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O debate sobre a desindustrialização brasileira é bastante denso e ainda inconclusivo, embora haja algum consenso entre as diferentes vertentes econômicas de que o setor manufatureiro tem passado por dificuldades, principalmente após a crise financeira de 2008. Tendo este cenário em vista, o governo atuou na tentativa de restaurar a atividade industrial com algumas medidas de estímulo ao setor e através de políticas macroeconômicas (câmbio e juros). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investiga os impactos econômicos dessas políticas - redução da taxa de juros, desoneração da folha de pagamentos, redução do IPI, restrição ao fluxo de capitais estrangeiros (elevação do IOF) e redução da tarifa de energia elétrica - sobre a produção, o bem-estar, o consumo, entre outras variáveis macroeconômicas e setoriais. Além disso, busca-se analisar outras duas medidas alternativas - subsídio ao setor de transportes e reforma tributária, comparando seus resultados com aqueles obtidos pela avaliação das medidas já adotadas pelo governo. Para tanto, utiliza-se um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC) calibrado para o ano de 2009, com o intuito de estudar cenários de adoção dessas políticas e contribuir para a literatura econômica de forma mais objetiva. Os resultados obtidos pela modelagem indicam que é possível afirmar que muitas das medidas implementadas mostram-se adequadas para o contexto da economia brasileira no pós-crise, seja pelos benefícios setoriais associados a um maior nível tecnológico da produção quanto pelos resultados macroeconômicos de reanimar a atividade econômica. As medidas de redução na taxa de juros (Selic e TJLP) e reforma tributária neutra que considera a substituição dos impostos intermediários pelo VAT são capazes de elevar o PIB e o bem-estar e ainda melhorar a composição setorial da produção e exportação, sem que a atividade do governo seja negativamente afetada. Outras medidas, como a desoneração da folha de pagamentos, reforma tributária com redução da receita fiscal, e a redução no IPI também trazem bons resultados, mas não se sustentam no longo prazo se não houver mudança na eficiência dos gastos públicos, uma vez que todas geram queda na atividade do governo. No sentido contrário, as medidas de subsídio ao setor de transporte, de redução da tarifa de energia elétrica e redução do fluxo de capitais externos, que implicam na atuação do governo sobre o livre funcionamento do mercado, geraram resultados indesejados no que diz respeito a um menor estímulo a indústrias de maior conteúdo tecnológico, além de não reverterem a perda de participação da indústria no emprego e no PIB. / Brazilian deindustrialization debate is quite dense and still inconclusive, although there is some consensus on the manufacturing struggle among different economic approaches, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. Considering this scenario, the government has been acting in an attempt to restore industrial activity by granting stimuli focused on the manufacturing sector and curbing currency appreciation. In this context, this study aims to investigate the economic impacts of these policies on GDP, welfare, consumption and macroeconomic and sectorial variables. Furthermore, alternative policies were considered, in order to compare the results with those obtained through the evaluation of effective government policies. Therefore, we apply a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, updated for 2009, in order to study the effects of adopting these polices and contribute to the economic literature concerning this subject. The results indicate that it is possible to affirm that most measures are appropriate to help Brazilian economy after the crisis, both by sector benefits associated with a higher technological level of production and by improving macroeconomic outcomes. Measures to reduce interest rate (Selic and TJLP) and neutral tax reform that considers the replacement of intermediaries tax by VAT are able to raise GDP and welfare and to further improve the sectoral composition of production and export, without adversely affecting government activity. Other measures, such as payroll exemptions, tax reform with reduction of the fiscal income, and IPI reduction also bring good results, but would hardly be maintained in long term if there is no change in public spending efficiency, since all have negative impacts on government activity. On the contrary, subsidies to the transport sector, cuts in electricity rates and restriction to foreign capital inflow, which reflect government action on free market functioning, led to undesirable results in the context of raising technological level of the Brazilian production and reverse industry participation loss in employment and GDP.

