Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Les progrès technologiques récents nous permettent d'accéder à la variation des génomes complets ce qui nous ouvre la porte d'une meilleure compréhension de leur diversification via des approches de génomique des populations et de génomique du paysage. Ce travail de thèse se base sur l'analyse des données de génomes complets (WGS) pour caractériser la diversité génétique des petits ruminants (chèvre et moutons) et rechercher les bases génétiques d'adaptations locales.Dans un premier temps, ce travail appréhende un aspect méthodologique et examine la précision et le biais de différentes approches d'échantillonnage des génomes pour caractériser la variabilité génétique, en les comparant aux données WGS. Nous mettons en évidence un fort biais des approches classiques (i.e. puces à ADN, capture de l'exome) ainsi que des séquençages de génomes à faibles taux de couverture (1X et 2X), et nous suggérons des alternatives basées sur un échantillonnage aléatoire de marqueurs dont la densité est variable selon les objectifs d'étude (évaluation de la diversité neutre, déséquilibre de liaison, signatures de sélection). Le jeu de données produit a permis d'évaluer l'état des ressources génétiques de différentes populations domestiques (races locales marocaines, iraniennes, races industrielles) et sauvages (aegagre, mouflon asiatique). Nous relevons une très forte diversité génétique dans les populations indigènes et sauvages qui constituent des réservoirs d'allèles et peuvent jouer un rôle important pour préserver le potentiel adaptatif des petits ruminants domestiques dans un contexte de changement climatique. L'étude plus approfondie des populations de chèvres du Maroc montre une forte diversité génétique faiblement structurée géographiquement, et met en évidence des portions de génome présentant des signaux de sélection. Leur étude montre l'existence de mécanismes adaptatifs potentiellement différents selon les populations (e.g. transpiration/halètement dans l'adaptation probable à la chaleur).Enfin, nous explorons les bases génétiques de l'adaptation locale à l'environnement chez les moutons et chèvres via une approche de génomique de paysage. En scannant les génomes de 160 moutons et 161 chèvres représentant la diversité éco-climatique du Maroc, nous identifions de nombreux variants et gènes candidats qui permettent d'identifier les voies physiologiques potentiellement sous-jacentes à l'adaptation locale. En particulier, il apparait que les mécanismes respiratoires et les processus cardiaques joueraient un rôle clé dans l'adaptation à l'altitude. Les résultats suggèrent que les chèvres et moutons ont probablement développé différents mécanismes adaptatifs pour répondre aux mêmes variations environnementales. Cependant, nous identifions plusieurs cas probables de voies adaptatives communes à plusieurs espèces. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé les patrons de variations du niveau de différenciation de régions chromosomiques sous sélection en fonction de l'altitude. Cela nous permet de visualiser la diversité des réponses adaptatives selon les gènes (par exemple, sélection de variants à faible et/ou haute altitude). Ainsi, ce travail pose les bases de la compréhension de certains mécanismes d'adaptation locale. / Recent technological developments allow an unprecedented access to the whole genome variation and would increase our knowledge on genome diversification using population and landscape genomics. This work is based on the analysis of Whole Genome Sequence data (WGS) with the purpose of characterising genetic diversity in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and exploring genetic bases of local adaptation.First, we addressed a methodological aspect by investigating the accuracy and possible bias in the widely used genotyping approaches to characterize genetic variation in comparison with WGS data. We highlighted strong bias in conventional approaches (SNP chips and exome capture) and also in low-coverage whole genome re-sequencing (1X and 2X), and we suggested effective solutions based on sampling panels of random markers over the genome depending the purpose of the study (assessing neutral diversity, linkage disequilibrium, selection signatures). The various datasets produced allowed assessing genetic resources in various domestic (Moroccan and Iranian indigenous breeds and industrials) and wild populations (bezoars and Asiatic mouflons). We identified a very high diversity in indigenous and wild populations. They constitute a reservoir of alleles allowing them to play a possible key role in the preservation of these species in the context of global changes. The deep study of Moroccan goats showed a high diversity that is weakly structured in geography and populations, and highlighted numerous genomic regions showing signatures of selection. These regions identified different putative adaptive mechanisms according to the population (e.g. panting/sweating to adapt to warm/desert environment).Then, we explored genetic bases of local adaptation to the environment in sheep and goats using a landscape genomics framework. We scanned genomes of 160 sheep and 161 goats representing the eco-climatic Moroccan-wide diversity. We identified numerous candidate variants and genes, which allowed for identifying physiological pathways possibly underlying local adaptation. Especially, it seems that respiration and cardiac process have key roles in the adaptation to altitude. Our results suggest dissimilar adaptive mechanisms for the same environment in sheep and goats. However, we highlighted several cases of common metabolic pathways in different species. Moreover, we characterized some patterns for the variation of genetic differentiation in some candidate genomic regions over environmental gradients. This allowed us to visualise different adaptive reaction depending genes. This work points the way towards a better understanding of some mechanisms underlying local adaptation.

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law) / Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain, unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal frameworks. Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected. This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law) / Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain, unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal frameworks. Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected. This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.

This master's thesis focuses on the utilization of the Czech Solver, a Czech national rabbit breed, which is registered in The National Programme on Conservation of genetic resources of plants, animals and micro-organisms for Food and Agriculture. The Czech Solver was originally invented to be able to confirm or disprove the purebred origin of the tested animal. This feature is useful for breeders so that compensates for low meat performance breed. Fertility monitored breeding is less than the average fertility medium breeds, among that is the Czech Solver sorted, and significantly lower than the fertility of broiler rabbits. Surveyed individuals have achieved monthly weight gain sampler breeds of rabbits, but fattening period to 2.70 kg live weight ranged from an average of 105 days for semi-intensive rearing system in cages to 135 days at a traditional pens housing system farming, which is at least 27 days longer than the period of fattening broiler rabbits. Average growth rates were observed in the amount of 19.7 g in traditional breeding and 20.6 g in semi-intensive farming. Because the rabbits were slaughtered when reaching 2.70 kg live weight, were at abattoir analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between males and females or between traditional and semi-intensive farming. Slaughter analysis confirmed the breed Czech Solver average percentages of the intermediate part, fore and hind parts of the carcass and a higher proportion of kidney fat compared to other breeds of rabbits included in the genetic resources and compared with broiler breeds.

Estudos em genética de paisagem, das espécies zootécnicas, podem impulsionar o entendimento dos processos adaptativos, bem como, a maneira que o ambiente afeta o sucesso destas populações. O objetivo principal do projeto foi identificar assinaturas de seleção no genoma populações de suínos naturalizados brasileiros. Procurando obter a maior representatividade da variabilidade genética e ambiental dos suínos dentro do território brasileiros, amostras de DNA de pelo menos um animal e de pelo menos um grupo genético foram obtidas dentro do Banco de Germopalsma da EMBRAPA, totalizando 191 animais de 18 grupos genéticos suínos brasileiras que foram genotipadas, e classificadas de acordo com sua origem dentro de raça ou grupo genético, estado bioma, bacia hidrográfica, tipo de solo, ecoregião e tipo de vegetação. Após um controle de qualidade os genótipos resultantes foram utilizados no calculo das estatísticas F de Wright, equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Análise de componentes principais, coeficiente de endogamia, analise da variância molecular, testes de Mantel, e a determinação do número ideal de populações. Os dados ambientais foram convertidos em layers através do Qgis e utilizados na detecção de assinaturas de seleção através do BayeScan v2.1 (Foll & Gaggiotti 2008) e do Samβada (Stucki et al. 2014) Os resultados obtidos mostram que as populações estudadas têm uma estrutura variada entre e dentre si. A maior parte da variabilidade genética esta presente nos indivíduos dentro de grupos genéticos, e indivíduos dentro de estados. Existe diferenciação genética dos suínos dentro das variáveis ambientais classificatórias. As raças Monteiro e Marajó foram as que mostraram maiores níveis de estruturação. Os componentes principais mostram proximidade entre as raças comerciais, assim como o elevado grau de variação na composição genéticas das demais raças, com marcante separação dos animais Monteiro e Marajó. Níveis elevados de endogamia foram encontrados. Foram encontrados pelo menos 8 assinaturas de seleção no genoma das raças suínas localmente adaptadas. A freqüência dos genótipos destes marcadores divide o território brasileiro em duas regiões latitudinais distintas. Os níveis de estruturação das populações demonstram uma grande variabilidade genética entre e dentre as raças. As marcas de seleção encontradas demonstram a influência do meio ambiente no sucesso adaptativo destes animais ao território brasileiro. / Study of landscape genetics in livestock species can help understand the adaptive processes and the way that the environment affects the success of these populations. The main objective was the identification of genetic signatures of selection in the Brazilian autochthone swine breeds. We aim the higher representation of genetic and environmental variability from Brazilian territory sampling at least one animal from one