Orientador: Rodolfo Hoffmann / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T01:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaz_DanielaVerzola_D.pdf: 2511369 bytes, checksum: 9e50b5e43cb5bc75428c955dc082e581 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo : O objetivo principal deste trabalho é estudar o hiato de rendimento observado entre os sexos no setor público brasileiro, investigando em que medida ele pode ser atribuído a diferenças nas dotações produtivas dos servidores, ao padrão diferenciado de inserção setorial e ocupacional das mulheres no mercado de trabalho e à discriminação sexual - seja ela ocupacional, hierárquica ou salarial propriamente dita. As hipóteses que se pretende verificar são as de que i) não obstante a adoção de práticas de recrutamento mais transparentes e a igualdade de tratamento graças ao sistema de carreira, também no setor público observa-se a segregação feminina nas ocupações e nos setores menos bem remunerados; ii) a crescente feminização do emprego público no período recente não impediu a persistência da segmentação por sexo no desempenho das ocupações. Para cumprir tal objetivo, o trabalho foi estruturado em cinco capítulos: i) o primeiro tem como finalidade identificar as características pessoais e os atributos produtivos que influenciam a probabilidade de um indivíduo ocupado no setor de serviços, na condição de empregado, ser servidor público no Brasil, destacando as diferenças observadas entre os sexos; ii) o segundo capítulo analisa a evolução da representação feminina nos diversos segmentos do setor público entre os anos de 1992 e 2008, à luz das modificações observadas na composição do Estado brasileiro e da crescente participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho no mesmo período; iii) no terceiro capítulo analisa-se o comportamento do diferencial salarial por sexo, em favor dos homens, entre 1992 e 2008, investigando-se suas causas; iv) no quarto capítulo aprofunda-se a análise da segregação por sexo no desempenho das ocupações, acompanhando sua evolução no período 1995-2008 por meio do cálculo de medidas-síntese; v) por fim, no último capítulo aborda-se a questão da segregação vertical, por meio da revisão de trabalhos recentes e do estudo dos casos dos servidores da administração pública federal que ocupam os cargos em comissão do grupo DAS e dos docentes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. / Abstract : The main objective of this work is to study the wage gap between genders observed in the Brazilian public sector, analyzing in which extent it can be attributed to the differences in productive endowments between workers or to the particular occupational and sectoral profile according to which women are incorporated in the work force or, finally, to gender discrimination - whether occupational, vertical or wage. The central hypothesis we intend to verify are i) despite the concerns of the public sector with the adoption of more transparent recruitment practices and with an egalitarian treatment to members of the same career, the female segregation into the occupations and the sectors of a lower pay grade is also observed in public organizations; ii) the increasing share of female participation in public service did not prevent the persistence of occupational gender segregation in the recent years. To reach such purpose, this work is structured in five chapters: i) the first one aims to identify the productive endowments and the personal characteristics that influence the probability of an employee of the tertiary sector in Brazil becoming a civil servant, highlighting the differences between genders; ii) the second chapter analyzes women's representativeness in the various sectors of public employment between 1992 and 2008, considering the changes observed in public sector, regarding the contributions in the branches of economic activities, and also the increasing female participation in the work force; iii) in the third chapter it is analyzed how the male-female earning differentials - favorable to the first ones - evolved between 1992 and 2008; their causes are also investigated; iv) the fourth chapter is a more detailed study of occupational segmentation between males and females, showing its evolution between 1995 and 2008 with the help of the computation of segregation indexes; v) finally, the last chapter treats the glass ceiling phenomenon, through the revision of recent papers and the analysis of two particular cases: the civil servants at central administration that occupy nomination-only positions and the professors at the University of Campinas. / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

The thesis analyses the course and tempo of women´s careers in comparison with those of men, based on an analysis of my own research conducted at the company EY. The results of the research demonstrates, whether it is more challenging for women or men to achieve a managerial position. The thesis identifies and analyse the different factors that may influence the career of women, based on the theoretical findings and on a qualitative interview.

Gender and risk are both components of our everyday life, put in a context of occupational segregation, they become increasingly interesting. Does risk-assessment and ontological security affect occupational choices and does those aspects differ between the genders? These are some of the questions that this study aims to examine. The relevance of these questions is the possible contribution to occupational gender segregation and continued immanence for women in the labour market. Through semi-structured interviews, this study will target last year's law [in 2022] students whose future occupational choice is approaching. The interviews include both males and females, the males are primarily for comparisons between the genders and the females of the study are of main interest. The collected material was analysed with the theoretical framework of Anthony Giddens theory regarding risk and Simone de Beauvoir’s conceptualisation of immanence. The result of the thesis indicates that women assess risks and prioritise safety to a much greater extent than their male counterparts which directly influenced their occupational paths, values, and choices. Further conclusions include the notion of underlying immanence; visible in the female participants arguments and self-doubt which permeated their occupational goals and choices.