The thesis discusses the restrictions of photovoltaic industrial market and technical characteristics, and the reactions of Japanese government and photovoltaic industry. Furthermore, this thesis studies what are the Japanese government industrial policies and Japanese photovoltaic enterprises¡¦ global strategies for the correction of photovoltaic market failure status. First of all, the thesis discusses the limitations of photovoltaic industrial market and technical characteristics. After realizing the market and technical characteristics of photovoltaic industry, the dissertation discovers the corrections that Japanese government and Japanese enterprises made to response the market and technical characteristics of photovoltaic industry. To realize the corrections that Japanese government and Japanese enterprises made, the thesis discusses the Japanese government photovoltaic industrial policies from 1970s and the worldwide strategies of Japanese photovoltaic enterprises. Under the market failure status of photovoltaic industry, how do the policies of public sectors and the strategies of private sectors interact in addition.

O debate sobre a desindustrialização brasileira é bastante denso e ainda inconclusivo, embora haja algum consenso entre as diferentes vertentes econômicas de que o setor manufatureiro tem passado por dificuldades, principalmente após a crise financeira de 2008. Tendo este cenário em vista, o governo atuou na tentativa de restaurar a atividade industrial com algumas medidas de estímulo ao setor e através de políticas macroeconômicas (câmbio e juros). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investiga os impactos econômicos dessas políticas - redução da taxa de juros, desoneração da folha de pagamentos, redução do IPI, restrição ao fluxo de capitais estrangeiros (elevação do IOF) e redução da tarifa de energia elétrica - sobre a produção, o bem-estar, o consumo, entre outras variáveis macroeconômicas e setoriais. Além disso, busca-se analisar outras duas medidas alternativas - subsídio ao setor de transportes e reforma tributária, comparando seus resultados com aqueles obtidos pela avaliação das medidas já adotadas pelo governo. Para tanto, utiliza-se um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC) calibrado para o ano de 2009, com o intuito de estudar cenários de adoção dessas políticas e contribuir para a literatura econômica de forma mais objetiva. Os resultados obtidos pela modelagem indicam que é possível afirmar que muitas das medidas implementadas mostram-se adequadas para o contexto da economia brasileira no pós-crise, seja pelos benefícios setoriais associados a um maior nível tecnológico da produção quanto pelos resultados macroeconômicos de reanimar a atividade econômica. As medidas de redução na taxa de juros (Selic e TJLP) e reforma tributária neutra que considera a substituição dos impostos intermediários pelo VAT são capazes de elevar o PIB e o bem-estar e ainda melhorar a composição setorial da produção e exportação, sem que a atividade do governo seja negativamente afetada. Outras medidas, como a desoneração da folha de pagamentos, reforma tributária com redução da receita fiscal, e a redução no IPI também trazem bons resultados, mas não se sustentam no longo prazo se não houver mudança na eficiência dos gastos públicos, uma vez que todas geram queda na atividade do governo. No sentido contrário, as medidas de subsídio ao setor de transporte, de redução da tarifa de energia elétrica e redução do fluxo de capitais externos, que implicam na atuação do governo sobre o livre funcionamento do mercado, geraram resultados indesejados no que diz respeito a um menor estímulo a indústrias de maior conteúdo tecnológico, além de não reverterem a perda de participação da indústria no emprego e no PIB. / Brazilian deindustrialization debate is quite dense and still inconclusive, although there is some consensus on the manufacturing struggle among different economic approaches, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. Considering this scenario, the government has been acting in an attempt to restore industrial activity by granting stimuli focused on the manufacturing sector and curbing currency appreciation. In this context, this study aims to investigate the economic impacts of these policies on GDP, welfare, consumption and macroeconomic and sectorial variables. Furthermore, alternative policies were considered, in order to compare the results with those obtained through the evaluation of effective government policies. Therefore, we apply a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, updated for 2009, in order to study the effects of adopting these polices and contribute to the economic literature concerning this subject. The results indicate that it is possible to affirm that most measures are appropriate to help Brazilian economy after the crisis, both by sector benefits associated with a higher technological level of production and by improving macroeconomic outcomes. Measures to reduce interest rate (Selic and TJLP) and neutral tax reform that considers the replacement of intermediaries tax by VAT are able to raise GDP and welfare and to further improve the sectoral composition of production and export, without adversely affecting government activity. Other measures, such as payroll exemptions, tax reform with reduction of the fiscal income, and IPI reduction also bring good results, but would hardly be maintained in long term if there is no change in public spending efficiency, since all have negative impacts on government activity. On the contrary, subsidies to the transport sector, cuts in electricity rates and restriction to foreign capital inflow, which reflect government action on free market functioning, led to undesirable results in the context of raising technological level of the Brazilian production and reverse industry participation loss in employment and GDP.

