ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the use of the pidgin Fanakalo as a trade language in rural KwaZulu-Natal: its birth under certain historical circumstances; its spread; its apparent growth, post-1990, as new immigrants continue to enter the country and acquire and use Fanakalo out of expediency; and the reasons why Fanakalo continues to thrive in certain contexts. It focuses specifically on similarities between the relations between Gujarati traders and their customers in the 19th century and the relations that exist between Gujarati and Pakistani traders and their Zuluspeaking customers today. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews with nine Gujarati traders – two born in South Africa and the others recent immigrants – five Pakistani traders and ten Zulu speakers, of which two were employees of traders while the others were customers. The results of the data analysis suggest the principles of expediency and non-intimacy may provide a space where Fanakalo can continue to flourish. Pidgins are a neglected element in the study of intercultural communication and the study endeavours to provide pointers for further research in this field. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van die kontaktaal Fanakalo as ‘n handelstaal in nie-stedelike KwaZulu-Natal: die ontstaan daarvan onder sekere historiese omstandighede; die verspreiding daarvan; die waarskynlike groei daarvan, na 1990 met die arrivering van nuwe immigrante wat Fanakalo aanleer en gebruik uit gerief; en die redes waarom Fanakalo voortbestaan en floreer in sekere kontekste. Die spesifieke fokus is die soortgelyke verhoudinge tussen Gujarati-handelaars en hulle klante in die negentiende eeu, en tussen Gujarati- en Pakistani-handelaars en hulle Zoeloesprekende klante vandag. Inligting is hoofsaaklik deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude ingewin met nege Gujarati-handelaars – twee in Suid-Afrika gebore en die ander onlangse immigrante – vyf Pakistani-handelaars en tien Zoeloesprekendes, waarvan twee werknemers van handelaars en agt klante was. ‘n Analise van die gegewens dui daarop dat die beginsels van gerief of doelmatigheid, en ongemeensaamheid ‘n ruimte mag skep waarin Fanakalo sal voortbestaan. Die studie van kontaktale behoort meer aandag te geniet in die veld van interkulturele kommunikasie, en hierdie tesis poog om ‘n bydrae daartoe te lewer.

Bibliography / Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.

Thesis (MPhil )--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the differences in the communication styles of siSwati and American English speakers. Specifically, it investigates the realization patterns of the speech acts of request and greeting in siSwati, by native and non-native speakers of siSwati. It also investigates how these same speech acts are realised by the non-native speakers of siSwati in their first language, English. The participants were 10 Swazis and 10 American Peace Corps volunteers living in Swaziland, Southern Africa at the time this study was conducted. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire followed up with a semi-structured interview. The data were analysed using the framework of the Cross-cultural Speech Act Realization Project as developed by Blum- Kulka (1989). Common trends were noted in the realization of the two speech acts by native speakers and non-native speakers and conclusions were made based on the similarities and differences observed. Overall, the results suggest (i) that there are marked differences in the way in which American English speakers and Swazi people perform and interpret greetings and requests, and (ii) that such differences emanate from the different cultural orientation of the two groups of people. Since such differences sometimes lead to misunderstandings, there is evident need to make people aware of cultural differences in order for understanding and tolerance to prevail in cross-cultural interactions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die verskille in die kommunikasiestyle van sprekers van siSwati en Amerikaanse Engels. Dit beskou spesifiek die realiseringspatrone van die taalhandelinge versoek en groet in siSwati, deur moedertaal- en nie-moedertaalsprekers van siSwati, en in Engels. Die deelnemers was 10 Swazis en 10 Amerikaanse Vredekorps-vrywilligers woonagtig in Swaziland, Suid-Afrika, ten tye van die studie. Die data is ingesamel deur middel van 'n vraelys wat opgevolg is deur 'n semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud. Die data is geanaliseervolgens die raamwerk van die Kruiskulturele Spraakhandeling-realiseringsprojek, soos voorgestel deur Blum-Kulka (1989). Algemene tendense is opgemerk in die realisering van die twee spraakhandelinge deur moedertaalsprekers en nie-moedertaalsprekers en afleidings is gemaak op grond van die waargenome verskille en ooreenkomste. Oor die algemeen dui die resultate op (i) duidelike verskille tussen die wyses waarop sprekers van Amerikaanse Engels en Swazis versoeke en groethandelinge uitvoer en interpreteer, en (ii) die verskillende kulturele oriënterings van die twee groepe as oorsprong van hierdie tipe verskille. Aangesien laasgenoemde dikwels aanleiding gee tot misverstand, is dit duidelik noodsaaklik dat mense bewus gemaak word van kulturele verskille ten einde begrip en verdraagsaamheid te laat hoogty vier tydens kruiskulturele interaksie.