<p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are complex autoimmune diseases affecting 0.05-2% of the population worldwide. </p><p>Genetic studies detected linkage with SLE in the 2q37 region, and intensive family-based and case-control association studies in several populations identified that allele A of the SNP PD-1.3 located in the immunoreceptor PDCD1 (PD-1) gene, increases risk of the disease by 2.6-fold in Caucasians (p<0.00001) and by 3.5-fold in Mexicans (p=0.0009). </p><p>The same allele was found to be a risk factor for lupus nephritis, a severe clinical manifestation of SLE. In Swedish and European-American females with SLE, patients with the allele A had nephritis 1.8 times (p=0.01) more often than patients with allele G .</p><p>Moreover, the allele A was also found 1.8 times (p=0.005) more often in RA patients, negative for the known risk-factors, rheumatoid factor and the shared epitope, than in other groups of patients and controls. </p><p>Functional studies demonstrated that the mechanism behind the SNP PD-1.3 is related to the disruption of the binding site for RUNX transcription factors in the regulatory region. Expression of the PD-1 and RUNX genes was altered in the activated T cells of SLE patients compared to controls.</p><p>The Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 (TNFR 2) gene was studied as a second candidate gene for both SLE and RA. The results of our studies in SLE and RA patients and controls from Sweden and Mexico do not support the association of the polymorphism TNFR 2 M196R with these diseases. Other polymorphisms in this gene and other genes in this region should therefore be studied.</p>

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are complex autoimmune diseases affecting 0.05-2% of the population worldwide. Genetic studies detected linkage with SLE in the 2q37 region, and intensive family-based and case-control association studies in several populations identified that allele A of the SNP PD-1.3 located in the immunoreceptor PDCD1 (PD-1) gene, increases risk of the disease by 2.6-fold in Caucasians (p&lt;0.00001) and by 3.5-fold in Mexicans (p=0.0009). The same allele was found to be a risk factor for lupus nephritis, a severe clinical manifestation of SLE. In Swedish and European-American females with SLE, patients with the allele A had nephritis 1.8 times (p=0.01) more often than patients with allele G . Moreover, the allele A was also found 1.8 times (p=0.005) more often in RA patients, negative for the known risk-factors, rheumatoid factor and the shared epitope, than in other groups of patients and controls. Functional studies demonstrated that the mechanism behind the SNP PD-1.3 is related to the disruption of the binding site for RUNX transcription factors in the regulatory region. Expression of the PD-1 and RUNX genes was altered in the activated T cells of SLE patients compared to controls. The Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 2 (TNFR 2) gene was studied as a second candidate gene for both SLE and RA. The results of our studies in SLE and RA patients and controls from Sweden and Mexico do not support the association of the polymorphism TNFR 2 M196R with these diseases. Other polymorphisms in this gene and other genes in this region should therefore be studied.

In this study, it was aimed to identify chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genes or gene fragments expressed upon Ascochyta rabiei infection using a tolerant chickpea cultivar ILC195 and fungal isolates with varying level of pathogenicity. PCR amplification of resistance gene analogs (RGA) and disease related genes, and mRNA differential display reverse transcription (DDRT) were used to get these expressed gene fragments in chickpea. The constitutively or differentially expressed PCR product fragments were cloned and sequenced. Out of nearly 300 clones, 160 sequences (expressed sequence tags, ESTs) could be analyzed and these sequences were disclosed in this study. About 100 of these ESTs were classified according to predicted &ldquo / molecular function&rdquo / , &ldquo / biological process&rdquo / and &ldquo / cellular component&rdquo / . The most common ppredicted functions of the products coded by these ESTs were &ldquo / Protein Fate&rdquo / , &ldquo / Metabolism&rdquo / , &ldquo / Cell Rescue, Defense and Virulence&rdquo / , &ldquo / Transcription&rdquo / , &ldquo / Transport&rdquo / , &ldquo / Energy&rdquo / , and &ldquo / Cell Fate&rdquo / . Six ESTs were subjected to Real-Time quantitative RT-PCR analysis to compare the response of ILC195 infected by one A.rabiei isolate with another resistant chickpea genotype (FLIP84-92C)/A.rabiei pathotype system. Some of these genes were differentially expressed among different chickpea/A.rabiei isolate combinations. Highly upregulated ESTs in all these combinations were a formate dehydrogenase (metabolism and detoxification), a serine carboxypeptidase (protein fate and communication) and a hypothetical protein probably similar to acyl-CoA synthetases. A genetic mapping study was carried out with EST specific primers and two EST markers were assigned in the current chickpea genetic map. However, no genetic linkage of them was detected with known chickpea quantitative trait loci for A.rabiei resistance.