This dissertation investigates the impact that a duopoly of a multinational firm and local firm has on a closed economy as they engage in Bertrand competition involving quality and price. It answers the question: Does helping a minor firm reduce welfare? Using a different framework than the existing literature, I examine the following: 1. The welfare effect of a reduction in the R\&D cost parameter induced by ``help'' from the government to one of the firms within a closed economy. 2. The effects of government policy instruments (taxes or subsidies) on welfare considering different ownership of the firms and trade pattern - closed economy and export-oriented economy as government institutes a unilateral policy, discriminatory policy, or non-discriminatory policy. 3. How marginal cost of production of the local firm affects welfare within a closed economy when all consumers are either served or partially-served. In chapter 1, we provide a review of past literature that have studied the endogenous choice of quality by firms and describe how this dissertation is organized. In chapter 2, we examine effect on national welfare from competition in quality between a multinational firm and a local firm operating in a vertically differentiated oligopolistic industry given their strategic use of R\&D costs without any possibility of spillover effects. The model assumes that the multinational firm produces high quality product and the local firm produces low quality product. Both firms have zero marginal production cost. Assuming a closed-economy, we determine the effect of a change in the local firm's R\&D cost parameter on the endogenous variables (prices and qualities) as well as national welfare. We found that a reduction in the cost parameter of the local firm do increase national welfare. Chapter 3 extends the work of Chapter 2. It investigates the incentives to a government for instituting strategic trade policy (unilateral, discriminatory or non-discriminatory) mechanism that would induce R\&D within the duopoly of a multinational and local firms and thereby promote national welfare, under varying assumptions with respect to the ownership structure of the firms and their trade patterns. It determines which policy mechanism would be socially optimal to strategically affect the quality of the target firm (local). We find under an open-economy situation when government policy is unilateral, the optimal policy tool to pursue is a subsidy for the local firm. When the economy is partially-closed, it is optimal for the government to tax the local firm. Besides, under a discriminatory policy mechanism, it is best for government to subsidize the local firm and tax the foreign firm when both export to a third country. However, if both sell to a third country, but profit is retained in the domestic economy, it becomes optimal for the government to tax the local firm. Under a non-discriminatory policy by government when the firms operate within an open-economy, the optimal tool is a tax policy for government that affects both firms. Moreover, when the firms operate within a partially closed-economy, the optimal policy is also a tax policy on both firms. Whereas, given a non-discriminatory policy under a closed-economy framework, it is optimal for the government to subsidize the firms. As a result, these mechanisms by government do promote social welfare as well as correct any distortion that might result into making the multinational firm having a significant market power within the industry. In Chapter 4, we relax the assumption of Chapter 2 that the firms have zero production cost. The duopoly is considered to operate under the condition that one of the firms (local firm) has a production cost disadvantage. The firms are assumed to served the entire market. Hence, the firms compete within a fully covered market scenario. Considering a variable unit (constant marginal) cost of production of the local firm, we determine the effect of an increase in production cost of the local firm on national (total) welfare. We find that within a closed-economy, due to strategic substitutability of the products of both firms, an increase in the marginal cost of production by the local firm would bring about reduction in national social welfare. Chapter 5 continues our welfare analysis. It assumes the firms have asymmetric production costs. The cost of production depends on investment in R\&D to produce an output of quality, $q_i$. Now, we do not associate the output quality to a specific firm in the beginning of our analysis. Notwithstanding, we assume the firms are required to meet a minimum quality standard in the industry. Then, we seek to find the effect of the marginal cost of production of the local firm on national welfare. We find unlike previous chapters, an increase in marginal cost of production by the local firm results into increase benefits to consumers. Hence, national social welfare is improved (positive).