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a atividade docente de Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) relativa à Linguística Geral, em 1907, quando o então experiente professor assumiu, pela primeira vez, o ensino da disciplina (Curso I). Nossos pressupostos teóricos provêm da Historiografia Linguística, tal como praticada por Auroux (1994), Koerner (1996) e Swiggers (2004). Nossa problemática parte do reconhecimento de que uma das maneiras de perpetuar a presença de Saussure no cânone dos estudos linguísticos consiste em repetir metáforas e exemplos a ele creditados, como a célebre metáfora do jogo de xadrez para ilustrar o conceito de língua. A partir de estudos historiográficos das funções semiótica e argumentativa de definições e de exemplos de língua (Rey, 1995; Quijada Van den Berghe e Swiggers, 2009; Chevillard et al., 2007), repartimos o material de análise (Saussure, 1996[1907]) em três porções, a que chamamos domínios (Caussat, 1978): Fonologia, Fonética e Analogia, temas do Curso I, para os quais estabelecemos três objetivos principais de pesquisa [1 a 3], e um objetivo secundário [4]: [1] levantar e caracterizar definições nos três domínios; [2] levantar e caracterizar os exemplos de língua nos três domínios; [3] correlacionar o uso de definições e de exemplos de língua nos três domínios; [4] correlacionar os dados apurados em [3] com com o contexto imediato de emergência do Curso I, ou seja, com o ensino da disciplina Linguística Geral na Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Sociales, em Genebra, em 1907 (Vincent, 2013). Nossas análises, que abarcaram 60 (sessenta) definições, apontam para a preferência de se construir uma definição pelo termo (definitio nominis), e não pela coisa (definitio rei), quando se trata de apresentar definições prioritárias ao assunto. Quanto aos exemplos, foram apuradas mais de 2000 (duas mil) ocorrências, com saliente revezamento entre francês e alemão nos três domínios, acompanhados por latim e grego, em uma representação das línguas-objeto feita principalmente por compreensão, ou seja, pelo uso generalizável dos exemplos de língua, que ilustram o conteúdo temático de maneira não-exaustiva. A unidade majoritária dos exemplos é a palavra, e sua disposição espacial preferencial são séries paralelas, ora em contraste simultâneo, ora em relação de sucessão temporal, com poucos paradigmas e declinações. As perguntas retóricas desempenham papel didático frequente e flexível, desde o teste de hipóteses até a apresentação de definições. Observamos, ainda, a ocorrência de definições que apresentam diretamente exemplos de língua, em uma relação bastante forte de interdependência. Reunimos, ainda, mecanismos de organização dos conteúdos temáticos (numerais, grafemas alfabéticos) e de esquematização (tabelas, símbolos e outras rupturas com a linearidade da exposição oral e da anotação escrita). Por fim, observamos estruturas de negação em todos os mecanismos investigados: definições que apresentam aquilo que não é antes daquilo que é, exemplos de língua que não ilustram determinado assunto, perguntas retóricas com respostas frequentemente negativas e oposições entre conceitos, de modo que as relações de oposição, algumas antinômicas, parecem caracterizar de maneira geral a didática de Saussure antes mesmo da formulação explícita do conceito de signo linguístico, que ocorreu, como sabemos, no curso de 1910-1911. / This paper aims to examine the teaching activity of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857- 1913) as to General Linguistics, in 1907, when the experient professor first started a course on the subject. Our work assumes that one way of perpetrating the canon consists of repeating some metaphors and examples accredited to him, as it goes to the famous saussurian chess game metaphor which illustrates the concept of langue. Our theoretical background lies on the Historiography of Linguistics, as professed by Auroux (1994), Koerner (1996) and Swiggers (2004), and the same applies for our methodological assumptions (Rey, 1995). Having established three separate domains within the first course (Saussure, 1996[1907]), Phonology, Phonetics and Analogy, we have then settled three main goals [1 to 3] and one secondary objective [4]: [1] to describe the definitions given in the three domains; [2] to describe and assess the language examples