In the last decade, the rapid development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has forced its government to implement modern management styles such as Total Quality Management (TQM) to ensure continuous improvement in the provision of healthcare. There is a considerable body of literature that shows the benefits of implementing TQM in hospitals, but there are few empirical studies that show TQM implementation efforts in the healthcare sector. Furthermore, the healthcare literature did not explore the implementation of TQM in a context of gender segregated environment such as the case in KSA. This research project is an exploratory investigation assessing the impact of TQM in a gender segregated healthcare environment such as KSA. The research design used triangulation methods to investigate the problem at hand. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used through field-work and external comparisons. The approach was based on the following: (1) Assessing the level of perception and understanding of TQM principles in several KSA hospitals, taking into account the differences and similarities between the different gender population, (2) Examining the approach to TQM implementation and its degree of effectiveness in four Saudi hospitals to highlight critical factors for effective implementations using the Baldrige assessment method; (3) Benchmarking the Saudi hospital experiences to UK and USA hospitals to highlight key facilitating and inhibiting factors; (4) Using key findings from the previous steps to identify the critical factors and propose a model for TQM implementations in a segregated healthcare environment such as the case in the KSA. The survey research findings show a weak appreciation, awareness and understanding of TQM in managing healthcare organisations by the respondents in the KSA. It clearly shows that many employees in the organisations do riot understand TQM. The degree of emphasis for each quality activity varied and thus more research needs to be done to investigate the importance of each quality activity to a TQM implementation process, as there are varying degrees of emphasis across the board. The KSA case studies show that in implementing organisations, TQM intentions and TQM policy frameworks are generally acceptable. However, the implementation process is generally weak and lacks coordination in the majority of these organisations. It is clear that the majority of the KSA cases have not succeeded in total commitment towards a total quality culture. When compared to the UK and USA hospitals, the majority of the KSA cases show deficiencies in most of the critical activities that form the foundation of a successful quality process. Furthermore, the study indicates three critical factors in KSA hospitals that either did not exist or were not given full attention. The importance of these factors were further validated in the literature. The factors were continuous top management commitment, continuous education and training, and culture awareness. These factors were then used to develop a model for TQM implementation for a segregated healthcare environment. / King Saud University

在人口漸趨高齡化的社會中，高齡議題逐漸受到學術研究與政策實務界的關注，本研究則關心高齡志願服務場域的性別隔離現象。本研究企圖從性別的角度出發，探討高齡人口參與志工服務的經驗，探究傳統性別秩序是否在高齡志工領域中產生影響力，進而形成高齡志工領域中性別角色的再製。既有文獻多以女性志工為分析對象，鮮見男性志工的研究資料，因此本研究以台南市醫院志工與社區巡守隊志工為例，透過立意取樣蒐集來自男/女性高齡志工之深度訪談資料，嘗試分析高齡志願服務場域中是否存在水平與垂直之性別隔離現象，並探究其成因，旨在顯示傳統性別秩序是如何影響高齡志工領域性別秩序的建構。研究結果發現，不論是在以女性志工為主的醫院或者以男性志工為主的巡守隊，皆存在水平與垂直性別隔離現象。水平性別隔離現象顯示出男/女性志工或者出於己意或由服務單位所安排，男性志工多集中於體力、應變性質強、具保衛意義的工作上；而女性志工則多集中在情感關懷、家務勞動性質、溝通聯繫等相對單純的任務。水平性別隔離的成因和職場性別隔離之成因相仿，男性多被認為具有理想的勞動身體，以及豐富的社會經驗及膽識；女性則多被認為是需要受到保護、適合單純工作性質的族群。垂直性別隔離的現象尤為明顯；本研究發現，志工隊隊長一職由男性擔任居多，女性主要因為顧慮家庭及質疑自我能力而對領導職務產生退卻的態度而甚少擔任志工隊長。本研究結論為高齡志工領域中的確出現傳統性別分工秩序的再製。 / Ageing is a pressing issue in many societies that has attracted attentions from the academic circle and policy makers. Extensive studies have been conducted to discuss the issue from various perspectives. Few studies discuss from the gender perspective. With the case of volunteers in Tainan City and drawing upon theories about gender segregation, this study aims to critically examine the phenomenon of vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the field of elder voluntary services. Through literature review and in-depth interviews with 17 elder volunteers, female and male, from a hospital and community patrol team, this study seeks to answer the following questions: does gender segregation, vertical as well as horizontal, exist in the field of elder volunteering services? If it does, what are the main factors that contribute to the existence/ reproduction of the traditional gendered division of labour in this field? It is found that both vertical and horizontal gender segregation does exist. Female elder volunteers tend to take up those jobs that are thought to be ‘women’s jobs’ in hospital and community patrol team whilst male elder volunteers tend to do those jobs that are considered as suitable for men. Besides, both in the hospital and community patrol team, men are more confident than women to serve as leaders.