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELISANGELA CARVALHO VAZ.pdf: 1517644 bytes, checksum: a6a18b8df4b7c15c3f9498e465cc08c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / This dissertation discusses the international geopolitics from the inclusion of the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil, India and China. The pharmaceutical industry has established itself internationally from the Second World War, with the marketing of penicillin. It was from 1945 that there was a reconfiguration of this sector at the international level with the presence of the United States, from strategic alliances between the pharmaceutical industry, universities and new research centers specialized in genetic engineering and biotechnology. The strengthening of the global pharmaceutical industry occurred from the TRIPs agreement, which allowed the basis of large multinational companies. From this agreement Brazil is repositioned in the international pharmaceutical industry, with the production of generic drugs, however, with significant technological dependence both for the importation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and biotechnology-based drugs. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has developed through import restrictions, and reverse engineering in the production of drugs, but with special attention to the production of active ingredients pharmaceutical chemicals. The inclusion of China in the global pharmaceutical market occurred from the import and copies of reference drug products; currently leads the production and export of active pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as stand out as a pole of attraction for multinationals, both for the production of reference drugs such as generics. / Esta dissertação discute a geopolítica internacional a partir da inserção da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, Índia e China. O segmento farmacêutico consolidou-se internacionalmente a partir da Segunda Grande Guerra, com a comercialização da penicilina. Foi a partir de 1945 que houve a reconfiguração deste setor em nível internacional com a presença dos Estados Unidos, a partir de alianças estratégicas entre a indústria farmacêutica, as universidades e novos centros de pesquisa especializados em engenharia genética e biotecnologia. O fortalecimento da indústria farmacêutica mundial ocorreu a partir do acordo TRIPs, que possibilitou o alicerçamento das grandes empresas multinacionais. A partir deste acordo o Brasil se reposicionou na indústria farmacêutica internacional, com a produção de medicamentos genéricos, no entanto, com significativa dependência tecnológica tanto em relação a importação de insumos farmacêuticos ativos, e de medicamentos de base biotecnológica. A indústria farmacêutica indiana desenvolveu-se através de restrições a importações, engenharia reversa na produção de medicamentos, mas com uma atenção especial a produção de princípios ativos farmoquímicos. A inserção da China no mercado farmacêutico mundial ocorreu a partir da importação e cópias de medicamentos de referência; atualmente lidera a produção e exportação de insumos farmacêuticos ativos, além de destacar-se como polo de atração para multinacionais, tanto para a fabricação de medicamentos de referência como genéricos.

Although the government role in the economy has extended to include various sectors of the economy, there are still problems of the causes of government involvement and how such involvement is related to the structure and function of the industrial government. The purpose of this study is to test the government involvement phenomenon both theoretically and empirically. The study compares two approaches to the government theories. The first approach deals with theories of capitalism and focuses on the function of the government methods as they are observed. The second approach deals with theories of the capitalist government and focuses on the functions and the form of the government as deducted from the historical analysis.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第19950号 / 経博第537号 / 新制||経||278(附属図書館) / 33046 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇仁 宏幸, 准教授 矢野 剛, 准教授 COLPAN Meziyet Asli / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Cette thèse vise à interroger la consistance des politiques urbaines à partir d’une analyse des politiques en faveur de l’industrie mises en place à Lyon et Munich. Trois questions principales sont abordées. Existe-t-il des politiques urbaines de l’industrie ? Ces politiques ont-elles une consistance en tant que politiques urbaines et quels sont les facteurs, notamment institutionnels, participant à cette consistance ? L’analyse des politiques urbaines de l’industrie permet-elle de valider la thèse du « retour des villes » ? En caractérisant et contextualisant des systèmes