本研究旨在探討中高齡者智慧與樂活程度相關情形。本研究透過閱讀文獻、分析與建立研究理論架構後，以問卷調查法進行研究調查。問卷調查樣本以台灣地區之中高齡者為研究對象，有效樣本共313份，研究工具包括編修之「中高齡者智慧量表」、「中高齡者樂活程度量表」。 　　本研究統計方法為描述性統計、Cronbach’s α 信度係數、因素分析、t 考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等方法進行分析討論後，獲致研究發現，並據此得出以下結論： 一、 中高齡者智慧的內涵包括反思、情感調節、豐富多樣的經驗、利益平衡。 二、 中高齡者樂活程度內涵包括環保永續、身體安康、自我成長、理性消費、關懷平等。 三、 中高齡者年齡與智慧無關；年齡亦與樂活程度無關。 四、 已經退休之中高齡者在智慧、情感調節、身體安康、理性消費得分均較高。 五、 社會參與經驗程度與智慧、樂活程度呈現正相關。 六、 研究所學歷之中高齡者在反思、情感調節比國中以下學歷得分較高；研究所學歷者，在樂活程度的理性消費、自我成長的表現顯著高於國中以下者。 七、 中高齡者智慧的四因素，與樂活程度五因素呈現正相關，智慧越高，也會有比較高的樂活程度。 八、 越能反思、利益平衡、見多識廣的中高齡者，其樂活程度越高；並且，反思智慧在預測樂活程度過程中扮演重要的角色。 上述研究結果與建議供中高齡者、政府單位及未來研究參考。 / The main purpose of this study is to probe into the relationship between wisdom and the involvement of LOHAS for middle-aged and older adults. A survey was conducted by using the wisdom and the involvement of LOHAS for middle-aged and older adults Questionnaire in this study. 313 effective questionnaires were distributed in Taiwan. 　　The data obtained was analyzed by the statics methods including descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s α coefficient analysis, confirmative factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, tukey‘ posteriori comparison, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and multiple regression. The major findings were shown as below: 1. Essential factors of the wisdom for middle-aged and older adults include reflection, emotion-regulation, diversified experience, and the benefits balance. 2. Essential factors of the involvement of LOHAS for middle-aged and older adults include environmental protection, health, self-growth, rational consumption, equal care. 3. The higher the age, the wisdom is not higher. The higher the age, the involvement of LOHAS is not also higher. 4. The retired middle-aged and older adults have higher rating in the wisdom, emotional regulation, health, rational consumption. 5. A positive correlation is shown between the experience level of social participation and wisdom. A positive correlation is shown between the experience level of social participation and the involvement of LOHAS. 6. College graduates among the elderly in the reflection, emotional regulation, rational consumption, self-growth are higher than the Education beyond junior high school. 7. A positive correlation is shown between wisdom and the involvement of LOHAS for middle-aged and older adults. For middle-aged and older adults, the higher their wisdom is, the stronger their involvement of LOHAS. 8. The more reflection, diversified experience, the benefits balance for middle-aged and older adults, the higher the degree of their involvement of LOHAS. Besides, reflection plays an important role when predicting the extent of LOHAS involvement. Based on the research results, the researcher proposes some suggestions for middle-aged and older adults ,government, and further studies.

根據內政部人口統計資料顯示，我國在1993年65歲以上人口占全國總人口數的7.1%，已達到聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）所訂的高齡化社會（aging society）7%的指標，另2009年12月老年人口數已達245萬7,648人，占全國總人口數10.6%，續創歷年新高。在人口老化已是全球普遍的現象時，未來高齡人口只會逐年增加，實有必要關注此一族群，在邁向高齡期的過程中，所引發的需求及其面臨的挑戰。因此，人口高齡化必然是當前重要的議題，而高齡教育更是值得探討的課題。本研究旨在瞭解我國高齡教育推動現況，並討論我國高齡教育政策、法令建置與經費情形及各類高齡教育學習資源之統整機制，並研析我國創新高齡教育實施方式之可能性，進而對當前政府推動高齡教育所面臨之困境提出策進建議。 本研究經由相關理論文獻探討及深度訪談的綜合分析，研究發現國內高齡教育傳統上由社會行政部門主導，且高齡教育機構種類多元豐富；晚近，教育行政部門開始介入，繼而訂頒老人教育政策白皮書，宣示政府高度重視高齡教育政策，2007年修正老人福利法並明定高齡教育係由教育行政主管部門主政，至此，國內高齡教育由社會福利取向轉至教育取向時代。此外，國內高齡教育仍面臨政策執行、法令及預算、實務推動及學術研究與人才培育等問題尚待克服。另外先進國家推動高齡教育之經驗，在心態上、經費補助、資源整合、行銷推廣及協助措施等面向頗值得我國學習、參考之處。研究最後建議教育主管機關未來應依據老人政策白皮書七項政策目標、十一項執行策略，研訂各項實施計畫，另提供八項具體建議供教育主管機關未來推動高齡教育政策時參考。 / According to the Ministry of the Interior census statistics, in 1993, 7.1% of the population was above the age of 65, surpassing the UNESCO defined 7% benchmark for an aging society. By December 2009, this population group has reached 2.45 million people, a record breaking 10.6% of the total population. The trend of population aging has become a global phenomenon, making it necessary to focus on the needs of this growing demographic and understand the challenges they face reaching venerable age. Consequently, the issues surrounding an aging population has become increasingly important, and the topic on the elder education requires in-depth analysis and discussion. This research aims to understand the current progress on the implementation of elder education, and discusses the governing polices, established laws, budget situation, and resource integration mechanisms. Further analysis demonstrates the possibility of innovating elder education practices and provides strategic recommendations to resolve current implementation challenges. Analysis of literatures, theories, and interviews showed that elder education was traditionally spearheaded by social agencies and has in place a wide variety of educational establishments and facilities. Following the amendment of the Senior Citizens’ Welfare Act in 2007 and the issuance of the White Paper on Senior Education Policy, the government has demonstrated its commitment to elder education by allowing educational agencies to assume the leading role. Elder education has since shifted from a form of social welfare to an education-oriented policy. Despite recent progress, elder education still faces the challenges of policy implementation, legislative hurdles, budget funding, practical applications, academic research, and talent building. Learning from the experiences of developed nations, Taiwan can gain from the aspects of attitude, budget support, resource integration, marketing, and assistance programs. This research suggests the educational agencies in charge to develop future implementation plans according to Item 7 (Policy Goals) and Item 11 (Implementation Strategy) of the White Paper on Senior Education Policy, and provides eight specific recommendations for future references.