provided by the three domains; [3] relate the uses of definitions to those of language examples; [4] to relate [3] to the immediate context of emergence of the first course, the institutional background of General Linguistics at the Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Sociales, (Geneva, 1907). In order to accomplish the first step [1], we have adopted the classification of definitio rei, definitio nominis, as far as the definition incidence is concerned, and essencial, formal and functional definition, as to its content (Quijada Van den Berghe e Swiggers, 2009). The language examples [2] were analysed through their démarcation, the way they appear in the text; the way the languages being described are represented in the text, which can assume two forms: either par extension, when the totality of the cases are listed, either par compréhension, when the examples are models from which one can generate new instances (Chevillard et al., 2007). Our corpus comprises 60 (sixty) definitions and over two thousand examples. In general terms, the definitio nominis is enhanced when it comes to define priority terms, such as phonology. As to the examples, four languages appear intensely in the domains: french, german, greek and latin. These languages entertain a kind of representation mainly in comprehension.These instances occur as words, in horizontal and parallel series, scarcely in paradigms or declensions. There are definitions which exemplify overtly and directly, with no more material to accomplish a definition, which shows the strict interdependence of these constructions, together with a different mechanism, the rethorical questions. We have gathered, as well, organizing mechanisms (items, topics) and schematization procedures (tables, symboles and strategies that lessen the linearity of the text). Eventually, we have spotted the wide-spread use of negative strategies, such as defining something by what it is not, or excluding elements from a definition, as well as providing language examples which uncorrectly illustrate what is being said, in order to anticipate possible mistakes. Such procedures seem to be a hallmark on Saussures teaching.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a atividade docente de Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) relativa à Linguística Geral, em 1907, quando o então experiente professor assumiu, pela primeira vez, o ensino da disciplina (Curso I). Nossos pressupostos teóricos provêm da Historiografia Linguística, tal como praticada por Auroux (1994), Koerner (1996) e Swiggers (2004). Nossa problemática parte do reconhecimento de que uma das maneiras de perpetuar a presença de Saussure no cânone dos estudos linguísticos consiste em repetir metáforas e exemplos a ele creditados, como a célebre metáfora do jogo de xadrez para ilustrar o conceito de língua. A partir de estudos historiográficos das funções semiótica e argumentativa de definições e de exemplos de língua (Rey, 1995; Quijada Van den Berghe e Swiggers, 2009; Chevillard et al., 2007), repartimos o material de análise (Saussure, 1996[1907]) em três porções, a que chamamos domínios (Caussat, 1978): Fonologia, Fonética e Analogia, temas do Curso I, para os quais estabelecemos três objetivos principais de pesquisa [1 a 3], e um objetivo secundário [4]: [1] levantar e caracterizar definições nos três domínios; [2] levantar e caracterizar os exemplos de língua nos três domínios; [3] correlacionar o uso de definições e de exemplos de língua nos três domínios; [4] correlacionar os dados apurados em [3] com com o contexto imediato de emergência do Curso I, ou seja, com o ensino da disciplina Linguística Geral na Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Sociales, em Genebra, em 1907 (Vincent, 2013). Nossas análises, que abarcaram 60 (sessenta) definições, apontam para a preferência de se construir uma definição pelo termo (definitio nominis), e não pela coisa (definitio rei), quando se trata de apresentar definições prioritárias ao assunto. Quanto aos exemplos, foram apuradas mais de 2000 (duas mil) ocorrências, com saliente revezamento entre francês e alemão nos três domínios, acompanhados por latim e grego, em uma representação das línguas-objeto feita principalmente por compreensão, ou seja, pelo uso generalizável dos exemplos de língua, que ilustram o conteúdo temático de maneira não-exaustiva. A unidade majoritária dos exemplos é a palavra, e sua disposição espacial preferencial são séries paralelas, ora em contraste simultâneo, ora em relação de sucessão temporal, com poucos paradigmas e declinações. As perguntas retóricas desempenham papel didático frequente e flexível, desde o teste de hipóteses até a apresentação de definições. Observamos, ainda, a ocorrência de definições que apresentam diretamente exemplos de língua, em uma relação bastante forte de interdependência. Reunimos, ainda, mecanismos