d’acteurs dans des contextes nationaux et locaux différenciés, nous étudions les processus de production des politiques en faveur de l’industrie et analysons leurs répertoires d’action. Nous proposons une définition de la consistance des politiques urbaines qui découle de l’analyse du rôle des différents échelons de gouvernement dans la production des politiques en faveur de l’industrie, de la répartition des compétences, des instruments d’action publique mobilisés ou créés. L’entrée par les institutions révèle le poids des facteurs sociaux, politiques et institutionnels pouvant expliquer une autonomisation différenciée des gouvernements urbains et leur capacité à produire des politiques urbaines consistantes. Notre définition de la consistance d’une politique urbaine donne une grande importance à la capacité d’une ville à s’autonomiser et se constituer en acteur. Au regard de l’affirmation différenciée des pouvoirs urbains munichois et lyonnais, nous avons proposé de parler de « retour inégal », de sorte à pointer les conditions favorisant ou non ce retour des villes. / This thesis aims at questioning the consistency of urban policies through an analysis of the policies in favour of industry in Lyon and Munich. Three fundamental issues are addressed. Do urban policies of the industry exist? Have these policies consistency as urban policies and what are the factors, particularly institutional factors, contributing to this consistency? Does the analysis of urban industry policies validate the thesis of the "return of cities"? By characterizing and contextualizing stakeholder systems in different national and local contexts, we focus on the production processes of policies in favour of industry and we investigate their policy frameworks. We propose a definition of the consistency of urban policies resulting from an analysis of the role of distinct levels of government in the production of policies in favour of the industry, the distribution of power, mobilized or created public policy instruments. The institutional approach reveals the influence of social, political and institutional factors that explain the distinguished empowerment of urban governments and their ability to produce consistent urban policies. Our definition of the consistency of urban policy gives significant importance to the capacity of a city to become autonomous and to constitute itself as a collective actor. In view of the differentiated affirmation of the Munich and Lyon’s urban powers, we propose to speak of an "unequal return", to point out the conditions favouring or not the return of cities.

本文以台灣工具機產業為例，來分析國家產業政策與公共研發機構的轉變，以及對工具機產業發展的影響。1990年代以後，世界上先進工具機國家均逐漸朝向高階工具機技術發展，台灣工具機產業亦面臨南韓和大陸等工業化國家的追趕，而不得不進行技術學習和升級。此外，台灣工具機產業有90%是屬於中小企業，但是高階工具機技術複雜、研發困難，費用龐大，企業多無法負擔。因此，本文欲探討國家角色，亦即產業政策與公共研發機構對台灣工具機產業發展的影響。 本文的研究成果可以歸納如下：第一，國家逐漸扮演起產業輔導者的角色，產業政策與工具的轉變則是於1980年代起廣泛運用各種政策工具達11種類型，1990年代以財政補助為主要誘因鼓勵業界投入技術研發，2001年以後則是將組織聯盟作為主要的政策工具，為台灣工具機產業的發展開啟了另一種新的技術學習型態。其次，機械所的研發策略轉變為高階工具機技術與工具機關鍵組件技術的雙軸技術研發模式。中區技術服務中心普遍獲得中部工具機業者的信任與肯定，也使得機械所能夠順利協調廠商形成整合性研發聯盟。第三，整合性研發聯盟促使廠商水平合作共同降低研發成本與風險，並藉由產業上下游整機的垂直整合，提升專業模組廠的技術能力，降低模組成本，和提升整機廠的競爭力。 / This thesis is about the upgrading of Taiwan’s machine tool industry and the role of the state on this industry’s transformation. Taiwan’s maching tool industry faced an urgent challenge after the 1990s, as the counterparts in advanced countries have made rapid progess on technological level, while other industrializing countries, such as South Korea and China, had also been catching up quickly. Due to the fact that most of the firms in Taiwan’s machine tool industry were small and medium-sized enterprises that were not affordable financially to do cutting-edge technology research, the burden therefore fall upon the state. This essay has three major findings. To begin with, the state has gradually become an instructor in helping the development of the industry. The state’s role has changed from being an aloof promoter by using various policy instruments to help developing the industry as a whole, to utilizing fiscal incentives to encourage enterprises to engage into R&D activities, and to encouraging the formation of industrial consortia after 2001. Secondly, the role of the major pubic research institute, the Mechanical Industrial Research Laboratories（MIRL）of the Industrial Technology Research Institute has changed from a remoted research oriented institute to one that engage heavily with local firms, from paying attention only to develop new machine models to ally with local firms to develop core components in the machine tool. Thirdly, the formation of R&D alliances, led by MIRL, has largely upgraded the capability of the domestic enterprises. This not only shows in the upgrading of local firms’ technological competence, but also in the improvement of organizational capability of specialized module suppliers and, the reduction of cost structure of the products.