In the last decade, the rapid development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has forced its government to implement modern management styles such as Total Quality Management (TQM) to ensure continuous improvement in the provision of healthcare. There is a considerable body of literature that shows the benefits of implementing TQM in hospitals, but there are few empirical studies that show TQM implementation efforts in the healthcare sector. Furthermore, the healthcare literature did not explore the implementation of TQM in a context of gender segregated environment such as the case in KSA. This research project is an exploratory investigation assessing the impact of TQM in a gender segregated healthcare environment such as KSA. The research design used triangulation methods to investigate the problem at hand. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used through field-work and external comparisons. The approach was based on the following: (1) Assessing the level of perception and understanding of TQM principles in several KSA hospitals, taking into account the differences and similarities between the different gender population, (2) Examining the approach to TQM implementation and its degree of effectiveness in four Saudi hospitals to highlight critical factors for effective implementations using the Baldrige assessment method; (3) Benchmarking the Saudi hospital experiences to UK and USA hospitals to highlight key facilitating and inhibiting factors; (4) Using key findings from the previous steps to identify the critical factors and propose a model for TQM implementations in a segregated healthcare environment such as the case in the KSA. The survey research findings show a weak appreciation, awareness and understanding of TQM in managing healthcare organisations by the respondents in the KSA. It clearly shows that many employees in the organisations do riot understand TQM. The degree of emphasis for each quality activity varied and thus more research needs to be done to investigate the importance of each quality activity to a TQM implementation process, as there are varying degrees of emphasis across the board. The KSA case studies show that in implementing organisations, TQM intentions and TQM policy frameworks are generally acceptable. However, the implementation process is generally weak and lacks coordination in the majority of these organisations. It is clear that the majority of the KSA cases have not succeeded in total commitment towards a total quality culture. When compared to the UK and USA hospitals, the majority of the KSA cases show deficiencies in most of the critical activities that form the foundation of a successful quality process. Furthermore, the study indicates three critical factors in KSA hospitals that either did not exist or were not given full attention. The importance of these factors were further validated in the literature. The factors were continuous top management commitment, continuous education and training, and culture awareness. These factors were then used to develop a model for TQM implementation for a segregated healthcare environment.

Bakgrund Revisionsbranschen är en mansdominerad bransch där det råder en vertikal könssegregering, kvinnor rekryteras in i revisionsbranschen men har svårt att nå ledarpositioner och andra högre befattningar. Balans senaste jämställdhetsundersökning visar att 78,9 % av alla partners i de sju största revisionsbyråerna i Sverige är män. Kvinnlig framgång vad gäller maktfulla och inflytelserika positioner i organisationer är absolut nödvändigt för att uppnå jämställdhet och lika möjligheter för kvinnor som män. Frågan som ställs är om det finns skillnader i utförandet av revisionsarbete mellan kvinnor och män och om det är det som förklarar den rådande könssegregeringen i revisionsbranschen. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att utforska och jämföra kvinnliga respektive manliga revisorers revisionsarbete samt utforska huruvida deras karriäravancemang påverkas till störst del av deras individuella revisionsarbete eller av deras kön. Metod Studien delas upp i två delstudier, en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie. I litteraturstudien samlas tidigare forskning in och bearbetas. I intervjustudien används en kvalitativ metod och datainsamling sker genom intervjuer. Slutsats Vårt resultat visar att det inte finns några skillnader mellan hur kvinnor och män utför en revision. Trots detta missgynnas kvinnor i revisionsbranschen och når inte lika höga positioner som män. Resultatet indikerar att det främst beror på att kvinnor blir mammor och tar mer ansvar för familjen vilket gör att de har svårare att leva upp till den övertidsnorm som finns i revisionsbranschen. Resultatet visar även att starka könsnormer fortfarande råder inom branschen, ett tecken på det är att kvinnliga revisorer bemöts sämre och ifrågasätts mer än manliga revisorer av klienter. / Background The audit industry is a male dominated industry where a vertical gender segregation exists, women are recruited into the audit industry but have difficulties in achieving leadership positions and other senior positions. Balans latest equality survey shows that 78,9 % of all partners in the seven biggest audit firms in Sweden are men. Female success regarding powerful and influential positions in organisations are absolutely necessary to achieve equality and the same possibilities for women as for men. The question being asked is if there are any differences in audit practice performance between women and men and if that can explain the current gender segregation in the audit industry. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore and compare female respectively male auditors audit practice performance and explore whether their career advancement is mostly affected by their individual audit practice performance or their gender. Method The study is divided into two substudies, a litterature study and an interview study. In the litterature study previous research is collected and processed. In the interview study a qualitative method is used and the data collection is made through interviews. Conclusion The result shows that there are no differences in how female and male auditors perform an audit. Despite this women are disadvantaged in the audit industry and do not reach as high positions as men. The result indicates that this problem mainly exists because of the fact that women become mothers and take more responsibility of the family which makes it harder to live up to the audit industry’s overtime norm. The result also shows that strong gender norms still exist in the industry, a proof of that is that female auditors are still more mistreated and questioned than male auditors by their clients.