The studies reported in this thesis address the aspects of initiator tRNA selection in Escherichia Coli. A summary of the relevant literature discussing the process of ptotein biosynthesis in general and initiator tRNA selection, in particular is presented in chapter 1. The next chapter (Chapter2) describes the ‘Materials and Methods’ used throughout the experimental work carried out in this thesis. It is followed by two chapters(Chapter 3 and Chapter 4) which describe the isolation and characterization of an E. coli mutant, to understand the mechanism of initiator tRNA selection. Chapter 5 comprises of some experimental work and future perspectives on the utility of the E.coli mutant. The last chapter (Chapter 6) summarizes the published work where I have contributed to besides the work described in Chapters 3 to 5. The summary of chapters 3-5 is as described below:- (i)Isolation and genetic mapping of extragenic suppressors of mutant initiator tRNA lacking the three consecutive G, C base pairs in the anticodon stem Initiator tRNA selection on the ribosomes is a result of several steps, some of which are unique to the prokaryotic world. Structure-function analyses of E.Coli tRNAfMet have revealed that the most important features of tRNAfMet, pertinent to its in vivo function as an initiator, are located in the acceptor stem and the anticodon arm regions. The three consecutive G-C base pairs in the anticodon stem of the tRNAfMet, conserved across all kingdoms of life, have been implicated in preferential binding to 30S ribosomal P-site. How the 3G-C base pairs are exploited by ribosomes in selecting the initiator tRNA, has been a long standing question. In the present work, a genetic screen was developed to isolate second site compensatory mutations of the mutant tRNAfMet, inactive in initiation because the 3G-C base pairs in it were changed to those found in the elongator tRNAMet(‘3G-C mutant’). Two extragenic suppressors were mapped to defined regions in the 12 min and 85 min locations in the E. Coli genome and three others were classified in these two broad groups. A super suppressor strain exhibiting synergistic suppression was generated. Further genetic mapping identified a G122D mutation in the folD gene encoding 5, 10 methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase in one of the suppressor strains E. Coli A48. Complementation analysis using over expression of fold confirmed the results obtained by genetic mapping. (ii) Role of the intracellular S-adenosylmethionine flux in initiation with an initiator versus elongator tRNAs in Escherichia Coli How a defect in folD gene product (in E. Coli A48) leads to initiation with the ‘3G-C mutant’ initiator tRNA, has been addressed in this work. The FolD enzyme plays a key role in the one-carbon metabolism. The mutation in folD resulted in a lethal phenotype in minimal medium. The end-products of the pathway, 10 formyl-THF, methionine and S-adenosylmethionine(SAM) were analyzed for their possible role in initiation with the ‘3G-C mutant’ tRNAfMet, which revealed that lowering of the steady-state abundance of methionine and SAM had a direct role in initiation with the ‘3G-C mutant” tRNAfMet. Analysis of the 16S tRNA revealed that the methylations, as a result of reduced levels of SAM, were undetectable in the E.Coli A48. This prompted us to generate targeted mutations in the methyltransferase genes, which have highlighted the importance of methylations in initiator tRNA selection. Consistent with the growth retardation phenotype of methylase deficient strains at higher temperatures, the E. Coli A48 also displays temperature sensitivity. Further analysis of mycoplasma genomes, which do not follow the strong conservation of three G-C base pairs in the anicodon stem of initiator tRNA has uncovered an hitherto unknown evolutionary connection between methylations of 16S rRNA and initiator tRNA selection. We observed genetic interaction between infC(encoding IF3) and fold (encoding FolD). We also demonstrate initiation with tRNAfMet containing mutations in one, two or all the three G-C base pairs, as also with the elongator tRNA (tRNAGln). (iii) Utility of E. Coli A48 in investigation of biological processes: Some Preliminary studies and future perspectives. The availability of the E. Coli A48 strain is a valuable addition to the field of initiator tRNA selection and opens up further opportunities for its application. In this study, we have analyzed some of the properties of the E. Coli A48 strain viz. sensitivity to UV light and formylation independent initiation. E. Coli possess multiple copies of initiator tRNA, encoded by the metZVW operon and the metY gene. We reasoned that the abundance of cellular initiator tRNA might be a contributing factor in maintenance of specificity of initiation. Consistent with our prediction, we observed initiation with the ‘3G-C mutant’ tRNAfMet in E. Coli strains deficient in initiator tRNA genes. The various aspects of SAM limitation, biological functions of post-transcriptional modifications, incorporation of non-methionine amino acids in then-terminus of proteins and genetic approaches to system biology for the understanding of one-carbon metabolism are discussed.

