This study locates and examines the relationship between societal gendered expectations in nineteenth century United States and the content of a picture study manual published at the turn of the century: Lucy Langdon Williams Wilson’s Picture Study in Elementary Schools: A Manual for Teachers (1909). Critical analysis of the images, artists, and content of the picture study manual provides insight into the relationship between curricular materials and the social climate during which they were produced. Recognition of this connection will enable art educators and curriculum developers to produce materials and textbooks conscious of the potential bias and marginalization of students. / text

The main purpose of this thesis is to explore the complexities involved in engendering local governance and to identify strategies to encourage gender equitable partnerships between stakeholders in local governance in Third World countries. Local governance refers to the dynamic yet complicated process of interaction between state and non-state actors involved in local level development processes. Considering the invisibility of women in local governance, this study focuses heavily on women's agency, that is, the way women redefine and reconstruct identities and interactions in engendering local governance despite the given constraints. The central argument in this thesis is that engendering local governance requires transformation of structures and processes of governing at the local level so that they recognise and are responsive to differences between men and women in their values and responsibilities. Relevant institutions should then integrate these differences in policies and in managing development at the local level. Fieldwork in North Sumatra, Indonesia highlighted how the interlocking of public and private patriarchy complicates the engendering of local governance. Both within and beyond the household there are constraints put on women that impede their participation in local governance. Analysis of case studies of perwiridan (Moslem women's religious grouping), SPI (Serikat Perempuan Independen/ Union of Independent Women) and women working in local government found that relationships at the household level significantly influence gender relations in local governance. Reproduction of images of 'good' and 'bad' women is one of the most effective instruments to subordinate and control women in North Sumatra, meaning that it is not easy for women to formulate and defend their personal interests. Women often experience severe threats of physical, psychological and verbal violence when they attempt to influence formal decision making at the local level. Based on a further case study of the implementation of decentralisation, this study also found that decentralisation does not automatically bring local government closer to women due to the interweaving of structural, cultural, and financial barriers local government faces in implementing gender mainstreaming policies in North Sumatra. The intertwining of gendered structures of local government and gendered construction of the community contribute to the marginality of women in service delivery and in public decision making at the local level. This study rejects the assumption that women are passive recipients in local governance since they contribute significantly in fulfilling household and community needs and interests. Through knowledge and understanding to construction of power at the local level, women creatively produce and use alternative strategies which are based on their sexuality and traditional gender roles in challenging and transforming gender inequity at the local level and in improving the quality of everyday life. By raising women's self esteem, confidence and solidarity in reconstructing gendered relations at the household and community levels, women's grassroots organisations open up alternative arenas for political expression for women which is crucial for the realisation of good local governance.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The study assessed the linkages between HIV infection and intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and after HIV status disclosure in a context where HIV testing has become almost mandatory through the provider-initiated counselling and testing approach and non-disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners has been criminalised in many countries including Zimbabwe. The study also explored women’s experiences of and health workers’ perceptions of IPV during pregnancy.

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長久以來，性別不平等的狀況持續存在著，尤其在勞動市場方面。在所有能增進性別平等狀況的管道中，本研究檢驗台灣高中職以下的性別平等教育課程，對於學生未來職場上的性別態度之影響。我們假設，當人們覺得性別不平等狀況是不公平的（或覺得性別平等狀況是公平的），代表他/她具有正向的性別態度。利用台灣社會變遷調查2005年第五期第一次：工作與生活組之資料，以及迴歸不連續性設計（Regression Discontinuity Design）暨次序分對數模型（Ordered Logit Model），實證結果顯示女性在勞動市場中處於較不利的位置；性別平等教育對學生未來職場上的性別態度無顯著影響；女性，或受較高等教育者，或對於工作成就感到公平者，具有較顯著的正向性別態度。 / Gender inequity has always been there in the labor market. This paper examines how gender equity education in elementary and high schools affects students’ attitudes towards gender inequity issues in the future. This paper assumes that if people feel gender inequity is unfair, (or feel gender equity is fair), they have positive gender attitudes. Results derived from the data from 2005 Taiwan Social Change Survey (Round 5, Year 1): Work Orientation by using Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) as well as the Ordered Logit Model suggest that women indeed lag behind men in the labor market and that gender equity education has no significant effect on students’ gender attitudes. Females, people with higher education level, and people who feel their current achievement is fair have significantly more positive gender attitudes.