台灣已於1993年邁入高齡化社會，65歲以上老年人口增加趨勢日益明顯；伴隨著高齡化現象加劇，衍生許多層面之衝擊，如醫療、人力、經濟、消費型態等；為因應日漸增加高齡人口之居住需求，政府乃於2004年核定【促進民間參與老人住宅建設推動方案】，獎勵民間參與老人住宅之興建。過去雖有相關研究針對老人住宅進行探討，然在政策施行之初，是否上述方案所獎勵之居住型態符合高齡者之選擇？遂引起本研究之動機。 爰此，欲瞭解影響高齡者選擇不同居住型態之因素，本研究以高齡學理論及「個人－環境」理論做分析基礎，探討個人老化後與環境之互動影響，並歸結至影響高齡者選擇不同居住型態的因素。研究方法上，除利用問卷調查進行統計分析外，亦透過訪談方式補充無法量化之影響因素，包括傳統社會觀念下三代同堂與安土重遷之影響。研究結果中，除了可探究影響高齡者選擇不同居住型態的因素外，亦可分析此方案所獎勵之老人住宅是否會成為台灣高齡者之居住選擇型態，而研究結果亦回饋做成老人住宅政策上之修正建議。茲將本研究結果與建議臚列如下： 一、藉由多項式羅吉特模型分析社經人口變數對居住型態之影響，發現現況居住老人集合式住宅的高齡者，具有教育程度為高中（職）以上、年齡為六十五歲以上且所得為三萬元以上的顯著特性。 二、在社會變遷下，傳統觀念的影響有減輕的現象，高齡者在面對居住型態選擇時，有更開放多元的思考，而未來的高齡者相較於過去世代將更健康、更富有、有更高的教育程度、要求更好的生活品質，因此台灣老人集合式住宅型態在未來將具有市場性。而且高齡者也將隨著年齡增加、自我照顧需求增加、傳統觀念影響式微、少子化顯著影響下，逐漸地選擇此種居住型態。 三、未來的社會對於老人集合式住宅仍有其開發上之需求；此外，亦需藉由政府之力量，規範新建房屋無障礙空間設計，以符合高齡者對政策之期望。 四、經本研究之調查與分析，提出老人住宅政策上之建議。在【促進民間參與老人住宅建設推動方案】上之建議為：1.住宅提供方式應兼顧市場效率與社會正義；2.提供高齡者老人住宅租金補貼3.提昇老人住宅規劃設計品質。而針對整體性的住宅政策建議為：1.加強原有住宅設施之修繕更新；2.整體都市環境之規劃反省；3.藉由社區支持力量提昇高齡者居住品質。 / As the proportion of the senior population has increased significantly in Taiwan, the need of seniors for housing is drawing much attention. The government promotes “Project of Promoting Non-Government Participation in Senior Citizen’s Housing Development” in order to increase the quantitative of seniors` houses. Although there have been a lot of literature about elderly housing in the past, this research intends to understand if the living pattern answer to the senior need. Therefore, this research based on Gerontology and Person-environment Theory explores the influencing factors of seniors to choose different living pattern. In order to analyze the influencing factors, including the culture of filial piety, this research use not only surveying method but interviewing method. Within the conclusion, this research provides suggestions for elderly housing policy as a reference for the government. 1.This research uses multi-nominal logistic regression model to analysis the surveying data. The empirical results shows, the senior who live in the elderly housing have some obvious characteristic, including above 65 years, with high education and have a high income. 2.In the changing society, the traditional values relieve the senior effects. In the future, when the senior decide what kind of living pattern they need, they will have a more openly attitude. Therefore, by the trend of the changing society, the traditional values effects ease, and the need of taking care by myself, the pattern of elderly housing will be accepted slowing in the future. 3.There will be a need for elderly housing development in the future. In order to answer to the senior expects, it still needs government power to establish laws for disability-free space. 4.In sum, this research provides several suggestions. For the “Project of Promoting Non-Government Participation in Senior Citizen’s Housing Development”, including emphasize the justice and equity to increase elderly housing, provide rent subsidy and enhance quality of living. For the elderly housing policy, including renew for original housing, introspection for planning and use the community power well.