Although many group I (GI) introns can self-splice in vitro, their splicing is promoted by proteins in vivo. Only a few splicing factors that specifically promote GI intron splicing have been identified, however, none are from chloroplasts, which is the subject of this study. In previous work from our lab, a strategy was developed to identify splicing factors for chloroplast GI introns of Chlamydomonas by using suppressor genetics. A mutant with reduced splicing of the chloroplast 23S rRNA intron (Cr.LSU) was generated. Then, 3 nuclear suppressors (7120, 71N1 and 7151) with substantially restored splicing of Cr.LSU were isolated and partially characterized. However, the suppressor gene(s) were not identified. In this study, I have used genetic mapping to make a renewed attempt to isolate these genes. Using polymorphisms between the 137C strain that was used for suppressor isolation, and a new strain of C.reinhardtii (S1D2), the nuclear suppressor mutations in 7120 and 71N1 were mapped to a region on chromosome III that is essentially devoid of recombination. Based on the recombination maps, the suppressor gene in 7120 is located within a ~418-kb region from bp 2,473,064 to 2,891,232, whereas the suppressor in 71N1 is likely located within a ~236-kb subregion from bp 2,473,064 to 2,709,377. It is possible that these mutations are in the same gene; however, the maps could not be refined further due to the lack of recombination in this 418-kb region. I also attempted to compare the genomic sequence of the 7120 suppressor, which was obtained by next-generation sequencing, with the Chlamydomonas reference genome (JGI, v.4). Next-generation sequencing of 7120 revealed the existence of abundant repetitive sequences and transposable elements clustered in a ~40-kb subregion of the recombinationally suppressed 418-kb region on chromosome III. I suggest that the high frequency of repetitive sequences and transposable elements in this region may be the reason for the suppressed recombination. Searching for candidate genes in the mapped region led me to examine a novel protein that was predicted to have a putative chloroplast transit-peptide, and an RNA binding domain. Further bioinformatic analysis revealed a single rhodanese domain with an active-site cysteine. The protein was expressed in E.coli as the full-length and predicted mature forms, plus a small His-tag. The purified mature protein had rhodanese catalytic activity, based on the fact that it was able to transfer sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide. Also, western blot analysis with a polyclonal antibody produced in rabbits showed that the cellular protein migrated on SDS gels close to the mature protein and faster than the full-length protein, indicative of an organelle-targeted protein. The antibody also showed that the cellular protein co-fractionated with chloroplasts. To gain insight into its in vivo function, the gene was knocked down using the tandem RNAi system (Rohr et al., 2004), which produced strains (5) with reductions of 31% to 76% in the mRNA level, and ~30% to ~60% in the protein level. These strains were sensitive to bright light, and had reduced rates of growth under all conditions, which are characteristics of chloroplast translation mutants. Thus, chloroplast protein synthesis was examined by radioisotope pulse-labeling in the presence of cycloheximide, which showed that the RNAi strains were broadly and negatively affected, and RT-PCR and northern blot revealed only normal chloroplast mRNA levels. These data have identified a new rhodanese-family enzyme that is required for chloroplast translation, which I have designated “CRLT”, for chloroplast rhodanese-like translation. / text

Apesar do destaque do setor citrícola paulista e brasileiro, existe uma séria vulnerabilidade para o cultivo da laranja, que está pautada no uso de poucas variedades comerciais. A instalação de programas de melhoramento de laranjeiras com uso de cruzamentos controlados é dificultada principalmente pelos problemas de poliembrionia nas sementes e pela presença de ciclo juvenil longo nas plantas, o que ocasiona a dificuldade em obter plantas híbridas via cruzamentos controlados e o tempo muito longo para a conclusão de um ciclo de recombinação e seleção. O objetivo deste estudo foi a construção de um mapa de ligação utilizando uma população de 144 híbridos oriunda do cruzamento entre a laranjeira Tobias (CN 1392 e CN 1393), que apresenta ciclo juvenil curto, e laranjeira Pêra-de-Abril, variedade com sementes