Diploma thesis Gender Equality Implemented by Gender Segregation: Analysis of TV show "Tah dámou" deals with an issue of gender segregation. The theorethical part of the thesis presents results of academic researches of feminist media studies covering the topics of women's representation within media contents and women's status within media institutions. History of different feminist's approaches is described and followed by definitions of sex/gender. The thesis provides discussion of different approaches to gender equality from different feminist's points of view. The study also examines how feminism is presented in the media content in the Czech Republic and abroad as well and how feminism is evaluated by journalist in the newsrooms. Analysis of Tah dámou TV show focuses on both the TV producers (contributers) and media response that the show provoked after its launch in 2011. The results of analysis revealed that the gender segregation was motivated by underrepresentation of women in media and public sphere. The authors tried to equilaze "women's voice" to "men's voice" in the manner of the second wave of feminism. The authors defined cathegory of "women" through common women's life experiences. Criticism of segregation character of the show appeared in the analysed articles. Journalists pointed...

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Jacqueline Spears / The purpose of this study is to explore the classroom configurations and technologies used to mediate instruction to female students in gender-separated classrooms at Qassim University and Alfaisal University in Saudi Arabia. The study describes the methods used, evaluates and compares the effectiveness of the approaches, and describes the issues and challenges that female students and their male professors face in gender-separated classrooms. The study was conducted using a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design and contains two phases, a qualitative phase and a quantitative phase. Two theoretical frameworks, Community of Inquiry and Technology Acceptance model, were used to guide the data collection in the qualitative component of the study. The results of the qualitative component were then used to develop a survey instrument that was used to collect data from a larger sample of the population. The qualitative phase focused on identifying the approaches used to mediate instruction to female students and explored the experiences of female students and male professors in gender-separated classrooms. A multiple case study design was used for collecting and analyzing the qualitative data. It included observations of five gender-separated classrooms that are equipped with different technologies and classroom configurations in Qassim and Alfaisal universities, focus groups made up of female students, and interviews with the male professors who taught those classes. Based on the themes and findings from the qualitative study, a survey instrument was developed and distributed to a sample of female students and male faculty members who teach female classrooms at Qassim University. The quantitative data enabled the researcher to report findings reflective of a larger and more diverse sample of female students and male professors at Qassim University. In conclusion, the qualitative phase of this study identified five different classroom configurations used in gender-separated classrooms: VCR, CCTV, and VC at Qassim University and Double deck and Partition at Alfaisal University. VCR was found to be the least effective classroom configuration due to the numerous technical problems associated with its use and limited instructional capabilities. CCTV was found to have fewer technical problems but also had limited instructional capabilities. VC also had fewer technical problems and advanced instructional capabilities, making it the most effective classroom configuration observed at Qassim University. At Alfaisal University, Partition classrooms appeared to be the most effective due to the enhanced educational experience provided by face-to-face instruction in the small sized classrooms. Double deck classrooms were found to be less effective. Students reported feeling isolated and disconnected in the classroom.

<p>The aim of this investigation work " What was it called...Equality...? is to study a clinics current gender equailty plan from a gender approach and by a field survey see if, and in that case, how it can be improved. A connection between existing gender norms and gender power strukctures is applied in the results of this survey in order to illustrate their significance from an individual as well as a structural perspektive.</p><p>The survey has been carried through by a field survey as well as a discourse analysis as method. Yvonne Hirdmans gender power system is on of the main theoretical points of departure.</p><p>The results that I have achieved in this essay is that gender can be looked at in different ways within the labour market where women have the main responsibility over the family and are considered more nursing then men. Men on the other hand are thinking of their carriers and have higher salary requirements. Gender rolls and their maintanace are the reason of the existing gender segregation on the labour market. The importance of an increased knowledge of how gender is created and recreated within the organisation are necessary to make a difference and that knowledge are important for men as well as for women.</p>