de organização dos conteúdos temáticos (numerais, grafemas alfabéticos) e de esquematização (tabelas, símbolos e outras rupturas com a linearidade da exposição oral e da anotação escrita). Por fim, observamos estruturas de negação em todos os mecanismos investigados: definições que apresentam aquilo que não é antes daquilo que é, exemplos de língua que não ilustram determinado assunto, perguntas retóricas com respostas frequentemente negativas e oposições entre conceitos, de modo que as relações de oposição, algumas antinômicas, parecem caracterizar de maneira geral a didática de Saussure antes mesmo da formulação explícita do conceito de signo linguístico, que ocorreu, como sabemos, no curso de 1910-1911. / This paper aims to examine the teaching activity of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857- 1913) as to General Linguistics, in 1907, when the experient professor first started a course on the subject. Our work assumes that one way of perpetrating the canon consists of repeating some metaphors and examples accredited to him, as it goes to the famous saussurian chess game metaphor which illustrates the concept of langue. Our theoretical background lies on the Historiography of Linguistics, as professed by Auroux (1994), Koerner (1996) and Swiggers (2004), and the same applies for our methodological assumptions (Rey, 1995). Having established three separate domains within the first course (Saussure, 1996[1907]), Phonology, Phonetics and Analogy, we have then settled three main goals [1 to 3] and one secondary objective [4]: [1] to describe the definitions given in the three domains; [2] to describe and assess the language examples provided by the three domains; [3] relate the uses of definitions to those of language examples; [4] to relate [3] to the immediate context of emergence of the first course, the institutional background of General Linguistics at the Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Sociales, (Geneva, 1907). In order to accomplish the first step [1], we have adopted the classification of definitio rei, definitio nominis, as far as the definition incidence is concerned, and essencial, formal and functional definition, as to its content (Quijada Van den Berghe e Swiggers, 2009). The language examples [2] were analysed through their démarcation, the way they appear in the text; the way the languages being described are represented in the text, which can assume two forms: either par extension, when the totality of the cases are listed, either par compréhension, when the examples are models from which one can generate new instances (Chevillard et al., 2007). Our corpus comprises 60 (sixty) definitions and over two thousand examples. In general terms, the definitio nominis is enhanced when it comes to define priority terms, such as phonology. As to the examples, four languages appear intensely in the domains: french, german, greek and latin. These languages entertain a kind of representation mainly in comprehension.These instances occur as words, in horizontal and parallel series, scarcely in paradigms or declensions. There are definitions which exemplify overtly and directly, with no more material to accomplish a definition, which shows the strict interdependence of these constructions, together with a different mechanism, the rethorical questions. We have gathered, as well, organizing mechanisms (items, topics) and schematization procedures (tables, symboles and strategies that lessen the linearity of the text). Eventually, we have spotted the wide-spread use of negative strategies, such as defining something by what it is not, or excluding elements from a definition, as well as providing language examples which uncorrectly illustrate what is being said, in order to anticipate possible mistakes. Such procedures seem to be a hallmark on Saussures teaching.

Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis reports on an investigation into the acquisition of grammatical gender in second language (L2) German by learners with Afrikaans, English or Italian as their first language (L1). The aim of the study was to determine how similarities and differences between the L1 and L2 in terms of grammatical gender affect the acquisition of this aspect of the target L2. Previous research has shown that the L2 acquisition of grammatical gender is influenced by the morphological similarities and differences between gender marking in the L1 and L2 (see, for example, Sabourin, Stowe and De Haan 2006). Two experimental tasks were designed to determine to which extent the grammatical gender of nouns is accurately reflected on determiners and adjectives. Throughout, the L1 Italian group performed better than the other two groups. Since Italian (like German) expresses grammatical gender on determiners and nouns, while neither English nor Afrikaans does, the results indicate that the acquisition of grammatical gender in an L2 is easier for learners whose L1 also expresses grammatical gender. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis lewer verslag oor ’n ondersoek na die verwerwing van grammatikale geslag in Duits as tweedetaal (T2) deur volwasse beginnerleerders met Afrikaans, Engels of Italiaans as moedertaal (T1). Die doel van die ondersoek was om vas te stel hoe ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die T1 en T2 in terme van grammatikale geslag die verwerwing van hierdie betrokke aspek van die teikentaal beïnvloed. Vorige navorsing het bevind dat die T2-verwerwing van grammatikale geslag beïnvloed word deur die morfologiese ooreenkomste en verskille tussen geslagsmarkering in die T1 en T2 (sien byvoorbeeld Sabourin, Stowe en De Haan 2006). Twee eksperimentele take is ontwerp om vas te stel tot watter mate die grammatikale geslag van naamwoorde akkuraat uitgedruk word op determineerders en adjektiewe. Die T1 Italiaanse groep het deurgaans beter gevaar as die ander twee groepe. Aangesien Italiaans (soos Duits) grammatikale geslag uitdruk op determineerders en adjektiewe, terwyl dit nie die geval in Engels en Afrikaans is nie, dui die resultate daarop dat die verwerwing van grammatikale geslag in 'n T2 makliker is vir leerders wie se T1 ook grammatikale geslag uitdruk.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the course of my work as Communications lecturer at a multicultural university, I have noticed differences in the manners in which Sesotho-speaking and Afrikaans-speaking students make the same requests to me while speaking English. There exists a possibility that these second language (L2) requests could be deemed inappropriate and/or unintelligible by first language (L1) speakers of English. It is possible that miscommunication may result when requests by one culture group is judged as inappropriate and/or unintelligible by another. The aims of my study were to investigate (i) whether there are indeed differences in the manners in which L1 Sesotho and L1 Afrikaans speakers make requests when speaking English and (ii) how the differences in the (a) politeness, (b) formalness, (c) appropriateness, (d) grammaticality and (e) intelligibility of these requests made by the above-mentioned two groups manifest, as judged by L1 speakers of English. In terms of research methodology, I elicited requests in English from two culturally and linguistically different groups of students (17 L1 Afrikaans and 17 L1 Sesotho) by means of a written scenario completion task. One scenario involved a high imposition situation and the other a low imposition. The requests made by the two groups were then analysed using the Cross Cultural Speech Act Realisation Project (CCSARP) framework of Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989a). Each request was also judged by eight L1 English speakers. Data analysis showed that there are indeed differences in the way in which Afrikaans- and Sesotho-speaking people put forth English requests. In terms of CCSARP categories, the Sesotho speakers used more alerters and more politeness markers than the Afrikaans speakers did. Sesotho and Afrikaans speakers also differed in their responses to high and low imposition situations – for example, Sesotho speakers used more grounders in the low imposition request than in the high imposition request, whereas Afrikaans speakers’ requests showed the reverse pattern. In terms of ratings received by L1 speakers, although Sesotho speakers’ requests were judged as more polite, Afrikaans speakers’ requests were judged as more appropriate and grammatically correct. The findings have implications for curriculum design: By being mindful of the workings of intercultural verbal and nonverbal communication and by acknowledging that people from different cultural backgrounds bring to a conversation certain culturally inherited factors which influence them and the interlocutors, I can use the results of this study to better inform the different L1 groups in my classes how to change their requesting behaviour so as to make requests that are judged by L1 English speakers as being appropriate. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens my werk as Kommunikasie-dosent aan ‘n multikulturele universiteit het ek verskille opgelet in die manier waarop Sesotho-sprekende en Afrikaanssprekende studente dieselfde versoeke aan my rig wanneer hulle Engels praat. Die moontlikheid bestaan dat hierdie tweedetaal- (T2) versoeke as ontoepaslik en/of onverstaanbaar beskou kan word deur eerstetaal- (T1) sprekers van Engels. Dit is moontlik dat miskommunikasie kan ontstaan wanneer versoeke deur een kultuurgroep as ontoepaslik en/of onverstaanbaar beoordeel word deur ‘n ander kultuurgroep. Die doelstellings van my studie was om die volgende te ondersoek: (i) of daar inderdaad verskille bestaan in die manier waarop T1 Sesotho- en T1 