人口老化已是世界許多國家所面臨的挑戰之一，不僅使該國老年人口數增加，也面臨勞動力老化、勞工短缺等情形的發生。從臺灣中高齡者勞動參與情形來看，有許多中高齡工作者會在中年時期逐漸退出勞動市場，與世界各國相較，我國中高齡者勞動參與率偏低，對此，如何妥善運用中高齡人口勞動力愈趨重要。本研究從生命歷程觀點出發，將個人的勞動參與視為連續的歷程，且每個人的就業途徑是相異的，在中高齡階段有些人會選擇退休，有些人則持續在勞動市場內工作，故研究者希望能瞭解影響中高齡工作者持續參與或退出勞動市場的轉變以及個人對未來的退休意向為何，對中高齡者勞動參與情形及退休意向有更多的認識。據此，本研究目的在於：一、瞭解中高齡者勞動參與之情形，並進一步探究持續工作的中高齡者在這四年間的工作型態、職業別、行業別以及受僱身分改變之情形。二、分析影響2003年至2007年中高齡工作者持續參與或退出勞動市場之轉變的因素。三、探討目前勞動市場中高齡工作者之退休意向情形，進而分析影響個人退休意向之因素。四、依據研究成果提供相關之建議，供社會工作實務界及政策制定者做參考，以擬定相關中高齡就業之政策。 　　本研究透過衛生福利部國民健康署所進行的「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查系列」2003年第五主波調查資料以及2007年第六主波調查資料進行分析，主要分析可分為三個部分：第一部份係分析中高齡者2003年至2007年勞動參與的情形，研究對象為2003年50歲至64歲到2007年時為54至68歲的中高齡者，共2,207位；第二部分則分析影響中高齡工作者勞動參與轉變的因素，研究對象為2003年50歲至64歲有工作的中高齡者，分析的樣本數共1,194位；最後，主要係分析影響中高齡工作者的退休意向的因素，研究對象針對2007年54歲至68歲有工作的中高齡者進行分析，有效樣本數為1,017位。本研究使用SPSS 20.0統計軟體，以描述性統計、卡方檢定、簡單迴歸分析和邏輯迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。綜合研究主要發現，可得到以下結論： 一、在2003年至2007年這四年間，中高齡工作者在此階段逐漸離開勞動市場；而持續就業的897位中高齡者，在職業別的改變幅度較大，工作型態的改變則較小。 二、影響中高齡工作者勞動參與轉變的因素包括：中高齡者2003年時的年齡、性別、婚姻狀況、自評健康狀況、受僱身分，以及2003年至2007年自評健康狀況轉變和老年經濟保障轉變等因素的影響。 三、影響中高齡工作者退休意向的因素包括：中高齡者2007年時的自評經濟狀況以及領取退休金等因素的影響。 　　依據本研究發現，研究者提出四點建議，作為未來擬定相關中高齡就業政策之參考：一、學習日本制定「中高齡者雇用法」，延長我國退休年限，並善用過渡性工作的概念，減少中高齡工作者在65歲之前退出勞動市場。二、設立中高齡人才中心，培養中高齡者的第二專長，提供多元的就業管道，並降低年齡歧視的刻板印象。三、經濟安全保障是中高齡者最關注之部分，應促進個人在退休前做好財務規劃，讓中高齡者退休後有穩定的經濟來源。四、培養個人的嗜好及興趣，並辦理退休準備教育的課程或方案，為個人退休後生活做好準備。 / Aging population has been a severe challenge for many countries in the world, it’s not only lets seniors increasing in the country but also faces the problems in aging labor force and labor shortage. From the situation in Taiwan older labor force participation , many of the workers will exit the labor market gradually. In comparison with each country in the world, the older labor force participation in our country is slightly low; thus, it is more important how to appropriately handle older labor force. This study start from the perspective of life course, and view the individual labor force participation as the continual course, and everyone’s employment pathway is different, someone in older will choose to retire, and someone continues to work in the labor market; therefore, this study hopes to understand the factor to affect the changes in the older workers continue to participate in the labor market or exit it and individual’s retirement conations in the future. There are four purposes in this study. First, to understand the situation in older labor force participation, and then discuss the conditions in older workers’ work styles, occupations, industries, and the changes in employee and employers identification from 2003 to 2007. Second, to analyze the factor to affect older workers continue to participate or exit the labor market from 2003 to 2007. Third, to discuss the circumstances in the older workers’ retire conations in current labor market. Last, according to the suggestions from the study results, providing the social workers and policy-makers a reference to draw up a policy concerned to older employment. This study analyzes through the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare’s “Survey of the older in Taiwan” in 2003 the fifth wave survey information and 2007 the sixth wave survey information, and can divide into three parts. The first part analyzes the situations in older labor participation from 2003 to 2007 and the subjects are the older from 50-64 years old in 2003 to 54-68 years old in 2007, and total 2,207 people. The second part analyzes the factors to influence the changes in older workers’ labor force participation, and the subjects are the older who were 50-64 years old, and total 1,194 people. The last part analyzes the factors to influence the retire conations to older workers, and the subjects are concerned to 54-68 years older who have jobs, and the valid samples are 1,017 people. This study uses the statistic software, SPSS 20.0, and analyzes with some statistic methods like Descriptive Statistic, Chi-square Test, Simple Linear Regression and Logistic Regression Analysis. According to research results, we acquires following conclusions. First, during 2003-2007, the older workers gradually exit the labor market. In contrast, the 897 elder workers who choose to obtain employment fluctuate in large amount in occupation, and in small in work style. Second, the factor to influence the changes in older workers’ labor force participation include the older age, sex, marriage, self-heath condition, employee and employer identification in 2003, and the transition in self-health condition and senior economic guarantee during 2003-2007. Third, the factor to influence the retire conations to older workers include the older self-economy condition, the amount of pension in 2007. According to the study results , I come up with four suggestions to make references for drawing up older employment policy in the future. First, to emulate Japan to enact “Law Concerning Stabilization of Employment of Older Persons”, extending the retire age in our country, and make good use of the concept of transitional job so as to decrease the number of older workers to exit the labor market. Second, to establish the older human resource center , cultivating their second specialty, providing a diverse employment channels with the view to decreasing the stereotype in age discrimination. Third, economic safety guarantee is the most concerned part of all, and we should facilitate each individual to make good financial plan so that the older may have stable economic sources after retirement. Last, to cultivate individual’s hobbies and interests and transact the courses or projects of retire preparation education for the purpose of make perfect ready for retired life.