monoembriônicas. O mapa de ligação foi construído com base em marcadores moleculares SSR e TRAP através de dois softwares (JoinMap e Onemap). O mapa genético construído pelo JoinMap conteve 85 (61%) marcas dispostas em 13 grupos de ligação, totalizando 634 cM, com distância entre os marcadores adjacentes variando de 0 a 29 cM. Os tamanhos individuais dos grupos de ligação variaram de 8 a 85 cM e um total de 55 (39%) marcadores não se ligou ao mapa. Com o software OneMap 87 (62%) marcadores se ligaram em 16 grupos de ligação, totalizando 1.100 cM, com distância entre marcadores adjacentes variando de 0 a 36 cM. Os tamanhos individuais dos grupos de ligação variaram de 8 a 205 cM. Um total de 53 (38%) marcadores não se ligaram no mapa. A marca que constitui o caráter fenotípico de interesse florescimento precoce foi incluída no mapa quando utilizado o software OneMap. Houve similaridade entre os mapas de ligação de híbridos intraespecíficos de laranja doce construídos com os aplicativos JoinMap e OneMap. A distinção encontrada ocorreu, principalmente, devido aos marcadores com segregação distorcida / Despite the prominence of the citrus sector in São Paulo and Brazil, there is a serious vulnerability for the cultivation of orange, which is guided by the use of a few commercial varieties. Orange breeding programs that make use of controlled breeding are hampered mainly by the problems of polyembryony and the presence of long juvenile cycle, which impair the obtainment of hybrid plants through controlled crossings as well as taking a long time for the conclusion of a cycle of recombination and selection. The goal of this study was the construction of a linkage map using a population of 144 hybrids from crosses between Tobias sweet orange (CN 1392 and CN 1393), which present short juvenile cycle, and Pêra-de-Abril sweet orange, variety with monoembryonic seeds. The linkage map was constructed based on molecular markers SSR and TRAP using two softwares (JoinMap and Onemap). The genetic map obtained by JoinMap showed 85 (61%) markers arranged in 13 linkage groups totalizing 634cM, with the distance between adjacent markers ranging from 0 to 29 cM. The sizes of individual linkage groups ranged from 8-85 cM and a total of 55 (39%) markers could not be linked to the map. With the software OneMap 87 (62%) markers were linked in 16 linkage groups, totalizing 1.100 cM, with the distances between adjacent markers ranging from 0 to 36 cM. The sizes of individual linkage groups ranged from 8-205 cM. A total of 53 (38%) markers could not be linked on the map. The mark related to flowering, which is the phenotypic character of interest, was found using the software OneMap. There was similarity between the linkage maps of intraspecific hybrids of sweet orange built with JoinMap and OneMap softwares. The distinction found was mainly due to the markers with segregation distortion

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5555.pdf: 2434557 bytes, checksum: 1a0b2ae50c4811a79be877e26b6a2d1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Brazil is the largest producer of sweet orange, but the productivity is not the highest due to disease problems. A major problem is the Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC) caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which promotes obstruction of the xylem, causing physiological disorders in plant and in advanced cases, affecting fruits, leading to production losses. In this study, hybrids obtained from controlled crosses between Murcott tangor [Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and Pera sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were evaluated by analysis of symptoms, diagnosis through conventional and real time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) , showing seven resistant hybrids, twenty-four tolerant hybrids and six susceptible hybrids. The expressions of thirteen genes [NBS-LRR - RGH1, Abscisic Acid (ABA), Thaumatin, Chitinase, Xa21 Kinase, Kinase CHRK1, Isoflavone Synthase, Protein Defense-Related Resistance - DRRP, No Product Set - SPD, Isoflavone Reductase, HCr2-0A, Ankyrin, Glutathione GST-22 associated with resistance were evaluated, and it was possible to relate the resistance to X. fastidiosa with gene expression. QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) were mapped through the quantification of symptoms and bacterial concentration and expression QTL (eQTL) of genes were carried out with the evaluation of thirty-seven