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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

General equilibrium model for computable policy analysis fiscal agent heterogeneous restricted and non restricted credit / Modelo de equilÃbrio geral computÃvel para anÃlise de polÃticas fiscais com agentes heterogÃneos restritos e nÃo restritos ao crÃdito

Josà Weligton FÃlix Gomes 21 June 2012 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This research aims to develop a computable general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents restricted (p-type) and not restricted to credit (q-type) for policy analysis. We used data from the National Accounts (IBGE), PNAD (2009), IPEADATA, to calibrate the model according to the Brazilian economy in 2009. According to the model 11:31% of agents (p-type) generate 0:65% of the total income and are responsible for paying 0:66% of the total tax burden. While other agents (q-type) generate 99:35% of income accounting for 99:34% of the payment of the tax burden. In terms of importance of sources of income, while for p-type income transfers correspond to 55% of labor income for agents of q-type these account for only 16%, which leads to dierent choices of work and leisure between these two types of agents. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de equilbrio geral comput avel com agentes heterog^eneos restritos (tipo p) e n~ao restritos ao credito (tipo q) para ns de analise de poltica. Utilizou-se dados das Contas Nacionais (IBGE), PNAD (2009), IPEADATA, para calibrar o modelo segundo a economia brasileira no ano de 2009. De acordo com o modelo, 11; 31% dos agentes (tipo p) geram 0; 65% do total da renda e s~ao responsaveis por pagar 0; 66% da carga total tributaria. Enquanto que os demais agentes (tipo q) geram 99; 35% da renda sendo responsaveis por 99; 34% do pagamento da carga tributaria. Em termos de import^ancia das fontes de rendimentos, enquanto para o tipo p rendas de transfer^encias correspondem a 55% da renda do trabalho, para agentes do tipo q estas correspondem a apenas 16%, o que provoca escolhas distintas de trabalho e lazer entre esses dois tipos de agentes.
12

A hipótese da desindustrialização e os impactos de políticas de estímulo à indústria brasileira: uma análise de equilíbrio geral / Deindustrialization hypothesis and stimuli polices impacts on Brazilian industry: a general equilibrium analysis