本研究以幸福感作為成功老化的指標，試圖探究高齡者本身的感恩性情及正向回憶形式對其幸福感的影響。 研究一採「個別差異」的觀點，研究者認為相較於一些隨著老化而改變的生活狀況變項（如，身體健康、日常生活功能、經濟狀況、社交活動等因素），高齡者本身的感恩性情及正向回憶形式應更能影響其自評幸福的程度。研究者主要以調查法的方式，對355名55歲以上的高齡者進行團體或個別形式的量表施測。研究結果顯示，感恩性情及正向回憶形式的確與幸福感有密切的關聯，即使在控制基本人口及生活狀況變項的影響後，感恩性情及正向回憶形式仍有助於提升個體的幸福感（其可增加的預測變異量介於6.0%~9.6%）。研究一也將幸福感的三個成分（生活滿意度、正向情緒及負向情緒）分別做為依變項，進一步探討可能的中介模式，結果發現：（1）「正向回憶形式」能完全中介感恩性情對正、負向情緒的影響，但僅能部分中介感恩性情對生活滿意度的影響。而（2）「感恩情緒」則能完全中介感恩性情對正向情緒的影響，但僅能部分中介感恩性情對生活滿意度的影響，卻完全無法中介感恩性情對負向情緒的影響。此外，正向回憶形式與感恩情緒兩中介變項各有其獨特的中介效果，無法相互取代。 研究二則採取實驗法的方式進行，用以檢視感恩情緒與幸福感的因果關係。受試者為75名參與終身學習的高齡者，研究者嘗試以不同感恩情緒的激發方式，來設計適合於高齡者的幸福感提升方案。有些高齡者被要求聚焦在現在生活中的感恩經驗（日常感恩組），有些則是寫出過去生命裡的感恩事件（人生感恩組），研究者認為當高齡者在回憶書寫這些感恩經驗時，可再經驗及品嚐感恩情緒。另有兩組高齡者則分別被要求書寫現在生活中的重要事件（日常要事組）或僅單純回答問卷、不進行其他書寫（無操弄控制組）來做為對照組。研究者對這些不同組別，分別進行分析，探討這些不同操弄對高齡者幸福感是否有提升的作用。研究結果顯示，經過七週的書寫後，相較於「無操弄控制組」，「日常感恩組」在正向情緒上有提升的現象，但在生活滿意度及負向情緒則未出現明顯差異。進一步分析顯示，幸福感中正向情緒的提升效果完全透過感恩情緒連動正向情緒而得。然而該效果頗為短暫，在研究結束後於一個月所做的追蹤調查就發現該效果已然消失。研究結果也顯示，「人生感恩組」並未能提升幸福感，其可能的原因或許是因為過去人生的感恩經驗已經太過遙遠，因此無法讓高齡者真正再次經驗到感恩情緒，所以也無法有效地提升個體的幸福感。另外，研究者也發現了一個頗為有趣的結果，就是「日常要事組」造成的影響與「日常感恩組」相似，研究者認為之所以會出現這樣的結果，主要是因為「日常要事組」的受試者其所書寫的「要事」多半為正向事件，因此提高了其幸福的感受。 綜合上述兩個研究的結果，研究者認為，感恩及正向回憶形式對高齡者是否能有較佳的幸福感確實有一定程度的影響，且若能引導高齡者多注意其日常生活中值得感恩的事情或是正向事件，將能使其感受到更多的正向情緒，也有助於幸福感的提升。換言之，即使到了老年階段，只要用對了方法，要擁有幸福快樂的銀髮生涯其實並不難！ / This research, adopting positive emotion, negative emotion, and life satisfaction as the criteria of subjective well-being, tried to examine the effects of grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence on successful aging. In study1, the researcher proposed that grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence, among other life situation variables which changed with age (e.g., health condition, functions of daily life, economic status, and social activities), could predict the well-being of the elderly. Three hundred and thirty five participants who are over the age of 55 were surveyed in groups or individually. The results were as predicted, grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence could predict the well-being of the elderly, even after controlling for some basic life situation variables, they still could explain 6.0% and 9.6% of variance respectively. The mediation effects were also examined and results indicated that, (1) "the positive type of reminiscence” could completely mediate the effects of grateful disposition on positive and negative emotion, but only partially mediated the effects of grateful disposition on life satisfaction; (2) “grateful emotion” completely mediated the effect of grateful disposition on positive emotion, and partially mediated the effect of grateful disposition on life satisfaction, but did not mediate the effect of grateful disposition on negative emotion. Furthermore, these two mediator variables, the positive type of reminiscence and grateful emotion, had its own specific mediating effect, and could not replace each other. In Study 2, an experiment was conducted to examine the causal relationship between grateful emotion and well-being of the elderly. Seventy five elders who actively participated in life-long education classes were recruited. They were assigned to one of four different experimental conditions and received different instructions. The first condition was called the daily gratitude condition and participants were told to write down the grateful experience from their current daily lives. The second condition was called the life gratitude condition and participants were asked to recall the grateful events from their past. Participants in the third condition were told to write down their daily important events. In the last condition, which is also the control condition, participants were asked to fill up questionnaires only. The results indicated that, after seven weeks of writing, the elderly in the daily gratitude condition had significant more positive emotion than those who in the control condition. However, the effect was quite short-lived and it disappeared one month later after the writing manipulation. The results also indicated that writing down grateful events from the past did not enhance the subjective well-being, the elderly in the condition showed neither significantly higher positive emotion nor higher life satisfaction than those who in the control condition. It might be because these events were too far away to elicit the present emotion and feeling effectively. In addition, the result also revealed an interesting finding about the daily important events group. The elderly in this condition showed same degree of positive emotion and well-being as those who in the daily gratitude condition. It might be due to the fact that the elders who were asked to write down important daily events did record more positive events than negative events. In summary, it can be concluded that, gratitude and the positive type of reminiscence did have impact on the well-being of the elderly. We can successfully promote the elders’ well-being by leading them to savor their daily grateful events. We believe, even stepping into elderhood, people are still capable of pursuing their own well-being and can live a good life, if only they choose the right way!