hybrids. / O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de laranja, mas não apresenta maior produtividade devido a problemas fitossanitários. Um dos principais problemas é a Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC) causada pela bactéria Xylella fastidiosa, que promove a obstrução do xilema, causando desordens fisiológicas na planta e em casos avançados, afetando os frutos. A CVC acomete as variedades de Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, conhecidas como laranjas-doce, sobre diferentes porta-enxertos, todavia não são encontrados sintomas em tangerinas e híbridos comerciais. Neste estudo, os híbridos obtidos a partir de cruzamentos controlados entre tangor Murcott [Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] com laranja Pera [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] foram avaliados através da análise dos sintomas, o diagnóstico por meio de PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) convencional e em tempo real, mostrando sete híbridos resistentes, vinte e quatro híbridos tolerantes e seis híbridos suscetíveis. As análises de expressões dos genes (NBS-LRR RGH1, Ácido Abscísico, Taumatina, Quitinase, Quinase Xa21, Quinase CHRK1, Isoflavone Sintase, Proteína de Defesa Relacionada com Resistência - PDRR, Sem Produto Definido - SPD, Isoflavona Redutase, HCr2- 0A, Anquirina e GST22) possibilitaram entender a relação entre a resistência a X. fastidiosa e a expressão gênica. Foram mapeados QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) através da quantificação de sintomas, concentração de bactérias. Baseados em um conjunto de resultados, foram detectados eQTLS (QTLs de expressão) de genes avaliados em trinta e sete híbridos.

Uma população experimental F2 foi desenvolvida a partir do cruzamento de sete machos de uma linhagem não endogâmica de frangos de corte (TT), com sete fêmeas de uma linhagem não endogâmica de postura (CC), gerando vinte famílias F1 TC, com aproximadamente 100 progênies F2 cada obtidas em 17 incubações. Foram obtidos dados fenotípicos para vinte e oito características de desempenho e qualidade da carcaça em 2063 aves F2. As aves F1 TC foram genotipadas para 30 marcadores microssatélites posicionados nos cromossomos 3 e 5 para determinar o grau de informação dos marcadores. Os marcadores informativos foram empregados na genotipagem seletiva das aves F2 que apresentaram valores fenotípicos extremos (4,5 % superiores e 4,5 % inferiores), dentro de cada uma das 20 famílias, para a característica peso vivo aos 42 dias de idade ajustado (PV42aj). Os genótipos obtidos foram comparados através do teste de qui-quadrado. Foram encontradas seis regiões no cromossomo 3 e três regiões no cromossomos 5 com marcadores apresentando ligaçãio sugestiva (P < 0,10) com QTL para PV42aj. Foram selecionadas seis famílias mais informativas para a maioria dos marcadores significativos, e 90 progênies F2 de cada família (n=540) foram genotipadas. Os genótipos foram empregados para construção de mapas de ligação específicos para os cromossomos. Os fenótipos ajustados para efeitos fixos, os mapas de ligação e os genótipos foram empregados para mapeamento de QTL por análise de regressão, utilizando o programa QTL Express. Foram encontrados no cromossomo 3 10 QTL siginificativos para peso corporal aos 35, 41 e 42 dias de idade, para ganhos de peso do nascimento aos 35, 41 e 42 dias de idade, para peso de asas e coxas com sobrecoxas, e para peso de gordura abdominal e porcentagem de gordura. Foram observados um QTL no cromossomo 3 com ligação sugestiva para peso de pés, e três QTL no cromossomo 5 para consumo de ração, peso do coração, peso de gordura abdominal e porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Não houve interações significativas do QTL com efeito de família ou sexo. Os QTL significativos para peso de gordura abdominal e porcentagem de gordura abdominal apresentaram forte efeito de imprinting gamético. Os efeitos dos QTL foram na sua maioria aditivos, com o alelo originado da linhagem de corte aumentando o valor para a característica. Características de carcaça apresentaram efeito aditivo negativo, indicando que os alelos provenientes da linhagem de postura diminuíram o valor dessas características. A população experimental foi adequada para o mapeamento de QTL significativos para características de desempenho e carcaça no cromossomo 3, e QTL sugestivos para características de carcaça no cromossomo 3 e características de desempenho e carcaça no cromossomo 5. / An F2 chicken population was established