central a partir da qual se ancoraram as percepções dos jovens nas diferentes afirmativas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, ainda que meninas e meninos reconheçam, desde muito cedo, o mundo composto por seres sexuados, o fazem sem estabelecer juízo de valor. Entretanto, em certo estágio da puberdade, especialmente a partir dos treze anos, parcela das jovens e dos jovens, introduz variáveis que suspendem, de algum modo, a igualdade natural entre os sexos estabelecendo hierarquias e subordinações que denunciam uma valoração, gradativa e díspar, dos papéis sociais relativos ao gênero. / This work falls in the area of Moral Phychology. We investigated beliefs and values that support teenager sex-role socialization, more specifically, social gender representations of young people from popular urban communities. Our research carried out with a little more than two hundred boys and girls, between eleven and fifteen years old, in a public municipal school, at the north zone of the city of São Paulo. We choose as research tool a questionnaire containing six incomplete statements that suggested associations to social roles, in relation to femininity or masculinity. It was supplemented by four different conflicts of interest, first among partners of the opposite sex and later on by the same-sex peers. Applied an analysis to the answers from the Organizing Thought Models references, it was possible to us to identify the central perception ideas in which, young people, anchored their representations for each one of the ten different statements. The results show that, although girls and boys recognize that the world is gendered at a very young age, they do not establish value judgments. However, from some stage during puberty, especially after thirteen years old, young women and young men introduce some variables that suspend, in some way, the natural equality between the sexes and established subordinations down hierarchies which complain the valuation, gradual and uneven, regarding to social gender roles.

Magistro darbe analizuojamas vaikų, turinčių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių, lyčių vaidmenų šeimoje suvokimas. Suformuluota hipotezė, jog šeimos perteikia savo vaikams stereotipinius požiūrius į lyčių vaidmenis šeimoje. Tyrime dalyvavo riboto ir nežymiai sutrikusio intelekto mokiniai, kurių amžius 12 – 17 metų. Iš viso apklausti 194 moksleiviai (89 mergaitės, 105 – berniukai). Anketinės apklausos metodu tirta, kaip mokiniai suvokia lyčių vaidmenis šeimoje. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis, buvo lyginami mergaičių ir berniukų atsakymai. Atlikta statistinė (deskriptyvinė statistika – procentinių dažnių, alfa faktorinė) duomenų analizė. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjama mokinių nuomonė apie vyrų ir moterų vaidmenis šeimoje, bruožus, svarbius moteriai, vyrui; vaikų pareigos šeimoje, berniukų ir mergaičių auklėjimo ypatumai (skirtumus, panašumus). Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Nustatyta, kad tyrime dalyvavę mokiniai auga šeimose, kurioms būdingas stereotipinis požiūris į lyčių vaidmenis šeimoje: tiek tėvų, tiek vaikų pareigos diferencijuojamos pagal lytį; merginos orientuojamos į šeimą, vaikų auginimą ir namų ruošą, vaikinai – į fizinį darbą. 2. Tėvai skatina elgesį, atitinkantį vaiko lytį: merginas skatina ir giria už elgesį, savybes, darbus, kurie tradiciškai priskiriami moterims, vaikinus – už savybes ir poelgius, kurie priskiriami vyrams. 3. Tiek merginos, tiek vaikinai tipiškai moteriškoms savybėms priskiria jausmingumą, švelnumą, drovumą, kuklumą, grožį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The perception of gender roles in the family of children with special needs is analyzed in the Master thesis. The hypothesis that families pass their stereotype attitudes towards the gender roles in the family is formed. Pupils with limited or mildly mental disabilities participated in the research the age of which is 12-17 years. In total 194 pupils were surveyed (89 girls and 105 boys). The questionnaire survey method analyzed how pupils perceive the gender roles in the family. While analyzing the data of the research the answers of boys and girls were compared. The statistical (descriptive statistics - percentage, t-Test, alpha factor) data analysis was performed. The empirical part deals with the students’ opinion on the roles of women and men in the family, features important for the woman and man; children’s duties in the family, peculiarities of girls and boys’ nurture (similarities and differences). The most important conclusions of the empirical research: 1. It was determined that the students who participated in the research are brought in the families which have a characteristic stereotype attitude towards the gender roles in the family: both the duties of parents and children are differentiated according to their gender; the girls are oriented towards the family, children upbringing and household and the boys are oriented to the physical work. 2. Parents encourage the behavior relevant to the gender of the child: they encourage and compliment girls for... [to full text]

Este trabalho se insere na área da Psicologia Moral buscando investigar crenças e valores referentes à socialização de gênero, pautados nas representações de adolescentes, de camadas populares urbanas. Pesquisa realizada com pouco mais de duzentos jovens, entre onze e quinze anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, em uma unidade escolar da rede pública municipal na zona norte da cidade de São Paulo. Utilizou como ferramenta um questionário contendo dez afirmações incompletas que em sua primeira parte sugeriam associações aos papéis sociais, tanto em relação às feminilidades, quanto às masculinidades, complementados por conflitos de interesses, primeiramente entre pares do sexo oposto e posteriormente por parceiros de mesmo sexo. Aplicada a análise a partir dos referenciais dos modelos organizadores de pensamento às respostas dadas, foi possível identificar a idéia central a partir da qual se ancoraram as percepções dos jovens nas diferentes afirmativas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, ainda que meninas e meninos reconheçam, desde muito cedo, o mundo composto por seres sexuados, o fazem sem estabelecer juízo de valor. Entretanto, em certo estágio da puberdade, especialmente a partir dos treze anos, parcela das jovens e dos jovens, introduz variáveis que suspendem, de algum modo, a igualdade natural entre os sexos estabelecendo hierarquias e subordinações que denunciam uma valoração, gradativa e díspar, dos papéis sociais relativos ao gênero. / This work falls in the area of Moral Phychology. We investigated beliefs and values that support teenager sex-role socialization, more specifically, social gender representations of young people from popular urban communities. Our research carried out with a little more than two hundred boys and girls, between eleven and fifteen years old, in a public municipal school, at the north zone of the city of São Paulo. We choose as research tool a questionnaire containing six incomplete statements that suggested associations to social roles, in relation to femininity or masculinity. It was supplemented by four different conflicts of interest, first among partners of the opposite sex and later on by the same-sex peers. Applied an analysis to the answers from the Organizing Thought Models references, it was possible to us to identify the central perception ideas in which, young people, anchored their representations for each one of the ten different statements. The results show that, although girls and boys recognize that the world is gendered at a very young age, they do not establish value judgments. However, from some stage during puberty, especially after thirteen years old, young women and young men introduce some variables that suspend, in some way, the natural equality between the sexes and established subordinations down hierarchies which complain the valuation, gradual and uneven, regarding to social gender roles.