genetic group per sampling point. The samples were obtained on CENARGEN-EMBRAPA Germplasm Bank in a total of 191 DNA samples from 19 Brazilian locally adapted swine genetic groups, classified into state, region, biome, hydrological basins, soil type, ecoregion and vegetation type. These samples were genotyped and after a quality control, we calculated Wright’ F-statistics, individual inbreeding coefficient, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Principal components, IBD, Mantel test, an ideal number of subpopulations and an analysis of molecular variance. Environmental data was converted in layers through Qgis and used to detect signatures of selection by BayeScan v2.1 (Foll & Gaggiotti 2008) and Samβada ((Stucki et al. 2014) Population studied had genetic structure among different subpopulations, in a same category. The biggest part of genetic variability is the individual within breed and in individual within state. We found different intensity of population structure in the categories studied, been the he Monteiro and Marajó breeds that ones with highest values from population genetic structure. Principal component analyses showed proximity between commercial breeds, as well as the high degree of genetic variation among other breeds, with great detachment of Monteiro and Marajó animals from others. High inbreeding levels were found. Signatures of selection were found on the genome of Brazilian locally adapted swine pig. The genotypic frequency of these signatures of selection divides the Brazilian territory into two distinct latitudinal regions. The population structure levels demonstrate a wide genetic variability inside and among races. The signatures of natural selection found demonstrate the influence of the environment to successful adaptation of swine in Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanteneto_a_dr_jabo.pdf: 4939501 bytes, checksum: 3f74c1d904d705f2ad4cef0bc2ccbc70 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com os objetivos de elucidar a origem genética do suíno casco-de-burro e de contribuir para sua conservação, realizou-se uma caracterização genética em 110 animais, oriundos das regiões Nordeste (NE), Centro-Oeste (CO) e Sudeste (SE), usando-se duas classes de marcador molecular e análises citogenéticas. Foram encontrados 13 haplótipos mitocondriais entre os cascos-de-burro, sendo que apenas um foi comum às três subpopulações (NE, CO e SE). O valor médio da diversidade haplotípica e o da nucleotídica na população total foram 0,61 e 0,05 respectivamente. Por meio do DNA mitocondrial, as subpopulações de casco-de-burro apresentaram menor distância genética da população da raça portuguesa bísara. No entanto o haplótipo mais frequente nos cascos-de-burro e o único comum a todas as subpopulações pertence à raça ibérica. A variabilidade genética média obtida por meio dos 25 microssatélites na população total foi: número de alelo = 9,8; conteúdo de informação polimórfica = 0,73; heterozigose esperada = 0,69; heterozigose observada = 0,58; consaguinidade (Fis) = 0,15; e apenas seis loci apresentaram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Considerando-se a divisão da população nas três subpopulações que, por meio do DNA nuclear, estiveram mais próximas da população duroc e da bísara , os valores observados para os índices de fixação foram: 0,10 para Fis, 0,09 para Fst e 0,18 para Fit. Os cascos-de-burro possuem o número diploide 2n = 38, não sendo verificado miscigenação com o javali. Os resultados demonstram origem genética ibérica para os cascos-de-burro, com posterior introgressão alélica das raças internacionais importadas no século passado / With the purpose of elucidating the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs and to contribute to their conservation, 110 animals from Northeast (NE), Central- West (CW), and Southeast (SE) Brazil were characterized using two molecular marker classes and cytogenetic analysis. A total of 13 mitochondrial haplotypes was found, but only one was common to the three subpopulations (NE, CW, SE) of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs. The total population presented mean haplotype and nucleotide diversity values of 0.61 and 0.05, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Brazilian Mulefoot pig subpopulations presented the shortest genetic distance from the Portuguese Bísara breed. However, the most frequent haplotype found in the Brazilian Mulefoot population, and the only one common to all subpopulations belongs to the Ibérica breed. The mean genetic variability of the total population, obtained using 25 microsatellites, was: allele number = 9.8; polymorphic information content = 0.73; expected heterozygosity = 0.69; observed heterozygosity = 0.58; inbreeding = 0.15; and only six loci displayed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Considering the three studied subpopulations which were closer to the Bísara and Duroc populations, based on nuclear DNA the values observed for the fixation indexes were: 0.09 for Fis, 0.10 for Fst, and 0.18 for Fit. Brazilian Mulefoot pigs have a diploid number of 2n = 38, which indicates that there is no interbreeding with wild boars. The results demonstrate that the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs is Iberian, with later allele introgression from foreign breeds imported during the 20th century

Estudos em genética de paisagem, das espécies zootécnicas, podem impulsionar o entendimento dos processos adaptativos, bem como, a maneira que o ambiente afeta o sucesso destas populações. O objetivo principal do projeto foi identificar assinaturas de seleção no genoma populações de suínos naturalizados brasileiros. Procurando obter a maior representatividade da variabilidade genética e ambiental dos suínos dentro do território brasileiros, amostras de DNA de pelo menos um animal e de pelo menos um grupo genético foram obtidas dentro do Banco de Germopalsma da EMBRAPA, totalizando 191 animais de 18 grupos genéticos suínos brasileiras que foram genotipadas, e classificadas de acordo com sua origem dentro de raça ou grupo genético, estado bioma, bacia hidrográfica, tipo de solo, ecoregião e tipo de vegetação. Após um controle de qualidade os genótipos resultantes foram utilizados no calculo das estatísticas F de Wright, equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Análise de componentes principais, coeficiente de endogamia, analise da variância molecular, testes de Mantel, e a determinação do número ideal de populações. Os dados ambientais foram convertidos em layers através do Qgis e utilizados na detecção de assinaturas de seleção através do BayeScan v2.1 (Foll & Gaggiotti 2008) e do Samβada (Stucki et al. 2014) Os resultados obtidos mostram que as populações estudadas têm uma estrutura variada entre e dentre si. A maior parte da variabilidade genética esta presente nos indivíduos dentro de grupos genéticos, e indivíduos dentro de estados. Existe diferenciação genética dos suínos dentro das variáveis ambientais classificatórias. As raças Monteiro e Marajó foram as que mostraram maiores níveis de estruturação. Os componentes principais mostram proximidade entre as raças comerciais, assim como o elevado grau de variação na composição genéticas das demais raças, com marcante separação dos animais Monteiro e Marajó. Níveis elevados de endogamia foram encontrados. Foram encontrados pelo menos 8 assinaturas de seleção no genoma das raças suínas localmente adaptadas. A freqüência dos genótipos destes marcadores divide o território brasileiro em duas regiões latitudinais distintas. Os níveis de estruturação das populações demonstram uma grande variabilidade genética entre e dentre as raças. As marcas de seleção encontradas demonstram a influência do meio ambiente no sucesso adaptativo destes animais ao território brasileiro. / Study of landscape genetics in livestock species can help understand the adaptive processes and the way that the environment affects the success of these populations. The main objective was the identification of genetic signatures of selection in the Brazilian autochthone swine breeds. We aim the higher representation of genetic and environmental variability from Brazilian territory sampling at least one animal from one genetic group per sampling point. The samples were obtained on CENARGEN-EMBRAPA Germplasm Bank in a total of 191 DNA samples from 19 Brazilian locally adapted swine genetic groups, classified into state, region, biome, hydrological basins, soil type, ecoregion and vegetation type. These samples were genotyped and after a quality control, we calculated Wright’ F-statistics, individual inbreeding coefficient, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Principal components, IBD, Mantel test, an ideal number of subpopulations and an analysis of molecular variance. Environmental data was converted in layers through Qgis and used to detect signatures of selection by BayeScan v2.1 (Foll & Gaggiotti 2008) and Samβada ((Stucki et al. 2014) Population studied had genetic structure among different subpopulations, in a same category. The biggest part of genetic variability is the individual within breed and in individual within state. We found different intensity of population structure in the categories studied, been the he Monteiro and Marajó breeds that ones with highest values from population genetic structure. Principal component analyses showed proximity between commercial breeds, as well as the high degree of genetic variation among other breeds, with great detachment of Monteiro and Marajó animals from others. High inbreeding levels were found. Signatures of selection were found on the genome of Brazilian locally adapted swine pig. The genotypic frequency of these signatures of selection divides the Brazilian territory into two distinct latitudinal regions. The population structure levels demonstrate a wide genetic variability inside and among races. The signatures of natural selection found demonstrate the influence of the environment to successful adaptation of swine in Brazil.

No Brasil, o acesso aos recursos genéticos e conhecimentos tradicionais são regulamentados pela Medida Provisória n. 2186-16, de 2001. Essa regulamentação não foi capaz de conter a biopirataria, uma prática que data de tempos antigos, e cuja incidência é maior nos países megadiversos. O cupuaçu, objeto de estudo do presente trabalho, foi o primeiro caso de denúncia da biopirataria envolvendo um exemplar da biodiversidade brasileira, mas além dele, outros exemplares de nossa biodiversidade também tiveram seus nomes populares registrados como marca por empresas estrangeiras, entre os quais: o açaí, a copaíba e o jaborandi. Ante a importância do assunto e da escassez de estudos sobre o tema desenvolveu-se a presente pesquisa com o intuito de levantar, discriminar e analisar um conjunto de fatores responsáveis pela ocorrência de práticas de biopirataria tendo como referência o estudo de caso do cupuaçu. Entre os quais destacamos a inexistência de uma lei que configure a biopirataria como crime; a falta de fiscalização nas regiões com maior diversidade biológica; a burocratização gerada pela supramencionada Medida Provisória às pesquisas científicas brasileiras; as limitações dos órgãos responsáveis pela concessão de patentes; as lacunas geradas pela legislação internacional, representada pelo acordo Trips; o fator econômico, relativo ao rendimento econômico que a prática gera às empresas e instituições que se utilizam de recursos genéticos e conhecimento tradicional associado e o fator políticas públicas, dado à necessidade de políticas que valorizem o conhecimento tradicional das comunidades. Para seu combate, propomos formas de iniciativas sociais e políticas de conservação à biodiversidade e proteção ao conhecimento tradicional, onde destacam-se: o fortalecimento das unidades de conservação, principalmente as de uso sustentável por permitirem a presença humana, constituindo-se num importante mecanismo de proteção da nossa biodiversidade e das comunidades tradicionais; a multiplicação do projeto Aldeias Vigilantes: uma nova abordagem na Proteção dos Conhecimentos Tradicionais e no Combate à Biopirataria na Amazônia que visa levar à comunidade indígena um programa de caráter informativo, educativo e conscientizador sobre fatos envolvendo apropriação desautorizada de conhecimentos tradicionais e recursos biológicos da Amazônia, numa linguagem adequada à diversidade étnica e cultural de cada povo; a reflexão e aplicação da Carta dos Pajés de São Luis do Maranhão; o estímulo aos contratos de bioprospecção no Brasil; o incentivo à cooperação Sul-Sul (entre países do hemisfério sul). Além disso, elencamos os elementos necessários para a construção da legislação nacional de acesso e repartição de benefícios, sugeridos a partir das contribuições positivas identificadas nas legislações estrangeiras de acesso e repartição de benefícios; da aplicação das Diretrizes de Bonn; da construção de um sistema de patentes sui generis; aplicação das propostas da CPI da Biopirataria, além das contribuições obtidas com o processo do caso cupuaçu. / In Brazil, the access to the genetic resources and traditional knowledge are controlled by Medida Provisória n. 2186-16, of 2001. This regulation wasnt able to contain the biopiratary, a practice that dates from old times, and whose incidence is bigger in the megadiversos countries. Cupuaçu, object of study of the present work, was the first case of denunciation of biopirataria involving a sample of Brazilian biodiversity, but beyond it, other samples of our biodiversity had also their popular names registered as brands by foreign companies, among them there are: açaí, copaíba and jaborandi. In front of the importance of the subject and the shortage of studies on the subject was developed the present research with the intention to raise, discriminate and to analyze a set of responsible factors for the occurrence of the practice biopiratary having as reference the study of case of cupuaçu. Among them there are: the lack of a law that configures this biopiratary as crime; the lack of fiscalization in the regions with bigger biological diversity; the bureaucratization generated by the Medida Provisória against the Brazilian scientific research; the limitations of the responsible agencies for the concession of patents; the gaps generated for the international legislation, represented for the Trips agreement; the economic factor, relative factor to the economic income that the first practice generates the companies and institutions which use genetic resources and traditional knowledge and the public politics factor, to necessity of politicians that value the traditional knowledge of the communities. For this combat, we consider forms of social initiatives and politics of conservation to biodiversity and protection to the traditional knowledge, where they are distinguished: the strengthening of the units of conservation, mainly of sustainable use for allowing to the presence human being, consisting in an important mechanism of protection of our biodiversity and the traditional communities; the multiplication of the project \"Vigilant Villages: a new boarding in the Protection of the Traditional Knowledge and in the Combat of the Biopiratary in the Amazon\" that aims at taking the aboriginal community a program with informative character, educative and makes counscious on facts involving anauthorized appropriation of traditional knowledge and biological resources of the Amazon, in a suitable language to the ethnic and cultural diversity of each people; the reflection and application of the Letter of the Pajés of São Luis of the Maranhão; the stimulus to contract of bioprospecção in Brazil; the incentive to the cooperation South-South (between countries of the south hemisphere). Moreover, we identify the necessary elements for the construction of the national legislation of access and distribution of benefits, suggested from the positive contributions identified in the foreign legislations of access and distribution of benefits; of the application of Diretrizes of Bonn; the construction of a patentss system sui generis; application of the proposals of the CPI of the Biopiratary, beyond the contributions gotten with the process of the cupuaçus case.