Background: The aim of the present article is to explore interaction and correlation effects between familial depression liability and selected adverse (separation and traumatic) events in predicting the first onset of a major depressive episode (MDE) in a 10-year prospective longitudinal community survey. Methods: Analyses are based on 1982 subjects (14 to 24 years at baseline) without baseline MDE who participated during the whole study period and for whom diagnostic information about psychopathology in both parents was available. The offspring’s familial depression liability was determined by aggregating information on parental depressive symptoms obtained from family history data and direct interviews with parents. Data were assessed with the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview according to its DSM-IV algorithms. Results: Adverse events predicted a substantially increased incidence of MDE among respondents with familial liability but not in those without familial liability. There was a significant interaction between familial liability and traumatic events with the strongest effect for the number of severe traumatic events (risk difference = 11.3%; 95% confidence interval = 3.55–19.15). Associations with familial liability were most pronounced for separation events. Conclusions: Adverse events are particularly pathogenic in individuals with familial liability. The involvement of interactions and correlations between familial liability and adversity might depend on type, severity, and number of events. Both processes are suggested to be concomitant rather than exclusive.

It always has been a need for the abiltiy to create color proofs. When an error occurs late in the production process, itis allways complicated and difficult to correct the error. In this project, digital proofs been made and discussions havebeen held with several people in the printing industry, in order to examine how well excisting digital proofs, meet thedemand of the market. And how close the digital proofs can come to the actual printsheat from the press. The study hasbeen shown that the one thing that has had the most influence on the outcome for the quality of a digital proof, is theprintshop operator’s knowledge about color management and proofing systems. Many advertising agencies in the graphicindustry think rasterised proofs are not necessesary and expensive. Therefor they prefer a cheaper alternative, whichdoesn’t show colors as well as the rasterised proof, but well enough to be content with it. There are a good awarenessconcerning lack of communication between printshop, reproduction and advertising agency. Advertising agencies thinkthat printshop rarely listen to what they have to say, while the printshop think that the advertising agency doesn’t understandwhat they are trying to tell them. The outcome of the printed proofs in this study can’t be representive for howgood digital proofs are conducted in regular basis in the industry. The divergence between the print press sheat and thedigital proof that was made was bigger than expected. This shows that implementation of ICC profiles in a color managementflow, not alone is the answer to making perfect digital proofs. There are so many other issues that has to be examined,like color management software, measure tools and correct color management module. In order to make a perfectproof, you have to look at the whole picture. In the end, the human eye finally has the last word on wheather theproof is good or not.

Investigations into the origin and evolution of regulatory mechanisms require quantitative estimates of the abundance and co-occurrence of functional protein domains among distantly related genomes. The metabolic and regulatory capabilities of an organism are implicit in its protein content. Currently available methods suffer for strong ascertainment biases, requiring methods for unbiased approaches to protein domain contents at genome-wide scales. The discussion will be highlighted on large scale patterns of similarities and differences of domain contains between phylum-level or even higher level taxonomic groups. This provides insights into large-scale evolutionary trends. The complement of recognizable functional protein domains and their combinations convey essentially the same information and at the same time are much more readily accessible, although protein domain models trained for one phylogenetic group frequently fail on distantly related sequences. Transcription factors (TF) typically cooperate to activate or repress the expression of genes. They play a critical role in developmental processes. While Chromatin Regulation (CR) facilitates DNA organization and prevent DNA aggregation and tangling which is important for replication, segregation, and gene expression. To compare the set of TFs and CRs between species, the genome annotation of equal quality was employed. However, the existing annotation suffers from bias in model organism. The similar count of transcripts are expected to be similar in mammals, but model organism such as human has more annotated transcripts than non model such as gorilla. Moreover, closely related species (e.g, dolphin and human) show a dramatically different distribution of TFs and CRs. Within vertebrates, this is unreasonable and contradicts phylogenetic knowledge. To overcome this problem, performing gene prediction followed by the detection of functional domains via HMM-based annotation of SCOP domains were proposed. This methods was demonstrated to lead toward consistent estimates for quantitative comparison. To emphasize the applicability, the protein domain distribution of putative TFs and CRs by quantitative and boolean means were analyzed. In particular, systematic studies of protein domain occurrences and co-occurrences to study avoidance or preferential co-occurrence of certain protein domains within TFs and CRs were utilized. Pooling related domain models based on their GO-annotation in combination with de novo gene prediction methods provides estimates that seem to be less affected by phylogenetic biases. it was shown for 18 diverse representatives from all eukaryotic kingdoms that a pooled analysis of the tendencies for co-occurrence or avoidance of protein domains is indeed feasible. This type of analysis can reveal general large-scale patterns in the domain co-occurrence and helps to identify lineage-specific variations in the evolution of protein domains. Somewhat surprisingly, strong ubiquitous patterns governing the evolutionary behavior of specific functional classes were not found. Instead, there are strong variations between the major groups of Eukaryotes, pointing at systematic differences in their evolutionary constraints. Species-specific training is required, however, to account for the genomic peculiarities in many lineages. In contrast to earlier studies wide-spread statistically significant avoidance of protein domains associated with distinct functional high-level gene-ontology terms were found.