台灣隨著高齡人口逐年增加，銀髮市場漸受矚目，高級安養住宅的興起即是一例。儘管銀髮安養住宅陸續於一九九０年代中期推出，但是個案數量不多，成功經營者更是屈指可數。本研究藉由調查台北銀髮族的看法，以分析影響高齡者評估銀髮安養住宅之要素。 藉由調查潛在顧客的意見，本研究首先分析人口變數對安養住宅評估標準的影響，接著分析高齡者遷移決策之影響要素與評估標準之間的關係。最後，本研究探索消費者的評估標準與其價值偏好之關係。 本研究提出影響消費者行為的要素，並提供行銷建議供安養住宅業者參考。研究發現65至74歲的銀髮族對所有評估要素的要求，較其他高齡者低，因此對於提供活躍的生活形態和醫療服務的安養住宅而言，這群人最具潛力成為最佳顧客來源。大部分高齡者選擇在熟悉的土地上頤養天年，大台北地區成為最受歡迎的退休居所選擇。在入住保證金方面，由於擔心財務風險與業者的職業道德，多數年長者寧可每月支付較高的管理費，以替代高額的保證金要求。服務品質為競爭優勢的來源。業者設計產品時，應著重於提供優質服務，而非一味追求硬體設施。研究發現認知差異是影響老年人移居安養住宅的主要因素之一，業者應該加強宣傳安養住宅的產品概念，扭轉市場上普遍認為只有老病纏身者才需入住安養住宅的想法。此外，業者行銷時，應該同時增加目標顧客及其子女對產品的瞭解，使其將安養住宅列為退休居所的選擇之一。 / As the proportion of the senior population has increased significantly in Taiwan, the market for seniors is drawing much attention. The recent emergence of the upscale senior housing market is a case in point. Although the independent living communities for healthy seniors have been around since the mid-90s, there have been only a few notable selections and among them even fewer success stories. This research intends to examine the purchasing decisions surrounding high-end independent living communities by surveying the older residents of Taipei. From the perspective of potential customers, this research first examines how demographic variables affect the evaluation criteria of consumers for independent living communities, and then examines the relationship between the influencing factors motivating the decision of seniors to move to independent living communities and the evaluation criteria. Finally, the relationship between the evaluation criteria of consumers and their specific value preferences is determined. The research findings identify factors influencing consumer behavior and derive marketing recommendations for senior housing providers. The seniors between the ages of sixty-five and seventy-four are less concerned than other age groups about all evaluation factors, and can be the best customers for independent living communities that provide both opportunities for an active life style and healthcare services. Most seniors prefer to remain in a familiar place, and therefore the greater Taipei area is the most popular location. Since entrance deposits involve financial risks and moral concerns, seniors would rather pay higher monthly fees. The type of services offered provides the competitive advantage. Developers should emphasize services rather than environmental conditions in designing its product. Given that perceptual differences are one of the major obstacles preventing seniors from moving to independent living communities, the concept of independent living communities should be promoted further to alter the perceptions of seniors that independent living communities are solely for the sick and frail. Marketers should attempt to increase the product awareness of both its target customers and their children to help them view senior housing communities as a viable living arrangement.

人口快速老化與平均餘命的延長，使我們越來越重視老年退休生活，加上高齡者健康、經濟資源的提升，與家庭支持系統轉弱等現代社會特性，鼓勵高齡者從事社會參與乃成為老人福利中的重要課題。台灣地區高齡者從事社會參與的情形為何？影響高齡者從事社會參與的因素有哪些？從事社會參與是否能提升生活滿意度？究竟哪種社會參與面向才是主要影響生活滿意度的因素？均是本研究關注的焦點。首先根據文獻探討高齡者生活滿意度及社會參與的意涵、相關因素與相關研究，並以社會老年學觀點作為本研究的理論基礎。 本研究乃是使用行政院衛生署國民健康局人口與健康調查研究中心執行之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查系列」1999年調查資料進行次級資料分析，研究樣本為年滿六十五歲以上之高齡者，有效樣本數為2890人，針對所得的資料，以描述統計、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、點二系列相關、皮爾森積差相關、邏輯迴歸、多元迴歸分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。綜合本研究主要發現，獲致下列結論： 一、高齡者具有社會參與的需求。 二、參加「老人團體」是高齡者社會參與的最愛。 三、意向障礙是阻礙高齡者社會參與的主因。 四、高齡者的社會參與與生活滿意度有關。 五、社會參與面向中，影響生活滿意度最關鍵的因素為「參與程度」。 六、影響高齡者社會參與的因素為，性別、年齡、教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住地。 七、影響高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、婚姻狀況、居住安排及有無社會參與。 八、影響有社會參與的高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住安排及參與程度。 根據上述研究結論，本研究分別就政府機關、辦理老人社會參與相關機構及高齡者本身提供以下建議：一、對政府機關之建議：(一)健全老人經濟及健康之福利服務；(二)透過社會教育的方式，向老人宣導社會參與對老化調適的好處；(三)廣設老人活動中心，鼓勵並協助老人組成社團；(四)營造高齡者社會參與的無障礙環境。二、對辦理老人社會參與相關機構之建議：(一)排除機構障礙，增加高齡者社會參與的機會；(二)提供多元的社會參與類型，並注重活動進行的品質。三、對高齡者本身之建議：(一)破除意向障礙，積極從事社會參與；(二)從事退休準備，以擁有健康、滿意的老年生活。 / Due to the rapid aging of population and the prolongation of life expectancy, people pay more and more attention on elders’ retirement life. According to the characteristics of modern society, such as elders’ health, increase of economic resources and the obsolescence family support system, encouraging elders to have social participation becomes an important issue of elderly welfare. How is elders’ social participations in Taiwan? What are the key factors of elders’ social participations? Could social participation increase their life satisfactions? Which of the social participation is the main factor that influences life satisfactions? Above are the targets of this study. At first, we probe into life satisfactions, social participation meanings, related factors, and research from bibliography, and we take social gerontology as the theoretical base of this study. This study conducted a secondary data analysis based on the data from 1999 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and the Elderly in Taiwan, provided by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan). The study subjects were elders over 65 years old, and the number of valid samples was 2890. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test(X2), Independent-Samples t-test, point biserial correlation, the Pearson product-moment correlation, logistic regression analysis, multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the main findings of this study, we have the following conclusions: 1.Elders have needs of social participation. 2.“The elderly group” is elders’ favorite social participation target. 3.Intention obstacle is the main reason hindering elders’ social participation. 4.Elders’ social participation is related to life satisfaction. 5.The most critical factor in social participation which influences life satisfaction is “participation degree”. 6.The factors influencing elders’ social participation are gender, age, educational level, economic status, health status and residential locations. 7.The factors affecting elders’ life satisfaction are educational level, economic status, health status, marital status, residential arrangement and social participation. 8.The factors affecting the life satisfaction of the elderly who has social participation are educational level, economic status, health status, residential arrangement and participation degree. According to the above conclusions, this study proposes the following suggestions for the governments, institutions dealing with elders’ social participation and elders: 1. Suggestions for the governments: (1) Complete elderly economic and healthy welfare services. (2) Promoting the advantage of social participation on aging accommodation to elders by social education. (3) Constructing elderly community centers, encouraging and helping elders to establish the associations. (4) Constructing the barrier-free environment for elders’ social participation. 2. Suggestions for the institutions dealing with elders’ social participation: (1) Eliminating the obstacles of the institutions to increase probability of elders’ social participation. (2) Providing diverse types of social participation and focusing more on the quality of the activities. 3. Suggestions for elders: (1) Overcoming the intention obstacles to have more social participation. (2) Being prepared for the retirement to have healthy and satisfying elderly life.

台灣社會隨著醫療及衛生水準提升，平均餘命亦逐年提高，人口高齡化趨勢日益顯著。又伴隨退休觀念的轉變，及退休年齡的提前，退休者步入退休生活，身處現今的休閒時代，除有大量的休閒時間外，並將面臨20年至30年以上的老年生活。爰退休人員休閒生活、生活規劃與生活適應情形所關乎其退休生活的良寙，並如何於高齡化社會中，啟開退休黃金歲月的新頁益顯重要，此課題值得深究。 本研究採取深入訪談法，以考試院暨所屬機關退休公務人員為研究對象，依退休人員性別及退休時所具之官職等，邀請12名退休公務人員為訪談對象。旨在瞭解退休公務人員休閒生活的情況、探究其生涯規劃的情形及分析生活適應的情況，本研究有以下發現： 一、休閒多元化、心境樂活遊：退休公務人員於卸除壓力及空閒增加後，多依興趣多元選擇休閒，心境隨性樂活。 二、隨科技進步、休閒種類新：上網、騎自行車、學習進修、旅遊等休閒活動，成為退休生活中較新及普及的活動項目。 三、揪團結伴行、休閒新模式：利用淡季或平日揪團結伴同行，成為退休公務人員省錢、享受高品質休閒的新模式。 四、休閒幾滿檔、生活多色彩：休閒成為多數退休人員生活的重心，讓生活充滿色彩，並藉不斷提高休閒動能，防止衰老。 五、退休觀念轉、黃金歲月啟：生命是動態，是學習、工作、休息、退休，不斷循環的圓形人生；退休為另一黃金歲月的開啟。 六、獲親友支持、退休助益大：獲得親密的家人及親友支持力量，更能享有美好的退休生活。 七、年齡漸老化、憂醫療開支：退休金為主要經濟來源；又隨著年齡漸長，通常未能預期的醫療開支，是較擔心的經濟負擔。 八、退休有規劃、生活滿意高：退休生活有規劃者，有較高滿意度。 九、照護的政策、瞭解真有限：對相關照護政策，有瞭解的渴望。 十、身段未放下、生活適應難：退休後未適時轉換角色、心境，以及學得生活基本技能，易面臨退休後生活適應的困擾。 十一、體認終須老、期活出意義：“死是生的開始＂要善待自己，生能盡歡，死亦無悔，以活出尊嚴及意義；能以正面、健康與坦然，對退休生活適應有所助益。 最後，根據本研究發現提出下列建議，予退休人員及相關單位參考： 一、退休人員在退休前即應培養興趣，增加退休生活調劑、改變退休心態，學著放下昔日頭銜官職位、作好退休準備及規劃，增加退休生活適應。 二、相關機關及單位可依退休人員需求、增進休閒設施普及性，並安排退休相關講習、提高退休人員退休生活概念。 三、建造退休人員樂齡村、提供退休人員再就業、志工、學習進修等優質環境。 四、建立退休人員專屬網站平臺、提供食、衣、住、行、育樂等資訊，並暢通退休照護訊息。 五、建立退休人力資料庫，以期借重退休人員長才及經驗、增進機關與退休人員互動機制，多加關懷退休人員。 / Since the quality of medical and health care in Taiwan has being improved, life expectancy has gradually risen and population aging is getting serious. Furthermore, because of the concept of early retirement, retirees have longer life of leisure and 20-30 years of aged life. Therefore, the life of Civil Servants’ leisure, life plan and accommodation of life will influence the quality of retirement life. Facing rapidly aging society, initiating a golden retirement life becomes even more important and is worth to be studied. This study adopted the method of In-depth interview. The objects of study are all retired from The Examination Yuan and its subordinate agencies. Invited 12 interviewees who were retired civil servants with different genders and job positions to understand their life of leisure, life plan and l accommodation of ife . This study has the following findings. 