from a cross of a broiler-sire line (TT) and an egg laying line (CC). This population was used for detecting and mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL). Over 2000 F2 TC offspring from 17 hatches were reared to slaughter at 6 wk of age. Twenty-eight performance and carcass traits were measured. The DNA were extracted from blood samples and informativeness of 50 selected microsatellite markers along chromosomes 3 and 5 were obtained in F1s. Data of 2063 individuals from 20 families were used to chosen offspring with high and low phenotypes for BW42, for selective genotyping. Twenty markers were used in the complete genotyping of 566 individuals from 6 families most informative. Interval mapping QTL analyses were carried out by regression method, using QTL Express software. Significant QTL at the genome were mapped on chromosome 3 for body weigh at 35, 41 and 42 days, gain between birth and 35, 41 and 42 days, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage, weight of wings and weight of thighs. Suggestive QTL were identified for weight of feet on chromosome 3 and for abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage, heart weight and feed consumption on chromosome 5. Significant QTL for abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat percentage showed strong imprinting effect. There was no evidence for interactions of the QTL with sex and family, or for two QTL on the same chromosome for any of the traits. Genetic effects were generally additive, with the broiler alleles increasing performance traits. Additive effects were negative for carcass traits, indicating that the layer line decreased these traits. Experimental population was adequate to mapping significant QTL for performance and carcass traits on chromosome 3, and suggestive QTL for carcass traits on chromosome 3 and for performance and carcass traits on chromosome 5.

A Síndrome de Marfan (SMF) (OMIM# 154700) é a mais comum das doenças genéticas do tecido conjuntivo Herdada de forma autossômica dominante, ela apresenta incidência de 1 em cada 5.000 indivíduos. Apesar de apresentar grande variabilidade clínica inter e intrafamiliar, o fenótipo da SMF possui penetrância completa, e suas manifestações clínicas afetam primariamente os sistemas esquelético, ocular e cardiovascular. Afim de estudar os mecanismos patogênicos da SMF foi desenvolvido um modelo murino, mg&Delta;neoLoxP, que reproduz as manifestações ósseas, cardiovasculares e pulmonares da síndrome. O modelo foi estabelecido nas linhagens isogênicas 129/Sv e C57BL/6, que apresentam diferenças tanto quanto a idade de acometimento quanto a gravidade das alterações, é possível que as diferenças alélicas existentes entre essas linhagens alterem a manifestação fenotípica, ou seja, que existam genes modificadores para a SMF. Assim, objetivo deste projeto é utilizar este modelo experimental para identificar genes modificadores do fenótipo da SMF e tentar entender melhor a arquitetura genética da síndrome. Ao todo foram gerados 82 animais 129xB6 F2 heterozigotos para o alelo mg&Delta;neoLoxP, a analise de ligação utilizando microssatélites e SNPs nos animais com fenótipos mais extremos mostraram ligação sugestiva do fenótipo ósseo com as regiões compreendidas entre as posições 56 cM e 68 cM do cromossomo 3; e 2 cM e 20 cM do cromossomo X; ligação significativa entre as posições 41cM e 49 cM do cromossomo 6; além de mostrar ligação sugestiva do fenótipo cardiovascular do 66 cM ao 70 cM do cromossomo 4; e do 44 cM ao 52 cM do cromossomo 13. Além da variabilidade entre linhagens, os animais 129 apresentam uma grande variabilidade fenotípica interna, o que por se tratar de animais isogênicos causada por fatores aleatórios ou devido a modificações epigenéticas que alterem o nível de expressão de alguns genes e assim o fenótipo. A comparação entre animais 129 leves e graves levou a identificação de 25 genes diferencialmente expressos dos quais 11 apresentavam funções relevantes para a SMF, entretanto foram aferidos os níveis de expressão de 2 destes que não validaram os resultados obtidos devido a uma grande variação observada entre os animais de todos as classes fenotípicas. Também foram identificadas 46 vias que se apresentavam mais frequentes nos conjuntos de genes obtidos entre as duas classes fenotípica de animais heterozigotos contra os animais selvagens. Tanto as vias, quanto os genes identificados através de ligação quanto diferença de expressão mostram uma convergência para as funções dos genes de interesse, sendo