Der probiotische Stamm E. coli Nissle 1917 ist ein Fäkalisolat, das in der Medizin traditionell zur Behandlung verschiedener gastrointestinaler Erkrankungen eingesetzt wird. Durch erfolgversprechende klinische Studien zur Remissionserhaltung bei Colitis ulcerosa, bei denen EcN als therapeutische Alternative zur Standardmedikation eingesetzt wird, ist das Interesse an den Wirkmechanismen von Probiotika stark gestiegen. EcN gehört derzeit zu den am besten untersuchten Probiotika. Einige Wirkmechanismen konnten dadurch schon aufgeklärt werden. So sind vermutlich Strukturkomponenten und stammspezifische Syntheseleistungen an der Ausprägung des probiotischen Phänotyps von EcN beteiligt. Schlüssige Konzepte, die über Gene, Genprodukte und molekulare Mechanismen den probiotischen Effekt von EcN erklären, fehlen bislang. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird das Genom von EcN analysiert und auf der Basis der Genomsequenz mit anderen E. coli-Stämmen verglichen. Mit Hilfe einer Promotor-Reporter-Fusionsbibliothek (Promotorbank) werden intestinal in vivo regulierte Gene identifiziert und dadurch neue Ansätze zur Untersuchung der probiotischen Eigenschaften von EcN geschaffen. Die Grundlage für die molekulare Analyse von EcN ist die manuelle Nachannotation seines sequenzierten Genoms. Die EcN-Sequenz wird mit 13 weiteren annotierten E. coli-Sequenzen verglichen. Nach dieser Analyse kodiert EcN derzeit 121 stammspezifische Gene. Die Genomstruktur ist mit den enthaltenen genomischen Inseln und Prophagen dem Genom des uropathogenen E. coli CFT073 sehr ähnlich. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen kodiert EcN alle in E. coli CFT073 vorhandenen Virulenz- und Fitnessfaktoren, so dass auf der Nukleotidebene die nahe Verwandschaft dieser beiden Stämme bestätigt werden kann. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass EcN in artifiziellen Systemen wie der Zellkultur oder gnotobiotischen Mäusen ein pathogenes Potenzial hat, obgleich die Kolonisierungsfähigkeit pathogener Bakterien durch Inkubation mit EcN herabgesetzt wird. Eine wichtige Rolle bei der Besiedlung des Intestinaltrakts und der Immunstimulation von Darmepithelzellen spielt auch die globale Regulation der Genaktivität bei EcN durch den alternativen Sigma-Faktor RpoS, der im Gegensatz zu rpoS-Deletionsmutanten zu einer gesteigerten mRNA-Expression des Tight-junction Proteins ZO-1 führt. Des Weiteren führte die Untersuchung von EcN-Deletionsmutanten zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass einige genomische Inseln für Eigenschaften, die das probiotische Verhalten erklären können, eine Rolle spielen. Durch den Einsatz einer Promotorbank von EcN in konventionellen und gnotobiotischen Mäusen werden erstmalig Sequenzen von intestinal in vivo aktiven Promotoren identifiziert. Der Aufbau eines Promotor-Reportergen-Assays mit dem Biolumineszenz erzeugenden luxCDABE-Operon ermöglichte die Untersuchung ausgewählter Promotoren in vitro. Mit einem In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) kann in weiteren Experimenten die Aktivität dieser Promotoren in lebenden Mäusen untersucht werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass EcN kein vollkommen harmloser probiotischer Stamm ist. Weitere Informationen über EcN sind dehalb wichtig für eine optimierte Anwendung als Therapeutikum. Die molekulare Analyse ist somit eine unbedingt notwendige Grundlage für weiterführende Untersuchungen der Eigenschaften von EcN, die für seinen probiotischen Charakter verantwortlich sind. / The probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 is a fecal isolate which is traditionally used for treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. In clinical trials where EcN was used as therapeutic alternative for remission maintenance of ulcerative colitis compared to standard medication, promising results led to an increased interest in probiotics. Today, EcN is one of the best studied probiotics. Therefore, several mechanisms of action could be enlightened. Structural components and strain-specific products are responsible for its probiotic effects. But conclusive concepts about genes, gene products and molecular mechanisms that really contribute to the probiotic character of EcN have not been offered so far. In order to create new possibilities to elucidate the probiotic traits of EcN the genome is analysed by taking this as a basis for comparison to other E. coli genomes and identification of intestinal in vivo regulated genes using a promoter-trap-library. The sequenced EcN genome is annotated and compared to 13 other so far annotated E. coli genomes. Concerning these analyses EcN encodes 121 strain-specific genes. The genome structure including the genomic islands and prophages is highly homolog to the uropathogenic E. coli CFT073. EcN encodes most of the virulence and fitness factors that are present in E. coli CFT073. Therefore, the close relationship of these two strains is confirmed at nucleotide level. Furthermore, it is shown that in artificial systems like cell culture assays and gnotobiotic mice EcN reveals a pathogenic potential although EcN is able to decrease colonization efficiency of pathogenic bacteria. The alternative sigma factor RpoS that is responsible for global regulation and activity of several genes seems to play an important role during colonization of EcN in the intestine and its immunostimulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells. Investigation of EcN-deletion mutants lacking genomic islands and prophages lead to the conclusion that some genomic islands may play a role for specific probiotic traits. This is the first time where a promoter-trap-library was used in conventional and gnotobiotic mice for collection of intestinal in vivo active promoters. Constructing and establishing a promoter-reporter gene assay with the bioluminescent luxCDABE operon made the investigation of selected promoters in vitro possible as well as establishing a bioluminescence assay using an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) for investigation of promoter activity in living mice. In this research project was shown that EcN is not a completely harmless probiotic. The genome structure and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression are the strain’s molecular traits that lead to probiotic activity and immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, the molecular analyses presented here, together with the complete genome sequence, are a basis for further investigations of mechanisms that are responsible for the probiotic effects of EcN.

<p>Ett av EU:s främsta syfte är att skapa fri rörelse av kapital. Genom att kontinuerligt reducera handelshinder strävar de efter att skapa lika förutsättningar mellan medlemsstaterna. I och med den globalisering som skett och fortfarande sker blir det allt mer vanligt förekommande att svenska bolag konkurrerar och samverkar med andra europeiska bolag.</p><p>Mycket har hänt på redovisnings- och revisionsområdet det senaste decenniet vilket har gjort att den svenska lagstiftningen delvis har skrivits om och anpassats efter EG:s direktiv. Internationella redovisningsstandarder har fått stort inflytande på framförallt de stora svenska bolagen. Dessa standarder var ursprungligen anpassade för börsnoterade bolag vilket har medfört att mindre svenska bolag under de senaste åren ålagts orimligt omfattande redovisningsskyldigheter. I november 2004 presenterade Justitiedepartementet en promemoria vilken bland annat avsåg förenklade redovisningsregler. Deras bedömning var att de två gränsvärdena som i dag benämns i ÅRL och BFN bör samordnas till ett gemensamt. Motiveringen till detta var att små och medelstora bolag i större utsträckning bör undantas från betungade regler gällande bokföring och bokslut. Under vintern 2005/2006 har en lag-rådsremiss och en proposition offentliggjorts där remissinstanserna BFN, FAR, SRS m.fl. givit uttryck för sina åsikter. Detta resulterade i att delvärdena i den samordnade gränsvärdet fastställdes till 50 anställda, 25 miljoner kronor i balansomslutning samt 50 miljoner kronor i totala intäkter.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda vilka konsekvenser detta får för de små och medelstora bolagen i Sverige. Undersökningen har genomförts ur två perspektiv, dels för att återspegla de generella konsekvenserna med harmoniseringen och dels vilka konsekvenser det samordnade gränsvärdet blir redovisningsmässigt. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes fyra expertintervjuer. Resultatet av dessa var att redovisningsprinciperna blir något förenklade men eftersom förslaget ej trätt i laga kraft ännu är det svårt att peka på konkreta konsekvenser. Dock kan man förutse vissa skillnader avseende bland annat delårsrapportering, balansering av egenupparbetade immateriella anläggningstillgångar och restvärdesavskrivningar.</p><p>Efter att ha tagit del av respondenternas svar samt vad som sägs i lagrådsremissen kan vi konstatera att förändringarna på flera plan går mot att uppgifter ej är lagstadgade utan snarare styrs av intressenterna. Delårsrapporter är en sådan uppgift, då det ej åligger revisionsplikt på dem ser vi det som en naturlig utveckling att ta bort den lagstadgade uppgiftsskyldigheten för K3 – bolagen.</p><p>Vidare diskuteras huruvida K2 – blocket kommer innefatta bolag med allt för stora skillna-der i omfattning av verksamhet och hur detta skulle kunna undvikas. Vi föreslår en höjning av K1-blocket från tre till fem miljoner kronor i nettoomsättning där aktiebolag ej ska in-kluderas. Anledningen till detta är att få bort de minsta bolagen ur K2 – blocket genom att fler bolag bör överväga alternativa bolagsformer för att undvika allt för omfattande redovisningsmässiga skyldigheter.</p><p>Från och med den första januari 2007 träder ett nytt regelverk beträffande redovisningsprinciper i kraft i Sverige. Regelverket är delvis utformat efter EU:s redovisningsdirektiv och är ett steg i harmoniseringen. De bolag som vid årsskiftet skall till-lämpa det nya regelverket är de som ej överskrider det nya 50/25/50 - värdet, dvs. K1 och K2 - bolagen. För större bolag, K3 samt K4, kommer reglerna träda i kraft med det räkenskapsår som påbörjas första januari 2010.</p> / <p>One of EU:s primary purposes is to create freedom of movement for capital. Through continuous reducing of trade obstacles they strive to create equal conditions between the member nations. Through the globalization that has taken place and still is taking place it is increasingly common for Swedish companies to compete and cooperate with European companies.</p><p>A lot has happened in the accounting and auditor area during the last decade which has forced the Swedish legislation partly to be rewritten and adjusted to EG directives. International accounting standards has had a great deal of influence on the major Swedish companies. These standards are originally adapted for stock exchange introduced companies which in the last couple of years have resulted in unreasonable extensive accounting obligations for smaller Swedish companies. In November 2004 the ministry of Justice presented a memorandum which among other things intended to simplify accounting obligations. Their assessment was that the two threshold values that today are termed in ÅRL and BFN should be coordinated into one common threshold. The motivation for this was that small and medium companies in a greater extent should be able to make exceptions from onerous rules concerning bookkeeping and closure. During the winter 2005/2006 a referral and a government bill was made public where BFN, FAR and SRS gave expression of their opinions. This resulted in that the partial value in the coordinated threshold was established to 50 employees, 25 million in balanced turnover and 50 million in total reve-nue.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate which consequences this will have to the small and medium companies in Sweden. The investigation has been carried out through two perspectives, one to reflect the general consequences with the harmonious and also which consequences the coordinated threshold value will bring to the accounts. To reach the pur-pose four expert interviews were carried out. The conclusion of these interviews was that the accounting standards will be a bit more simplified but since the proposal has not yet become legally binding it is hard to point to concrete consequences. We can still predict to a certain extend with respect to among other things; quarterly reports, balancing of non-material internally acquired inventory and depreciation of residual values.</p><p>After studying the respondents’ answers and the referral we can establish that the changes on several levels will progress to the point of information not being statutory but rather controlled by interest organisations. Quarterly reports are that sort of task, when it is not mandatory audit on this sort of report we can not see any reason not to remove the statu-tory information obligation for the K – 3 companies.</p><p>The thesis further discusses whether the K2 – block will include companies with much too large differences in the extent of activity and how this should be avoided. We suggest a raise of the K-1 block from three too five million in net turnover, where joint-stock companies not will be included. The reason for this is to get rid of the smallest companies in the K-2 block; more companies should consider alternative company forms to avoid all too extensive accounting obligations.</p><p>Starting on the first of January 2007, the new regulation concerning accounting principles will take effect in Sweden. The regulations are partly designed according to the EU:s ac-counting directives and are a step in the harmonious direction. Those companies who will apply the new regulation at the turn of the year are those which do not exceed the new 50/25/50 value i.e. K-1 and K-2 companies. For the bigger companies, K-3 and K-4, the new regulation takes effect with the accounting year that starts on the first of January 2010.</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2010.

Melampyrum nemorosum agg. is very complicated group of hemiparasitic plants. According to the traditional concept, 15 species is distinguished. Recent molecular analyses show a need of critical taxonomic revision of group and a potential importance of ancient hybridization. Analysis of 3 regions of cpDNA (trnTUGU-trnLUAA, psbA-trnHGUG, rpl32-trnLUAG) and 2 regions of nuclear DNA (Agt1 and At103) reveals well supported lineage with limited geographical distribution. Morphology and genome size of genetically supported lineages were compared.

Melampyrum nemorosum agg. is very complicated group of hemiparasitic plants. According to the traditional concept, 15 species is distinguished. Recent molecular analyses show a need of critical taxonomic revision of group and a potential importance of ancient hybridization. Analysis of 3 regions of cpDNA (trnTUGU-trnLUAA, psbA-trnHGUG, rpl32-trnLUAG) and 2 regions of nuclear DNA (Agt1 and At103) reveals well supported lineage with limited geographical distribution. Morphology and genome size of genetically supported lineages were compared.

Konsumtionen i världen ökar och ett sätt att motverka den miljöpåverkan det medför är återanvändning genom second hand. Många second hand-verksamheter har välgörenhetssyfte och för att uppmuntra till köp krävs god marknadsföring samt ett starkt varumärke och där spelar butiken en central roll. Föreliggande studie har därför undersökt hur ett grafiskt kampanjmaterial för användning i en second hand-butik med välgörenhetssyfte kan vara utformat för att öka betalningsviljan. För att besvara forskningsfrågan har forskning genom design använts. Tidigare forskning och en förstudie har legat till grund för designarbetet genom vilket två koncept kallade Oväntad kombo och På köpet har tagit fram. Båda koncepten förmedlar vad pengarna vid köp går till, men har olika angreppssätt. Koncepten värderades genom kvalitativa intervjuer, vilka visade att det fanns stora risker att konceptet På köpet missuppfattades, medan Oväntad kombo upplevdes som tydligt och väckte positiva känslor. Värderingen resulterade i att konceptet Oväntad kombo rekommenderas för användning i butik. En kvantitativ jämförelse visade dessutom att konceptet leder till mätbar ökad betalningsvilja.

Syftet med undersökningen är dels att undersöka hur mycket tid 257 svensklärare i årskurs F-6 upplever att läsningen får i deras undervisning och dels att synliggöra huruvida eleverna får samtala med varandra om det lästa. Vidare är syftet också att dels undersöka hur mycket barn- och ungdomslitteratur läraren läser och dels ta del av lärarnas tankar om hur deras läsundervisning kan utvecklas utifrån verksamheten men också sig själva. För att besvara syftets frågeställningar användes en enkät av främst kvantitativ karaktär men med inslag av öppna frågor. Resultatet visar att de flesta lärare ser på läsning som en social aktivitet. Lärarna anser det viktigt med sin egen läsning av barn- och ungdomslitteratur och läser i den mån de hinner. Elevernas läsning av skönlitteratur, lärarens högläsning och samtal mellan elever om texter är vanligt förekommande i den planerade undervisningen, men inte i alla klassrum. Det visar sig även att många lärare önskar mer tid för att arbeta med att inspirera till läsning, ett större samarbete med verksamheten, men också att de önskar att förbättra yttre faktorer såsom klassrum, läshörnor och bibliotek.