Priscila Henriques Godoy 28 May 2013 (has links)
O debate sobre a desindustrialização brasileira é bastante denso e ainda inconclusivo, embora haja algum consenso entre as diferentes vertentes econômicas de que o setor manufatureiro tem passado por dificuldades, principalmente após a crise financeira de 2008. Tendo este cenário em vista, o governo atuou na tentativa de restaurar a atividade industrial com algumas medidas de estímulo ao setor e através de políticas macroeconômicas (câmbio e juros). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investiga os impactos econômicos dessas políticas - redução da taxa de juros, desoneração da folha de pagamentos, redução do IPI, restrição ao fluxo de capitais estrangeiros (elevação do IOF) e redução da tarifa de energia elétrica - sobre a produção, o bem-estar, o consumo, entre outras variáveis macroeconômicas e setoriais. Além disso, busca-se analisar outras duas medidas alternativas - subsídio ao setor de transportes e reforma tributária, comparando seus resultados com aqueles obtidos pela avaliação das medidas já adotadas pelo governo. Para tanto, utiliza-se um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC) calibrado para o ano de 2009, com o intuito de estudar cenários de adoção dessas políticas e contribuir para a literatura econômica de forma mais objetiva. Os resultados obtidos pela modelagem indicam que é possível afirmar que muitas das medidas implementadas mostram-se adequadas para o contexto da economia brasileira no pós-crise, seja pelos benefícios setoriais associados a um maior nível tecnológico da produção quanto pelos resultados macroeconômicos de reanimar a atividade econômica. As medidas de redução na taxa de juros (Selic e TJLP) e reforma tributária neutra que considera a substituição dos impostos intermediários pelo VAT são capazes de elevar o PIB e o bem-estar e ainda melhorar a composição setorial da produção e exportação, sem que a atividade do governo seja negativamente afetada. Outras medidas, como a desoneração da folha de pagamentos, reforma tributária com redução da receita fiscal, e a redução no IPI também trazem bons resultados, mas não se sustentam no longo prazo se não houver mudança na eficiência dos gastos públicos, uma vez que todas geram queda na atividade do governo. No sentido contrário, as medidas de subsídio ao setor de transporte, de redução da tarifa de energia elétrica e redução do fluxo de capitais externos, que implicam na atuação do governo sobre o livre funcionamento do mercado, geraram resultados indesejados no que diz respeito a um menor estímulo a indústrias de maior conteúdo tecnológico, além de não reverterem a perda de participação da indústria no emprego e no PIB. / Brazilian deindustrialization debate is quite dense and still inconclusive, although there is some consensus on the manufacturing struggle among different economic approaches, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. Considering this scenario, the government has been acting in an attempt to restore industrial activity by granting stimuli focused on the manufacturing sector and curbing currency appreciation. In this context, this study aims to investigate the economic impacts of these policies on GDP, welfare, consumption and macroeconomic and sectorial variables. Furthermore, alternative policies were considered, in order to compare the results with those obtained through the evaluation of effective government policies. Therefore, we apply a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, updated for 2009, in order to study the effects of adopting these polices and contribute to the economic literature concerning this subject. The results indicate that it is possible to affirm that most measures are appropriate to help Brazilian economy after the crisis, both by sector benefits associated with a higher technological level of production and by improving macroeconomic outcomes. Measures to reduce interest rate (Selic and TJLP) and neutral tax reform that considers the replacement of intermediaries tax by VAT are able to raise GDP and welfare and to further improve the sectoral composition of production and export, without adversely affecting government activity. Other measures, such as payroll exemptions, tax reform with reduction of the fiscal income, and IPI reduction also bring good results, but would hardly be maintained in long term if there is no change in public spending efficiency, since all have negative impacts on government activity. On the contrary, subsidies to the transport sector, cuts in electricity rates and restriction to foreign capital inflow, which reflect government action on free market functioning, led to undesirable results in the context of raising technological level of the Brazilian production and reverse industry participation loss in employment and GDP.
13

Impactos de uma Redução na Disponibilidade Hídrica Sobre a Agricultura e a Pobreza Multidimensional No Brasil