1.Diversified leisure and LOHAS (lifestyles of health and sustainability): After releasing the pressure as well as getting more leisure time, most of retired civil servants participate in diversified leisure activities by interest, and live a LOHAS life. 2.Scientific and technological progress, as well as new leisure activities: Surfing the internet, biking, extension education, and traveling become the most popular activities after retirement. 3.Traveling together and new leisure style: Traveling together during low seasons or on weekdays to save money and enjoy higher quality tourism becomes a new lifestyle. 4.Leisure activities and colorful life: Leisure activities become the life focus of most retirees, and engage them frequently in leisure activities to delay aging. 5.Changing concept and initiating a golden life: Life is dynamic and is a circulative circle which consists of learning, working, leisure and retirement. Retirement is the origin of another golden life. 6.Benefit from the family support: Getting support from family and friends can enrich one’s retirement life. 7.High medical expenses due to aging: Retirement pension is the major income. Therefore, unexpected medical expenses become an economic burden. 8.A good retirement plan can make a satisfactory life: Retiree who has a good retirement plan has higher satisfaction. 9.Limited understanding of care policy: Retirees are keen to understand the care policy. 10.Difficult to adjust oneself to new conditions because of not coming down off one’s high horse: Easy to worry about retirement life because retirees have not changed mind and learned the basic living skills. 11. Recognize aging and live with meaning: “Death is the beginning of another birth”. Be nice to yourself. With positive thinking, healthy lifestyle, and composed mind, retirees can accommodate themselves easily to retirement life. Enjoy oneself thoroughly even in death without regret to live with dignity and meaning. In light of above findings, this study propounds the following to retirees and the authorities concerned for references. 1. Before retirement, retirees shall cultivate hobbies to enliven spice to retirement life, change attitude and forget the last job positions and titles, make a good retirement plan and prepare for retirement to adapt quickly to the retirement life. 2. Catering to the need of retirees, the proper authorities shall promote the opportunities for them to participate in leisure activities, and arrange seminars to enhance their comprehension. 3. Build senior villages for retirees. Offer the opportunities for re-employment, volunteer work, and extension education. 4. Set up the internet platform to provide the information regarding the basic necessities of life (food, clothing, housing and transportation) for retirees, and circulate the information of retirement care. 5. Build the data bank of human resource to utilize retirees’ abilities and experience, build up the interaction mechanism between organs and retirees, and show more concern for retirees.

在人口漸趨高齡化的社會中，高齡議題逐漸受到學術研究與政策實務界的關注，本研究則關心高齡志願服務場域的性別隔離現象。本研究企圖從性別的角度出發，探討高齡人口參與志工服務的經驗，探究傳統性別秩序是否在高齡志工領域中產生影響力，進而形成高齡志工領域中性別角色的再製。既有文獻多以女性志工為分析對象，鮮見男性志工的研究資料，因此本研究以台南市醫院志工與社區巡守隊志工為例，透過立意取樣蒐集來自男/女性高齡志工之深度訪談資料，嘗試分析高齡志願服務場域中是否存在水平與垂直之性別隔離現象，並探究其成因，旨在顯示傳統性別秩序是如何影響高齡志工領域性別秩序的建構。研究結果發現，不論是在以女性志工為主的醫院或者以男性志工為主的巡守隊，皆存在水平與垂直性別隔離現象。水平性別隔離現象顯示出男/女性志工或者出於己意或由服務單位所安排，男性志工多集中於體力、應變性質強、具保衛意義的工作上；而女性志工則多集中在情感關懷、家務勞動性質、溝通聯繫等相對單純的任務。水平性別隔離的成因和職場性別隔離之成因相仿，男性多被認為具有理想的勞動身體，以及豐富的社會經驗及膽識；女性則多被認為是需要受到保護、適合單純工作性質的族群。垂直性別隔離的現象尤為明顯；本研究發現，志工隊隊長一職由男性擔任居多，女性主要因為顧慮家庭及質疑自我能力而對領導職務產生退卻的態度而甚少擔任志工隊長。本研究結論為高齡志工領域中的確出現傳統性別分工秩序的再製。 / Ageing is a pressing issue in many societies that has attracted attentions from the academic circle and policy makers. Extensive studies have been conducted to discuss the issue from various perspectives. Few studies discuss from the gender perspective. With the case of volunteers in Tainan City and drawing upon theories about gender segregation, this study aims to critically examine the phenomenon of vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the field of elder voluntary services. Through literature review and in-depth interviews with 17 elder volunteers, female and male, from a hospital and community patrol team, this study seeks to answer the following questions: does gender segregation, vertical as well as horizontal, exist in the field of elder volunteering services? If it does, what are the main factors that contribute to the existence/ reproduction of the traditional gendered division of labour in this field? It is found that both vertical and horizontal gender segregation does exist. Female elder volunteers tend to take up those jobs that are thought to be ‘women’s jobs’ in hospital and community patrol team whilst male elder volunteers tend to do those jobs that are considered as suitable for men. Besides, both in the hospital and community patrol team, men are more confident than women to serve as leaders.

台灣已於1993年邁入高齡化社會，因社會結構及傳統觀念的改變，高齡者逐漸重視自己退休後的個人生活，而選擇獨自或與配偶一起入住專為高齡者規劃設計之老人住宅的比例也逐年攀升；為有效促進高齡者從事對身心有益的休閒及社交活動，老人住宅應該配合提供安全、適當的日常活動公共空間及設施來支持。因此，老人住宅的公共空間規劃與設計就顯得相當重要。究竟老人住宅之公共空間是否可以真正滿足高齡者的使用需求？是否可促使高齡者積極使用？正是目前規劃、興建或改善老人住宅的重要課題之一，亦為本研究所欲探討之主要動機。 本研究運用資料調查、實地觀察、深入訪談及問卷調查等多元調查與評估方法，並選擇擁有多樣室內、室外之公共設施及共用空間的「長庚養生文化村」作為研究案例，分別針對「公共服務設施」、「室內休閒設施」、「戶外活動空間」及「共用服務空間」等4類公共空間進行使用及規劃等議題之探討，即藉由老人住宅用後評估，深入探討高齡者對於所居住的老人住宅現有公共空間規劃的滿意程度，探究高齡者對於老人住宅公共空間規劃設計之真實反應與感受；並依據評估分析成果，提出老人住宅公共空間之規劃原則建議，以供未來興建高齡者安居住宅之公共空間規劃參考。本研究結果及建議如下： 一、高齡者對公共空間需求滿意度以戶外森林步道及健康中心最高，以健康為主軸的休閒性設施仍為未來規劃重點。 二、老人住宅公共空間滿意度與「教育程度」、「身體狀況」、「子女探訪情形」等三項因素有關。 三、目前老人住宅公共空間議題，關心度低，容易被忽視及犧牲。 四、老人住宅公共空間規劃設計之主要議題包括： （一）餐廳為入住老人住宅之高齡者社交活動的重要空間，也是假日與探訪家人聚餐的重要場所，而餐廳的寬敞、舒適程度，及社交機會之提供，是高齡者關心的議題之一。 （二）設置報紙的交誼廳使用率較高，而設有書報的交誼廳，其照明及管理等議題必須加強考慮。 （三）中央式的走廊，因為通風及採光較不佳，降低了高齡者的社交機會。 （四）活動量大的活動休閒空間（如籃球場、桌球室等）僅能供探訪家人使用，效用不大，未符合高齡者需求。 五、規劃適合每一位高齡者的居住空間，建議朝向「通用設計原則」來進行規劃設計。 六、老人住宅基本生活之公共空間（如交誼室、洗衣室等），應配合生活單元作可及性高的簇群式配置，以增加高齡者使用機會；至於提供全部高齡者共同使用之休閒空間（如學習教室、娛樂室、會議室等），建議集中配置，以方便管理。 / Taiwanese society has become an aging society since 1993. Due to changes in societal structure and traditional concepts, phenomenon such as aging people started to emphasize more on their personal life after retirement and increasing ratio of aging population, either single or with domestic partner, move into specially designed retirement apartment have brought up to attention. In order to effectively encourage aging resident to exercise beneficial recreation and socialization activities, safe and proper common activity areas in retirement apartments are necessary and thus, the design and planning of the common recreation areas has become an essential issue. Questions regarding whether the retirement apartments will fully satisfy the needs of their aging resident and whether the aging residents actively utilizing those facilities are two of the most essential regards for planning, building, and improving retirement apartments; this is also the motivation for conducting this research. Our research focuses four main issues regarding as utilization and planning of public area such as “public service facility”, “in-door recreation facility”, “out-door activity space”, and “shared service space” in Chang Gung Health and Culture Village which possesses varieties of in-door and out-door public facilities and public areas; the research itself is conducted by data investigation, on-site observation, detailed interview, and paper-based survey to insightfully investigate the degree of satisfaction of aging residents toward existing planning of shared area and real feeling and reaction toward existing planning of public area. Suggestions for planning of shared areas, as results from analysis of conducted surveys, are provided for the reference of future planning of shared areas in aging resident village. The suggestions are as followed: 1.Out-door forest trails and healthcare centers are the two types of facilities that are listed among the highest degree of satisfaction by aging people. Health-oriented recreation facilities are still regarded as the most essential element in future planning of retirement apartment construction. 2.The degree of satisfaction in retirement apartment is directly associated to three factors which include “degree of education received”, “physical condition of the aging person”, and “the frequency of family visits.” 3.The current issues for public area in retirement apartments are low degree of attention and easily neglected or sacrificed. 4.Issues regarding the planning of public areas in retirement apartments includes: A.Cafeteria is one of the most important socializing space for aging residents in retirement apartment and an important space for family visits. Degree of comfortableness and spaciousness of cafeteria and whether the cafeteria offers socializing opportunities to aging residents are the two main concerns of aging residents. B.Utilization degrees in lobbies that provide newspaper are higher than lobbies that do not provide newspaper. The lighting and management of such lobbies are needed to be emphasized. C.Socialization opportunities decrease due to the facts that lighting and aeration in central hallway are not quite satisfactory. D.Recreation areas that involve physical activities such as basketball and table tennis are only for family members that visit the aging resident and are not satisfactory to the demand of aging residents. 5.Plan the resident area for each aging resident by utilizing principles of universal design is suggested. 6.The public space of retirement apartment for daily live, such as social room or laundering room, shall be disposed fitting Cluster of Living Style for accessibility to increase the using of the elderly; As for the common space of leisure for all elderly, Such as learning room, recreation room, conference room, it is suggested be allocated together for the convenience of management.