que entre eles existem genes já associados com a SMF, controle de ativação de TGF-B e da biogênese das microfibras da matriz extracelular, quanto genes que ainda não foram associados mas são possíveis modificadores do fenótipo, tais como genes envolvidos nos processos de enovelamento e degradação protéico e nos processos de endocitose e exocitose de vesículas, que podem alterar a quantidade de fibrilina-1 truncada disponível e assim o fenótipo / The Marfan syndrome (MFS) (OMIM # 154700) is the most common genetic disorder of the connective tissue and is inherited in a autosomal dominant fashion, it has an incidence of 1 in 5,000 individuals. Despite a great clinical variability being one of the \"trademarks\" of the syndrome, the phenotype of the MFS has complete penetrance and its clinical manifestations primarily affect the skeletal, ocular and cardiovascular systems. In order to study the pathogenic mechanisms of MFS was developed a mouse model, named mg&Delta;neoLoxP, which reproduces the skeletal, cardiovascular and pulmonary manifestations of the syndrome. The model was established in inbred mouse strains 129/Sv and C57BL / 6, which phenotypes differ as to age of onset and severity of manifestation. It is possible that allelic differences between these inbred strains alter the phenotyic manifestation of disease, leading to the conclusion that may exist modifier genes involved in the for MFS. This study inteds to use this experimental model to identify phenotype modifier genes of MFS so a better understand the genetic architecture of the syndrome. Altogether, 82 129xB6 F2 heterozygous animals were generated so that a linkage analysis using microsatellite and SNP could be conducted. The linkage analysis using a selective genotyping procedure showed a suggestive linkage of the skeletal phenotype with regions included between positions 56 cM and 68 cM on chromosome 3, and 2 cM and 20 cM on chromosome X; and a significant linkage between positions 41cM and 49 cM on chromosome 6; also showing suggestive linkage of the cardiovascular phenotype from 66 cM to 70 cM on chromosome 4, and 44 cM to 52 cM on chromosome 13. Besides the variability between strains, 129 animals have a wide inner strain phenotypic variability, which in the case of isogenic animals should be caused by random factors or due to epigenetic modifications that may alter the expression level some genes and thus the phenotype. The comparison between animals of the 129 strain with mild and severe alterations led to the identification of 25 differentially expressed genes of which 11 showed relevant functions to the MFS, however it was only possible to measure the expression levels of two genes using real-time PCR, although those did not validate the results obtained from the expression microarray due to a large expression variation in all phenotypic classes. It was also identified 46 pathways that were more frequent in the gene lists obtained from the comparison between the two phenotypic classes of heterozygous animals against 129 wildtype animals. There is a similarity in the function of genes or pathways of interest found in pathways analysis and genes identified, either by differential expression or linkage analisys, and among them there genes already associated with the MFS, such as in the control activity of TGF-B and biogenesis of microfibers in the extracellular matrix, as also genes that were not associated with MFS but are possible phenotype modifier genes, such as genes involved in protein folding and degradation processes and of endocytosis and exocytosis processes of vesicle, which can change the amount of truncated fibrillin-1 available and thus the phenotype

Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Luciana Lasry Benchimol / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T02:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_Tatianade_D.pdf: 8389045 bytes, checksum: 6f77299744a0d3b5f2c74f0f37700d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O melhoramento genetico do feijoeiro busca responder ou atender demandas especificas dos produtores. Um cultivar de feijoeiro deve atender as caracteristicas de produtividade, de resistencia as principais doencas da cultura, e de qualidade tecnologicas, tais como tempo de cozimento, qualidades nutricionais e tipo de caldo. A escolha de criterios racionais e eficientes para a identificacao de linhagens superiores a serem utilizadas em cruzamentos facilita o trabalho do melhorista. Alem disso, a escolha dos genitores com maior potencial