Afrikaanssprekendes versoeke in Engels rig en (ii) hoe verskille in die (a) hoflikheid, (b) formeelheid, (c) toepaslikheid, (d) grammatikaliteit en (e) verstaanbaarheid van hierdie versoeke deur bogenoemde twee groepe manifesteer, soos beoordeel deur T1-sprekers van Engels. In terme van navorsingsmetodologie het ek versoeke in Engels van twee kultureel en talig verskillende groepe studente (17 T1 Afrikaans en 17 T1 Sesotho) ontlok deur gebruik te maak van ‘n geskrewe scenario-voltooiingstaak. Een scenario het ‘n versoek met ‘n hoë afdwingingsvlak (imposition) behels en die ander met ‘n lae afdwingingsvlak. Die versoeke gerig deur die twee groepe is toe geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van die sogenaamde Cross Cultural Speech Act Realisation Project (CCSARP)-raamwerk van Blum-Kulka, House en Kasper (1989a). Elke versoek is ook deur agt T1-sprekers van Engels beoordeel. Data-analise het aangedui dat daar wel verskille is in die manier waarop Afrikaans- en Sesotho-sprekendes versoeke in Engels rig. In terme van CCSARP-kategorieë het die Sesotho-sprekendes meer attentmakers (alerters) en meer hoflikheidsmerkers as die Afrikaanssprekendes gebruik. Sesotho- en Afrikaanssprekendes het ook verskil in hul reaksie op hoë en lae imposisie-situasies – Sesotho-sprekendes het meer redeverskaffers (grounders) in die lae afdwingingsversoek as in die hoë afdwingingsversoek gebruik terwyl Afrikaanssprekendes die teenoorgestelde gedoen het. Alhoewel die Sesotho-sprekendes se versoeke as meer hoflik beskou is deur die T1-sprekende beoordelaars, is Afrikaanssprekendes se versoeke as meer toepaslik en grammatikaal korrek beskou. Die bevindinge het implikasies vir kurrikulum-ontwerp: Deur bewus te bly van die aard van interkulturele verbale en nie-verbale kommunikasie en deur te erken dat persone van verskillende kulturele agtergronde sekere kultuur-inherente faktore na ‘n gesprek toe bring wat hulle en hulle gespreksgenote beïnvloed, kan ek die resultate van hierdie studie gebruik om die verskillende T1-groepe in my klasse beter in te lig hoe om hul versoekgedrag aan te pas om versoeke te kan rig wat as toepaslik beskou word deur T1-sprekers van Engels.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar o Curso de Linguística Geral em busca das reflexões presentes nele sobre quatro gramáticas diferentes, a saber, (1) a gramática comparada; (2) a gramática histórica; (3) a gramática geral; e (4) a gramática tradicional. Tenta-se esboçar um panorama geral da representação de cada uma ao longo do livro, com a identificação de críticas tecidas a elas, de avaliações positivas acerca das mesmas e de análises quanto à relevância dessas diferentes gramáticas para a linguística. Tal panorama é traçado através da compilação de afirmações, relações e omissões feitas acerca de cada gramática ao longo do CLG. A compilação dessas passagens também indica as partes e capítulos em que elas figuram no CLG, de modo a proporcionar um breve mapeamento das discussões e menções sobre cada uma nessa obra. Neste trabalho, para realizar essa coleta e tais análises, tomamos o CLG como objeto histórico, entrecruzado e influenciado pelos eventos de seu tempo, do momento histórico-epistemológico em que ele é construído e publicado. Visto que esta dissertação é dedicada também a leitores pouco familiarizados com a história da linguística, ela foi dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira, o capítulo 1, uma revisão introdutória da história da linguística dos séculos XIX e XX, passando também pela revisão histórica oferecida pelo CLG. Essa breve investigação da história da linguística contextualiza as informações que são apresentadas, na segunda parte, sobre as diferentes gramáticas nessa obra. A segunda parte é composta dos capítulos 2 e 3. Naquele, se definem as gramáticas a serem exploradas, bem como porque foram selecionadas e como estão dispostas no capítulo 3. Este, por sua vez, conta com quatro seções, cada uma dedicada a uma gramática e onde se encontram a compilação e análise das passagens acerca de cada uma. Nas conclusões, retomam-se os panoramas traçados ao longo do trabalho, bem como se avaliam os possíveis caminhos a seguir a partir desse recenseamento inicial das gramáticas no CLG. / The main goal of this work is to investigate the Course in General Linguistics in search of the thoughts we can find in it regarding 4 different grammars: (1) comparative grammar; (2) historical grammar; (3) general grammar; and (4) traditional grammar. We try to outline the general representation of each grammar throughout the book, identifying criticism or positive comments towards them, as well as any analysis on the relevance of these different grammars to linguistics. This outline is based on the compilation of assertions, relations and omissions regarding each grammar throughout the CGL. The compilation of such passages also indicates the parts and chapters where they appear in the book, so as to offer a brief mapping of the mentions about these grammars in it. In the present work, in order to carry out the data collection and its analysis, we consider the CGL a historical object, intertwined and influenced by the events of its time, of the historical-epistemological moment when it was construed and published. Since this research is also directed to readers who may not be familiar with the history of linguistics, it was divided in two parts, being the first, chapter 1, an introductory review of the history of linguistics during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with a look to the historical review offered by the CGL. This brief investigation of the history of linguistics contextualizes the information about the different grammars in the book that are presented in the second part of the work. The second part is composed of chapters 2 and 3. In chapter 2, the grammars to be investigated are defined and we present the reasons why they were selected, as well as how they were selected and how they are distributed in chapter 3. Chapter 3 is divided into 4 sections, each dedicated to one grammar and where we offer the compilation and analysis of the passages regarding each of them. In the conclusion, we review the outlines offered throughout the present work and assess the possible paths to follow in the future, based on this initial survey of the grammars in the CGL.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar o Curso de Linguística Geral em busca das reflexões presentes nele sobre quatro gramáticas diferentes, a saber, (1) a gramática comparada; (2) a gramática histórica; (3) a gramática geral; e (4) a gramática tradicional. Tenta-se esboçar um panorama geral da representação de cada uma ao longo do livro, com a identificação de críticas tecidas a elas, de avaliações positivas acerca das mesmas e de análises quanto à relevância dessas diferentes gramáticas para a linguística. Tal panorama é traçado através da compilação de afirmações, relações e omissões feitas acerca de cada gramática ao longo do CLG. A compilação dessas passagens também indica as partes e capítulos em que elas figuram no CLG, de modo a proporcionar um breve mapeamento das discussões e menções sobre cada uma nessa obra. Neste trabalho, para realizar essa coleta e tais análises, tomamos o CLG como objeto histórico, entrecruzado e influenciado pelos eventos de seu tempo, do momento histórico-epistemológico em que ele é construído e publicado. Visto que esta dissertação é dedicada também a leitores pouco familiarizados com a história da linguística, ela foi dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira, o capítulo 1, uma revisão introdutória da história da linguística dos séculos XIX e XX, passando também pela revisão histórica oferecida pelo CLG. Essa breve investigação da história da linguística contextualiza as informações que são apresentadas, na segunda parte, sobre as diferentes gramáticas nessa obra. A segunda parte é composta dos capítulos 2 e 3. Naquele, se definem as gramáticas a serem exploradas, bem como porque foram selecionadas e como estão dispostas no capítulo 3. Este, por sua vez, conta com quatro seções, cada uma dedicada a uma gramática e onde se encontram a compilação e análise das passagens acerca de cada uma. Nas conclusões, retomam-se os panoramas traçados ao longo do trabalho, bem como se avaliam os possíveis caminhos a seguir a partir desse recenseamento inicial das gramáticas no CLG. / The main goal of this work is to investigate the Course in General Linguistics in search of the thoughts we can find in it regarding 4 different grammars: (1) comparative grammar; (2) historical grammar; (3) general grammar; and (4) traditional grammar. We try to outline the general representation of each grammar throughout the book, identifying criticism or positive comments towards them, as well as any analysis on the relevance of these different grammars to linguistics. This outline is based on the compilation of assertions, relations and omissions regarding each grammar throughout the CGL. The compilation of such passages also indicates the parts and chapters where they appear in the book, so as to offer a brief mapping of the mentions about these grammars in it. In the present work, in order to carry out the data collection and its analysis, we consider the CGL a historical object, intertwined and influenced by the events of its time, of the historical-epistemological moment when it was construed and published. Since this research is also directed to readers who may not be familiar with the history of linguistics, it was divided in two parts, being the first, chapter 1, an introductory review of the history of linguistics during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with a look to the historical review offered by the CGL. This brief investigation of the history of linguistics contextualizes the information about the different grammars in the book that are presented in the second part of the work. The second part is composed of chapters 2 and 3. In chapter 2, the grammars to be investigated are defined and we present the reasons why they were selected, as well as how they were selected and how they are distributed in chapter 3. Chapter 3 is divided into 4 sections, each dedicated to one grammar and where we offer the compilation and analysis of the passages regarding each of them. In the conclusion, we review the outlines offered throughout the present work and assess the possible paths to follow in the future, based on this initial survey of the grammars in the CGL.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é investigar o Curso de Linguística Geral em busca das reflexões presentes nele sobre quatro gramáticas diferentes, a saber, (1) a gramática comparada; (2) a gramática histórica; (3) a gramática geral; e (4) a gramática tradicional. Tenta-se esboçar um panorama geral da representação de cada uma ao longo do livro, com a identificação de críticas tecidas a elas, de avaliações positivas acerca das mesmas e de análises quanto à relevância dessas diferentes gramáticas para a linguística. Tal panorama é traçado através da compilação de afirmações, relações e omissões feitas acerca de cada gramática ao longo do CLG. A compilação dessas passagens também indica as partes e capítulos em que elas figuram no CLG, de modo a proporcionar um breve mapeamento das discussões e menções sobre cada uma nessa obra. Neste trabalho, para realizar essa coleta e tais análises, tomamos o CLG como objeto histórico, entrecruzado e influenciado pelos eventos de seu tempo, do momento histórico-epistemológico em que ele é construído e publicado. Visto que esta dissertação é dedicada também a leitores pouco familiarizados com a história da linguística, ela foi dividida em duas partes, sendo a primeira, o capítulo 1, uma revisão introdutória da história da linguística dos séculos XIX e XX, passando também pela revisão histórica oferecida pelo CLG. Essa breve investigação da história da linguística contextualiza as informações que são apresentadas, na segunda parte, sobre as diferentes gramáticas nessa obra. A segunda parte é composta dos capítulos 2 e 3. Naquele, se definem as gramáticas a serem exploradas, bem como porque foram selecionadas e como estão dispostas no capítulo 3. Este, por sua vez, conta com quatro seções, cada uma dedicada a uma gramática e onde se encontram a compilação e análise das passagens acerca de cada uma. Nas conclusões, retomam-se os panoramas traçados ao longo do trabalho, bem como se avaliam os possíveis caminhos a seguir a partir desse recenseamento inicial das gramáticas no CLG. / The main goal of this work is to investigate the Course in General Linguistics in search of the thoughts we can find in it regarding 4 different grammars: (1) comparative grammar; (2) historical grammar; (3) general grammar; and (4) traditional grammar. We try to outline the general representation of each grammar throughout the book, identifying criticism or positive comments towards them, as well as any analysis on the relevance of these different grammars to linguistics. This outline is based on the compilation of assertions, relations and omissions regarding each grammar throughout the CGL. The compilation of such passages also indicates the parts and chapters where they appear in the book, so as to offer a brief mapping of the mentions about these grammars in it. In the present work, in order to carry out the data collection and its analysis, we consider the CGL a historical object, intertwined and influenced by the events of its time, of the historical-epistemological moment when it was construed and published. Since this research is also directed to readers who may not be familiar with the history of linguistics, it was divided in two parts, being the first, chapter 1, an introductory review of the history of linguistics during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with a look to the historical review offered by the CGL. This brief investigation of the history of linguistics contextualizes the information about the different grammars in the book that are presented in the second part of the work. The second part is composed of chapters 2 and 3. In chapter 2, the grammars to be investigated are defined and we present the reasons why they were selected, as well as how they were selected and how they are distributed in chapter 3. Chapter 3 is divided into 4 sections, each dedicated to one grammar and where we offer the compilation and analysis of the passages regarding each of them. In the conclusion, we review the outlines offered throughout the present work and assess the possible paths to follow in the future, based on this initial survey of the grammars in the CGL.