VIANA, Jorge Henrique Norões 11 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-18T15:44:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese - Jorge Henrique N. Viana.pdf: 2402150 bytes, checksum: ee144a28e33ce323e017bdcdc93b9d11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T15:44:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese - Jorge Henrique N. Viana.pdf: 2402150 bytes, checksum: ee144a28e33ce323e017bdcdc93b9d11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / CNPq / Esta tese desenvolve uma plataforma integrada para avaliar os efeitos sobre a economia de possíveis reduções na disponibilidade hídrica sobre a agricultura, sobretudo o impacto de tais reduções na pobreza. Para construir a plataforma foi necessário o uso de diversas ferramentas metodológicas. Inicialmente foi construído um índice de pobreza multidimensional (MPI) para as unidades federativas do Brasil com base nos dados da POF 2008/2009. Dentre os principais resultados obtidos com esta aplicação do MPI destaca-se o percentual de 14% dos domicílios classificados como pobres usando a referida medida no Brasil. Posteriormente foi estimado um modelo de demanda por alimentos em dois estágios, com o primeiro estágio sendo um modelo Working-Leser e o segundo um modelo LA-AIDS, com variável instrumental, ambos baseados na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF). Então foram estimadas funções de produção translog para os setores agrícola e o de Água & Esgoto (AE). Além disso, acrescentou-se uma função de produção translog ray para o setor de AE, a qual representava a criação de novas ligações de água encanada e esgotamento sanitário, baseados nos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS) e do Censo Agropecuário 2006. Por fim, o último bloco da plataforma foi um modelo básico de Equilíbrio Geral Computável padrão, com base nos dados das Tabelas de Recurso e Usos, usando os valores estimados dos parâmetros do sistema de demanda e das funções de produção dos setores agrícolas e AE. Foram simulados três cenários envolvendo restrições de disponibilidade de água pelos setores agrícolas de 10%, 20% e 30% de forma exógena obtendo-se assim tarifas endógenas ou disposição a pagar (DAP) pelo uso da água em cada um dos setores agrícolas. Esses recursos obtidos com as tarifas permaneceriam sob o domínio do governo nestes primeiros cenários. Além disso, foram simulados mais dois cenários com restrição hídrica de 30%, mas nestes os recursos obtidos com as tarifas foram repassados para as famílias ou como um subsídio ao setor AE. Dentre os vários resultados, destaca-se que a redução na demanda total por água bruta foi maior quanto maior foi a restrição hídrica para a agricultura simulada, chegando a 18,44% sob uma restrição hídrica de 30%. Quanto a produção, sua maior redução foi de 0,39% sob uma restrição hídrica de 30% Sobre as tarifas sobre o uso da água obtidas endogenamente, resultaram bem maiores do que aquelas praticadas atualmente em algumas regiões no Brasil. Finalmente, no que diz respeito a pobreza, a medida MPI nacional foi fracamente crescente com a restrição hídrica, mas sob todos os cenários sua variação não foi estatisticamente significante. E assim como aconteceu com os demais resultados, as medidas de pobreza não variaram em decorrência do destino dos recursos obtidos com a tarifa sobre a água. Quanto a distribuição dos impactos entre as UFs, os resultados foram bastante distintos, com algumas UFs apresentando aumentos da pobreza na ordem de 15% (Amapá e Rondônia), enquanto outras apresentaram aumentos do MPI abaixo dos 2%, como São Paulo e Distrito Federal. Já entre os diferentes estratos sociais de renda, de maneira geral, famílias mais pobres sofreram mais com os aumentos nos preços dos alimentos causados pelas restrições hídricas. Por fim, ainda que não tenham sido analisados nesta tese, a plataforma encontra-se habilitada a gerar diversos outros resultados sob cenários de restrições hídricas que não envolvam apenas o setor agrícola mas também o setor de AE. Ademais, de maneira inversa ao que se apresenta como resultados nesta tese, a plataforma pode simular de forma exógena diversas tarifas de água bruta para os dois setores (agrícola e AE) e mensurar os resultantes impactos não só nas reduções de demanda dos referidos setores, mas também nos agregados econômicos e na medida de pobreza. / This thesis develops an integrated platform to assess the effects on the economy of possible reductions in water availability on agriculture, especially the impact of such reductions on poverty. To build the platform various methodological tools were required. Initially a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) to the federal units of Brazil based on data from POF 2008/2009 was built. Among the main results of this application of the MPI we can highlight that 14% of Brazilian households were classified as poor using this measure. Later a demand model for food in two stages, with the first stage being a Working-Leser model and the second a LA-AIDS model with instrumental variable, both based on the POF, was estimated. Also translog production functions for the agricultural sector and the Water & Sewer sector (AE) were estimated. In addition, we estimated a translog ray production function to the AE sector, which represented the creation of new connections of piped water and sanitation, based on data from the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS) and the Agricultural Census 2006. Finally, the last building block of the was a standard Computable General Equilibrium model, based on the data of the Tabela de Recursos e Usos, but incporporating the estimated demand system parameters and production functions of agricultural and AE sectors. We simulated three scenarios involving exogenously restrictions of water availability for agricultural sectors of 10%, 20% and 30% thus yielding endogenous tariffs or willingness to pay (WTP) for water use in each of the agricultural sectors. While the revenues of these rates would remain under government domain in these three standard scenarios. In addition, two other scenarios were simulated with water restriction of 30%, but with the revenues from these tariffs passed on directly to the families or used to finance a subsidy to the AE sector. Among the various results, it is emphasized that the reduction in the total demand for raw water (blue water) was greater than the reduction in agriculture production, with the primer reaching 18,44% under a water restriction of 30%. As for total production, the greater reduction was 0.39% under a water restriction of 30%. About the tariffs on water use obtained endogenously, they were much higher than those currently practiced in some regions in Brazil. Finally, with regard to poverty, national MPI was weakly increasing with water restriction, but under all scenarios its variation was not statistically significant. And as happened with the other results, the poverty measures did not change due to the destination of the revenues from the tariff on water. As the distribution of impacts among the Federative Units, the results were quite different, with some Federative Units presenting poverty increases above 15% (Amapá e Rondônia), while others showed poverty measures increases below 2%, like São Paulo e Distrito federal. Among the different social strata of income, in general, poorer households suffered most with increases in food prices caused by water restrictions. Finally, even if they have not been analyzed in this thesis, the platform is enabled to generate different results under other scenarios of water restrictions that not only involve the agricultural sector but also the AE sector. In addition, conversely to what is presented in this thesis, the platform can simulate various exogenously raw water tariffs for the two sectors (agricultural and AE) and measure the resulting impact not only on the demand of those sectors, but also in the economic aggregates and poverty measures.
14

CGE odhady dopadů obchodní války mezi USA a Čínou na blahobyt / Measuring Welfare Effects of the US-China Trade War Using General Equilibrium Models

Kim, Ha Eun January 2021 (has links)
This study analyzes the trade war between the United States (US) and China using the GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model. Five scenarios focused on economic decoupling are ana- lyzed: 1. Mutual tariff levels increased to 25%, 2. Mutual tariff levels increased to 45%, 3. Bilateral export levels decreased by 25%, 4. Bilateral export levels decreased by 45%, and 5. Trade efficiency decreased by 10%. The analysis shows both the US and China's consumer welfare and GDP decreased across all scenarios, with a larger decrease in China. In addition, when exports from China and the United States decrease, there is an increase in exports from the ASEAN region. JEL Classification C68, F13, F11, Keywords Trade war, CGE, General Equilibrium Title Measuring the Welfare Effects of the US-China Trade War Using a Computable General Equi- librium Model Author's e-mail hehaeunk@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail vilem.semerak@fsv.cuni.cz
15

A Computable General Equilibrium Model of the City with Optimization of its Transportation Network: Impacts of Changes in Technology, Preferences, and Policy

Olwert, Craig Thomas 25 August 2010 (has links)
No description available.
16

A Mathematical Programming Model of Trade and Protection Applied to the Canadian Textile Sector

Asante, Nana Kata Eric 03 1900 (has links)
<p>This thesis develops a computable, non-linear programming, general equilibrium model of the Canadian textile sector for the purpose of addressing certain trade policy issues.</p> <p>One of the unique features of the model is the specification of the objective function a CES nested in a Cobb-Douglas function. This objective function incorporates the assumption of diminishing marginal utility', an assumption which is almost universally accepted in microeconomic theory but which is conspicuously missing in linear programming models. This objective function also allows for imperfect substitutability between domestically produced textiles and imported textiles.</p> <p>The textile sector is significantly disaggregated to allow for the interconnections among the various textile industries in the sector. In addition, unlike partial equilibrium models which do not consider what happens to other industries outside the sector under study, this model is able to shed same light on the behaviour of these industries.</p> <p>The model is solved by an optimization package called MINOS (a modular in-core nonlinear optimization system) and then used to predict the 1979 variables to set a benchmark for the model. The model predicts most variables reasonably well.</p> <p>The results of the experiments confirm Bhagwati's concept of equivalence as applied to general equilibrium models. The results also show that if protection in textiles is removed, imports will pour in, leading to declines in output and employment in the textile industries. The finding that there is considerable anti-protection in the textile sector agrees with the view expressed by other writers. The results also show that, in general, a textile industry at a later stage of processing tends to expand if it is the only one protected and an industry at an early stage of processing tends to contact if it is the only one protected.</p> <p>Given any quota, its tariff equivalent can be computed using the model. With reference to tariffs and subsidies, the results show that one cannot say categorically that one means of protection is generally preferable to the other, a finding which is consistent with the trade distortions literature.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
17

Does trade liberalization promote regional disparities? Evidence from a multiregional CGE model of India

Naranpanawa, A., Arora, Rashmi 12 July 2014 (has links)
Yes / Over last few decades, there has been a growing interest among researchers in understanding the link between trade liberalization and regional disparities within the context of an individual country. In this study, we develop the first ever single-country multiregional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for the Indian economy to investigate this linkage. Overall our results suggest that, in the short run, trade liberalization has a beneficial impact on the rich and fast-growing middle-income states and a marginal or negative impact on the poor states.
18

Ensaios acerca dos impactos da abertura multilateral sobre os fluxos de comércio e bem-estar dos países

Reis, Magnus dos January 2017 (has links)
Utilizando o modelo gravitacional, estimado através da Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson com a inclusão de efeitos fixos, esta tese de doutorado fornece evidências de que a OMC teve um profundo impacto sobre o comércio internacional. Entretanto, esse impacto ocorreu de forma assimétrica entre os setores, países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, membros e não membros. Considerando as importações agregadas, os países em desenvolvimento foram os mais favorecidos pela atuação da OMC, porém com dados desagregados de produtos primários, têxteis e industrializados, os países desenvolvidos foram os que mais se beneficiaram do aumento do comércio mundial promovido pela OMC. Muito embora as nações desenvolvidas também tiveram seus fluxos de comércio ampliados pela OMC nos setores têxtil e industrial, o maior crescimento ocorreu no setor primário. Além disso, esses países não discriminaram os não membros da instituição. Diferentemente, a abertura comercial dos países em desenvolvimento foi discriminatória e o crescimento do comércio foi observado apenas em produtos primários e industriais, mas em menor magnitude que as nações desenvolvidas. Alternativamente, utilizando o Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável do GTAP, foram avaliados os impactos de uma hipotética conclusão da Rodada de Doha sobre os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, membros e não membros da OMC. Os resultados sugerem que, ao incorporar a redução de barreiras não tarifárias nas reformas, além das tarifas de importação e subsídios à exportação, os ganhos, em termos de PIB e bem-estar, ampliam-se para os seus membros, sugerindo que seus efeitos são claramente dominantes em relação às tarifas de importação e aos subsídios à exportação. Considerando o cenário de maior liberalização comercial, os países desenvolvidos teriam um crescimento de bem-estar de aproximadamente US$ 572 bilhões, enquanto os em desenvolvimento aumentariam US$ 441 bilhões. O custo de não ser membro da OMC, em termos de bem-estar, pode chegar até US$ 34 bilhões. / Using the gravitational model, estimated through the Pseudo Maximum Likelihood of Poisson with the inclusion of fixed effects, this doctoral thesis provides evidence that the WTO had a profound impact on international trade. However, this impact occurred asymmetrically between the developed and developing countries, members and non-members. Considering aggregate imports, developing countries were the ones most benefited by the WTO, but with disaggregated data on primary, textile and industrialized products, developed countries benefited most from the increase in world trade promoted by the WTO. Although developed nations also had their trade flows expanded by the WTO in the textile and industrial sectors, the largest growth occurred in the primary sector. In addition, these countries did not discriminate against non-members of the institution. In contrast, trade liberalization in developing countries was discriminatory and trade growth was observed only in primary and industrial products, but to a lesser extent than developed nations. Also, using the GTAP General Computable Equilibrium Model, the impacts of a hypothetical conclusion of the Doha Round on the developed and developing countries, members and non-members of the WTO, were evaluated. The results suggest that, by incorporating the reduction of non-tariff barriers in the reforms, in addition to import tariffs and export subsidies, gains in terms of GDP and welfare increase for its members, suggesting that its effects Are clearly dominant in relation to import tariffs and export subsidies. Considering the scenario of increased trade liberalization, developed countries would have a welfare growth of approximately US$ 572 billion while developing countries would increase US$ 441 billion. The cost of not being a member of the WTO in terms of welfare can reach up to US$ 34 billion.
19

O Brasil e a integração com as Américas: comércio Sul-Sul e Sul-Norte

Morais, Maurício Delago 26 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-29T15:01:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maurício Delago Morais_.pdf: 304259 bytes, checksum: 38cd9494d868913afc9b6a9dc40b252b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T15:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maurício Delago Morais_.pdf: 304259 bytes, checksum: 38cd9494d868913afc9b6a9dc40b252b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O comércio entre os países do hemisfério Sul tem crescido de forma significativa nas últimas décadas e, em 2011, já representava mais da metade de suas trocas comerciais. Além do forte crescimento, ele tem se tornado cada vez mais intensivo em capital e trabalho qualificado em comparação ao comércio Sul-Norte. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar os efeitos sobre comércio e bem-estar da formação de uma área de livre comércio entre todos os países da América do Sul (UNASUL) e entre o Brasil e o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), caracterizando comércio Sul-Sul e Sul-Norte, respectivamente. Neste estudo são realizadas duas simulações por meio de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável. Os resultados mostraram que a UNASUL, apesar de gerar benefícios, expressos principalmente na forma de aumento de bem-estar e de exportações de bens de maior intensidade tecnológica para os países envolvidos, eles são limitados. Os ganhos mais expressivos para o Brasil ocorrem com a liberalização comercial Sul-Norte. / South-South trade has increased significantly in the last decades. In 2011, it accounted for more than half of total trade of the region. Besides the strong growth it is becoming more intensive in capital and skilled labor in comparison with South-North trade. The study analyses the effects on trade and welfare of the formation of a free trade area in South America (UNASUL) and between Brazil and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) using a computable general equilibrium model. The results show that despite UNASUL would generate gains for the countries that participate in this agreement, in terms of increased trade on high technology sectors and welfare, they are limited. The more significant gains for Brazil occur with the South-North trade liberalization.
20

Essays on environmental and development economics : Public policy, resource prices and global warming

Sahlén, Linda January 2008 (has links)
This thesis consists of four self-contained papers, which are all related to important environmental and natural resource issues from a developing country perspective. Paper [I] concerns climate policy and addresses the potential welfare gains of introducing a technology transfer from the North (richer countries) to the South (poorer countries). The results largely depend on the environmental policy in the pre- transfer resource allocation and, in particular, whether or not the South abates its own emissions. Although the technology transfer is desirable from a “global social planners” point of view, it is shown that the incentives to use the transfer might be weak from the perspective of the North; at least if the South takes its own measures to reduce emissions. However, in a situation where the North is committed to emission reductions according to the Kyoto protocol, it is shown that there will clearly be incentives for the North to use the technology transfer in order to reach the Kyoto targets in a more cost efficient way. In paper [II], the likely effects of an environmental fiscal reform in Namibia are examined by means of a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that the introduction of an environmental fiscal reform, where taxes on natural and environmental resources (fish rents, energy and water) are recycled to the economy in different ways might give rise to benefits in terms of GDP, employment and income distribution, in addition to the environmental impacts. While subsidizing unskilled labour would give the most favourable outcome in terms of real GDP and employment impacts, a decrease in food taxes might be a more interesting option if GDP, employment, income distribution and environmental impacts are considered in combination. In paper [III], the value of irrigation water used for different crop alternatives in the Hardap region in Southern Namibia is estimated. The study finds that all crop alternatives that farmers in the region currently choose among, will remain financially viable after the planned increases in user charges. However, if full cost recovery is to be achieved in the future, substantial changes in the agricultural production will most likely be necessary. The method is also extended in order to study the potential effects on total water demand if further increases in user charges are implemented. Paper [IV] studies the likely effects of exogenous international food and oil price shocks on the Namibian economy. This is particularly interesting in a country where the domestic consumption of corn and petroleum products is mainly imported, and where water scarcity represents one of the main constraints to agricultural expansion. The results show that the Namibian economy will be negatively affected from the food and oil price increases, and water scarcity will further limit the ability of the economy to adapt to international oil and food price increases.

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