genetico para recombinacao aumenta as chances de obtencao de cultivares mais produtivos e estaveis para o comercio, bem como facilita a selecao dos genotipos nos ensaios de competicao. O feijoeiro e uma das culturas de destaque no Brasil com potencial a ser explorado e requer esforcos para o manejo adequado. Neste sentido, o investimento em tecnicas moleculares pode ser associado ao auxilio no melhoramento classico, como para a realizacao de programas de selecao assistida por marcadores. Os microssatelites sao marcadores moleculares definidos por sequencias repetitivas abundantes nos genomas de eucariotos, transferiveis e informativas. Os microssatelites sao marcadores amplamente utilizados em estudos geneticos e no desenvolvimento de mapas geneticos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatelites para feijoeiro para a construcao de um mapa genetico molecular. Foram desenvolvidos 488 novos microssatelites, sendo que 183 estao disponiveis em 3 publicacoes sobre caracterizacao destes locos e, 64 estao descritos no artigo referente ao mapa genetico. Os demais locosapresentaram-se monomorficos dentre os genotipos utilizados, mas tambem serao divulgados na forma de manuscrito. O mapa genetico foi estabelecido com base em uma populacao F10 segregante, composta de 380 linhagens endogamicas, derivadas do cruzamento entre IAC-UNA e CAL143. Foram analisados no total 871 microssatelites, entre eles 265 (30,4%) foram polimorficos e 247 (28,4%) apresentaram padrao adequado de leitura de genotipagem. Para a construcao do mapa, alem dos marcadores moleculares, foram utilizados tres marcadores fenotipicos: cor de flor, formato do apice da vagem e habito de crescimento. Foi possivel mapear 198 microssatelites e os 3 marcadores fenotipicos. Dentre os marcadores mapeados, 131 tinham a posicao ate entao desconhecida em grupos de ligacao. O mapa resultante cobre 1865.9 cM, com uma distancia media entre marcadores de 9.4 cM. A cobertura de mapa e considerada de saturacao moderada e pode servir de base para o mapeamento de outras caracteristicas fenotipicas e de QTLs. / Abstract: The common bean breeding programs are meant to attend specific demands of bean producers. A common bean genotype of commercial interest must present desirable productivity characteristics; resistance to the main diseases and technological quality, like cooking time, nutritional value and type of broth. The choice of efficient criteria for identification of superiors inbred lines to be used in crosses supports breeders work. Moreover, the use of genitors with higher genetic potential increases the chances to reach more stable and productive cultivars, as well as facilitates genotypes selection in competitive assays. The common bean is one of the most important crops in Brazil and it has potential to be explored, but, the current productivity is low and requires efforts to improve the field performance. In this way, the search for molecular techniques can be associated to assist the classic breeding, like to perform marker-assisted selection. Microsatellites are repetitive sequences present in eukaryotes genomes, transferable, and informative. The microsatellite markers are widely used in genetic studies, and one of the main uses is to construct genetic maps. The objective of the present work was to develop new microsatellite markers to common bean and to construct a genetic map. Up to new 488 microsatellites were developed, of which 183 are available in 3 articles about loci characterization and, 64 are described in genetic map article. The remaining loci were monomorphic for the genotypes used, and they will be described in an article too. The genetic map was based on a mapping population F10, formed by 380 recombinant inbred lines derived of IAC-UNAF and CAL143 crosses. We tested 871 microssatellites, of which 265 (30,4%) were polymorphic and 247 (28,4%) presented adequate genotyping standard. Beyond the molecular markers, weevaluated three phenotypic markers: flower color, pod tip shape, and growth habit. It was possible to map 198 microssatellites and the 3 phenotypic markers. Amongst the mapped microsatellite markers, 131 have never been located before in any known linkage group. The resulting map covers a total of 1865.9 cM in length and average distance between markers was 9.4 cM. The coverage of the generated map is considered to have a moderate saturation, which makes it useful for mapping other qualitative traits and QTLs. / Doutorado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular