Corn is one of the most cultivated cereal in Brazil, making the country's third largest producer of culture. Due to their genetic diversity, which allows its adaptation to different environments. Among the cultivars, are local, traditional or creole called (CLTCs), which are an alternative for small farms and also constitute an important source of genetic resistance and tolerance to different types of stress and adaptation to different environments and local managements. This study aimed to evaluate the adaptability and phenotypic stability of 15 Land varieties conserved in Family Seed Banks in Ibarama - RS as well, estimate genetic parameters in sib progenies derived from a field of three recombination Creole cultivars corn. Evaluation of adaptability and stability was performed in two consecutive years and in three areas, totaling six environments, using the randomized block design with three replications of two lines of 5m spacing of 0.9 m between rows and 0.2 m between plants. Productivity data were evaluated by the proposed Eberhart and Russell (1966) method. Among the cultivars stood out Cinquentinha with adaptability to harsh environments and to Sertanejo favorable and the others were considered wide adaptability. As for stability, all landraces cultivars showed high stability and predictability of production. For estimation of genetic parameters, three cultivars of yellow endosperm in order to reduce plant height were recombined. The progenies were recombined into three environments in randomized block design, with rows of 5m length and spacing of 0.9 m between rows and 0.2 m between plants. Heritability, phenotypic variance, genotypic and environmental and Cve / CVG: characteristics such as plant height, plant height and ear height and productivity for each of these characteristics were estimated using the GENES (Cruz, 1997) the following genetic parameters were evaluated program . The selection in sib progenies of creole maize in order to reduce the size of the plant is related to the selection of plants with lower ear height and these progenies have potential and wide genetic variability for the improvement of the characters plant height, height of spike and grain yield in the present study, by genetic selection gains can be expected. / O milho é um dos cereais mais cultivados no Brasil, fazendo com que o país seja o terceiro maior produtor mundial da cultura. Devido a sua diversidade genética, que permite sua adaptação a diferentes ambientes. Dentre as cultivares utilizadas, estão as denominadas locais, tradicionais ou crioulas (CLTCs), que constituem uma alternativa para pequenas propriedades rurais e constituem, também, uma importante fonte genética de tolerância e resistência para diferentes tipos de estresse e de adaptação aos variados ambientes e manejos locais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade fenotípica de 15 cultivares crioulas conservadas em Bancos Familiares de Sementes em Ibarama - RS, bem como, estimar parâmetros genéticos em progênies de meios irmãos oriundas de um campo de recombinação entre três cultivares crioulas de milho. A avaliação da adaptabilidade e estabilidade foi realizada em duas safras consecutivas e em três áreas, totalizando seis ambientes, utilizando-se o delineamento blocos ao acaso com três repetições de duas linhas de 5m com espaçamento de 0,9m entre fileiras e 0,2m entre plantas. Os dados de produtividade foram avaliados pelo método proposto por Eberhart e Russel (1966). Dentre as cultivares destacaram-se Cinquentinha com adaptabilidade a ambientes desfavoráveis e Sertanejo para favoráveis e as demais foram consideradas de adaptabilidade ampla. Já para estabilidade, todas as cultivares crioulas apresentaram alta estabilidade e previsibilidade de produção. Para a estimação de parâmetros genéticos, foram recombinadas três cultivares de endosperma amarelo com objetivo de reduzir a altura de planta. As progênies foram recombinadas em três ambientes no delineamento blocos ao acaso, com linhas de 5m de comprimento e espaçamento de 0,9m entre fileiras e 0,2m entre plantas. Foram avaliadas características como altura de planta, altura de inserção da espiga e produtividade e para cada uma dessas características foram estimadas com auxílio do programa GENES (CRUZ, 1997) os seguintes parâmetros genéticos: herdabilidade, variâncias fenotípicas, genotípicas e ambientais e Cve/Cvg. A seleção em progênies de meios irmãos de milho crioulo com o objetivo de reduzir o porte de planta está relacionada à seleção de plantas com menor altura de espiga e essas progênies apresentam potencial e ampla variabilidade genética para o melhoramento dos caracteres altura de planta, altura de espiga e produtividade de grãos, avaliados no presente estudo, podendo ser esperados ganhos genéticos mediante seleção.

Sélectionner les animaux qui ont le plus haut niveau de production, en tenant peu compte d’autres caractères, a toujours bien fonctionné dans les conditions d’un environnement favorable (i.e. ration riche en nutriments, faible charge pathogène, thermoneutralité). Toutefois, pour de nombreuses raisons (économiques, climatiques, écologiques), les éleveurs auront sans doute de plus en plus de mal à réunir de telles conditions dans l’environnement de leur troupeau, et pourront même délibérément choisir de ne pas le faire. Sélectionner des animaux qui soient adaptés avec les conditions futures des troupeaux devient donc tout aussi important qu’adapter la conduite du troupeau en fonction des génotypes sélectionnés. Pour mieux identifier les contraintes et les opportunités d'appliquer ces deux options, nous proposons, pour la première fois dans cette thèse, un modèle animal intégrant les effets de la sélection génétique et de la conduite du troupeau. Ce modèle intègre des coefficients d’allocation de la ressource alimentaire entre les fonctions biologiques en tant que caractères héritables Il permet de simuler à court-terme les performances zootechniques et à long-terme les réponses à la sélection résultant de la transmission de ces caractères d’allocation entre générations. Le modèle a été appliqué à la chèvre laitière et se focalise sur la conduite en lactation longue (LL) d’une partie des chèvres du troupeau (conduite consistant à préserver des femelles en lactation ayant après une mise bas sans réengagement d’une nouvelle reproduction). Nous sommes partis du principe que la sélection et la conduite du troupeau influencent tous deux la façon dont chaque animal alloue ses ressources entre ses fonctions biologiques. Nous avons cherché à évaluer la portée de ce principe pour mieux comprendre le développement des interactions génotype-environnement (G x E) sur le long terme. Dans un troupeau soumis à des variations du niveau d'alimentation, différentes stratégies de sélection ciblant l’amélioration de la production laitière et de la longévité ont été simulées. En accord avec la théorie de l’allocation, les réponses à la sélection révèlent que l’amélioration de la production et de la survie doit faire face à un compromis entre ces deux caractères. Cependant, ce compromis est atténué lorsque la sélection est combinée avec la conduite en LL d’une partie du troupeau. Un tel effet de synergie entre sélection et conduite résulte d’une interaction complexe entre la dynamique individuelle de performance au cours de la LL et le renouvellement du troupeau. Ainsi, la capacité innée des chèvres à prolonger leur lactation semble pouvoir être valorisée pour améliorer la résilience du troupeau. / Selecting those animals that have the greatest level of production, with little regard for other traits, has historically worked well in a favorable environment (i.e. nutrient-rich diet, low pathogen load, thermo-neutrality). However, for numerous reasons (economic, climatic, ecological) farmers will find it increasingly difficult, and indeed may actively choose not, to provide such favorable conditions in their herd environment. Selecting animals that match the future herd environments thus becomes as important as managing the herd environment to match the selected genotypes. To better identify constraints and opportunities to apply these two options, we propose, for the first time, in this thesis an animal model integrating the effects of selection and management. This model integrates resource allocation between life-functions resource as heritable traits. It enables simulating short-term performance and long-term selection response resulting from the transmission of allocation traits between generations. The model was applied to the dairy goat and focused on the management of extended lactation (EL) for a part of the herd (management practice based on keeping females in lactation without a new reproductive cycle). Both selection and management were assumed to influence the way every animal allocates its resource between functions. We aimed to assess the significance of this assumption for a better understanding of the development of genotype-environment interactions (G × E) over the long-term. In a herd subject to variations in the feeding level, different selection strategies aiming at improving milk production and longevity were simulated. In agreement with the resource allocation theory, the selection responses show improving production and survival has to face a trade-off between these two traits. However, this trade-off is alleviated when selection is combined with some proportion of EL in the herd. Such a synergistic effect between selection and management results from a complex interaction between the individual dynamic performance during EL and the herd turnover. Thereby, the innate capacity of goats to extend their lactation might be promoted to enhance herd resilience.

La France est l’un des premiers producteurs européens d’orge brassicole (Hordeum vulgare L.) et le premier exportateur mondial de malt. La production d’orge brassicole repose actuellement sur une utilisation massive d’intrants de synthèse et entraîne comme d’autres grandes cultures des impacts négatifs sur l’environnement et la santé des consommateurs. Ce travail a pour objectif de concevoir et d’évaluer des variétés et des itinéraires techniques pour cette espèce permettant une production quantitative et qualitative élevée avec un moindre recours aux intrants de synthèse. À partir d’un réseau d’essai multilocal, nous montrons que la teneur en protéines et le rendement calibré (poids des grains >2.5 mm) des orges brassicoles doivent être spécifiquement améliorés pour les conduites techniques en bas niveau d’intrants. Sur cette base, nous avons identifié les caractéristiques variétales favorables à une faible perte de teneur en protéines et de rendement calibré en situation de stress azoté.Puis, après avoir développé un modèle de culture adapté à cette espèce, nous avons identifié des stratégies de fertilisation azotées offrant les meilleurs compromis entre production quantitative et qualitative, tout en minimisant les pertes en azote vers l’environnement. Grâce à une caractérisation précise des environnements de production français, les meilleures stratégies de fertilisation azotée ont été identifiées localement. Enfin, nous avons identifié de nouvelles combinaisons de caractéristiques variétales permettant d’optimiser la production d’orge dans des situations d’intrants réduits. Nous montrons in silico, qu’adapter simultanément les caractéristiques variétales et de l’itinéraire technique permet d’atteindre des performances comparables aux variétés actuelles dans des itinéraires techniques avec recours intensif aux intrants. Nous discutons des méthodes de sélection adaptées pour identifier les variétés les plus performantes dans des situations d’intrant réduit. Enfin, nous revenons sur la démarche de conception mobilisée. / France is the largest European producer of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the leading exporter of malt worldwide, accounting for 20% of world trade. French barley production has relied heavily on the use of synthetic inputs and has led, as other arable crops, to considerable environmental damage. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate crop and management ideotype adapted to a lower use of synthetic fertilizer. From a multi-environment trial, we conclude that the grain protein content and the calibrated yield (weight of grains >2.5 mm) have to be specifically improved in low-input management systems. We experimentally identified genotypic characteristics adapted to a low grain protein content loss and calibrated yield loss under N stress. With a crop model we adapted to malting barley, we also identified optimal N fertilization strategies allowing to reach high quantitative and qualitative performances whilst minimizing N losses toward the environment. Based on a precise characterization of environments the French barley belt, the best N fertilization strategies were identified for different regions. Finally, we identified new combinations of genotypic characteristics optimizing quantitative and qualitative performances in low management system. We showed that, in silico, a simultaneous adaptation of genotypic characteristics and optimization of N fertilization management allowed to reach similar performances as current genotypes in high-input management systems. We discuss methods to breed genotypes with high performances in low-input systems and the method used for innovative design of new management and barley malting cultivars adapted to low-input systems.

La France présente une grande diversité de conditions pédoclimatiques et par conséquent des systèmes d'élevage très variés. Pourtant, les schémas de sélection actuels en bovins laitiers considèrent que les meilleurs reproducteurs sont les mêmes quel que soit le type de système d'élevage, c'est-à-dire qu'il n'existe pas d'interactions Génotype*Milieu. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mesurer les interactions Génotype*Milieu en France sur les caractères laitiers et fonctionnels dans les 3 races bovines laitières principales (Normande, Montbéliarde, Holstein).Un point crucial dans ce type d'étude est la façon de définir le milieu. L'innovation de cette thèse est l'utilisation des profils Troupeau-Jour de Contrôle. Ce sont des coproduits du modèle génétique basé sur les contrôles élémentaires. Ils reflètent la production permise par la conduite de troupeau au cours du temps. Ils présentent l'avantage d'être disponibles à partir des bases de données nationales et d'être uniquement le reflet de la conduite, contrairement à d'autres définitions qui mêlent effet génétique et effet d'environnement au sein de la définition du milieu ou qui se focalisent sur certains points précis de la conduite sans prendre en compte son effet global. La description des profils Troupeau-Jour de Contrôle de plus de 15000 élevages normands, montbéliards et holsteins par des méthodes de lissage de séries temporelles, d'analyses factorielles et de classification a permis de créer 2 définitions du milieu en vue de l'étude des interactions Génotype*Milieu : des milieux définis comme des groupes d'élevages aux conduites distinctes ou un milieu défini comme un continuum à travers une ou des variables synthétiques.L'importance des interactions Génotype*Milieu a été estimées à partir de 2 types de modèles : un modèle multicaractères qui valorise la définition du milieu sous forme de groupes d'élevages et un modèle de norme de réaction qui valorise, quant à lui, le milieu défini comme un continuum. Les avancées méthodologiques proposées dans cette thèse concernent les modèles de normes de réaction. Des approches permettant de prendre en compte plusieurs variables d'environnement au sein d'un même modèle et de les résumer au sein d'une matrice génétique de rang réduit sont mises en avant.Aucun reclassement n'a été mis en évidence : les meilleurs reproducteurs sont les mêmes quel que soit le système d'élevage. Les schémas des sélections actuels sont donc performants. Il existe tout de même une interaction Génotype*Milieu significative sous forme d'effet d'échelle : la variabilité des valeurs génétiques des animaux est plus importante dans les systèmes d'élevage plus intensifs. Cet effet d'échelle ne sera pas pris en compte dans les modèles d'évaluation génétique, en revanche, il est possible d'imaginer un indicateur utilisable sur le terrain pour mesurer les écarts de performances, dus à cet effet, auxquels il faut s'attendre. / Because of the diversity of pedoclimatic conditions in France, dairy farms have very diversified herd management systems. For this reason, some breeders question the efficiency of the existing breeding schemes for their own management system. To overcome these concerns, a genotype by environment interaction study at the French national level has been considered necessary. The aim of this thesis is to assess the presence of genotype by environment interactions in Normande, Montbéliarde and Holstein breeds for production and functional traits.A tricky point in genotype by environment interaction studies is the environmentdefinition. The innovation of this thesis deals with the use of Herd-Test Day profiles.They are co-products of the French test day model. They reflect the production dueto herd management over time. They are available in national databases and only reflect herd management effect contrary to other definitions in which there is a confusion between genetic and environmental effects in the environment definition or which focus on specific features of the herd management without taking into account its global effect. Herd Test Day profiles of more than 15,000 herds have been studied through time series smoothing, factor analysis and clustering methods. It led to 2 definitions of the environment for the genotype by environment interaction study : environments defined as herd groups or one to several environmental gradients.Genotype by environment interactions were assessed with 2 models : the multitrait model and the reaction norm model. The first one uses herd groups as definition of the environment whereas reaction norm model considers the environment as a gradient. Several methodological improvements have been suggested for reaction norm models : taking into account several environmental gradients in a reaction norm model and summarizing them through a reduced rank genetic matrix.No reranking has been shown : the best parents are the same whatever the herd management system. Consequently, current breeding schemes are relevant. However, a scale effect exists : the variability of animal breeding values is higher in intensive herds. Genetic models will not account for this scale effect. However, a tool useful for breeders could indicate the deviation between expected performances and actual performances due to this scale effect.

As características genéticas das culturas agrícolas podem ser influenciadas pelo ambiente, interferindo na produtividade. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa visa entender como ocorre a interação entre genótipo e ambiente (IGA) e a interação entre quantitative trait locus (QTL) e ambiente (IQA), a fim de fornecer instrumentos que possam melhorar a produtividade. Em destaque, vemos que o modelo de efeitos principais aditivos e interação multiplicativa (AMMI), que considera como aditivos os efeitos principais de genótipo e ambiente e como multiplicativos os efeitos da interação, é uma importante ferramenta que permite estudar a interação com dados de ensaios multi-ambientais e apresentar boas previsões na detecção de QTL para novos ambientes. Para se levar em considera- ção a heterogeneidade da variância do erro ao longo dos ambientes, uma generalização do modelo AMMI é utilizada, o modelo AMMI ponderado ou W-AMMI. Nesta pesquisa, observando os dados resultantes de um experimento com 9 genótipos de milho conduzidos em 20 ambientes e 4 blocos, foram comparadas as análises da IGA utilizando o modelo AMMI e W-AMMI. Com um segundo conjunto de dados, resultantes do cruzamento das variedades de cevada Harrington e TR306, com 141 genótipos conduzidos em 12 ambientes foram comparados os resultados das análises da IGA e IQA utilizando os modelos AMMI e W-AMMI, sendo que foram propostas ponderações por linha (todos os ambientes para determinado genótipo ficam com o mesmo peso) e coluna (todos os genótipos para determinado ambiente ficam com o mesmo peso). / The genetic characteristics of crops can be influenced by the environment, interfering with productivity. This research intends to understand the genotype-by-environment interaction(IGA) and quantitative trait locus (QTL)-by-environment interection (IQA), in order to provide tools that can improve productivity. That the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interactions (AMMI) model, has been widely used to study and understand these interactions and has shown to provide good interpretations of both IGA and IQA, as well as QTL detection. In order to take into account of the heterogeneity of error variance over the environments, a generalization of the AMMI model is used, the weighted AMMI or W-AMMI. In this study, observing the data resulting from an experiment with 9 maize genotypes conducted in 20 environments and 4 blocks, was used to compare the results between the AMMI and W-AMMI models. A second set of data, resulting a cross between the barley varieties Harrington and TR306, with 141 genotypes conducted in 12 environments, was used to compare the AMMI and two versions of the W-AMMI (equal weighs per row; and equal weights per column) models in terms of IGA, IQA and QTL detection.

Hedi HAMMAMI (2009). Genotype by Environment Interaction for Production Traits of Holsteins Using Two Countries as Model: Luxembourg and Tunisia (Doctoral thesis). Gembloux, Belgium, Gembloux Agricultural University, 170 p., 30 tabl., 16 fig. Summary. Under globalization, breeding organizations are selecting animals and exchanging germplasm across various environments. Ignoring genotype by environment interaction (G x E) may affect the efficiency of breeding strategies and limit outcomes from cooperation between breeding programs. Quantifying the effectiveness of indirect selection and effects of G x E for different breeds is therefore necessary. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the magnitude of G x E for milk yield using Luxembourg and Tunisian Holstein populations. In fact, these two countries rely considerably on importation of superior genes from diverse origins for their breeding programs. This study needed records on both the genotype and the environment. In the first part of this thesis, genetic ties between the two populations were studied. Additive relationships and genetic similarity were important and genetic links have been strengthened with time which allowed the analysis of the phenotypic expression of daughters of common sires under each of these tow production environments. In the second part, genetic parameters for production traits of Tunisian Holsteins were estimated by a test-day random regression model (RRTD). Heritability estimates for 305-d milk, fat and protein yields were low to moderate (0.12 to 0.18) suspecting difficulties of high-producing cows to express their potential under limiting production conditions. In the third part, G x E for milk yield and persistency were investigated using character state models, where milk yield in each country was considered as a separate trait, and where the country border delimitation was designed as an environmental character state. A RRTD sire model was applied and was extended to a RRTD animal model. Significant G x E was detected for milk yield and persistency by both models. Large differences in genetic and permanent environmental variances between the two countries were observed. Genetic correlations for 305-d milk yield and persistency between Luxembourg and Tunisian Holsteins were 0.50 and 0.43 (sire model) and 0.60 and 0.36 (animal model). Moreover, low rank correlations obtained between estimated breeding values of common sires translate a significant re-ranking between the two environments. At the end of this thesis, a herd management (HM) parameter reflecting feeding and management intensity was defined. Three HM levels were identified in each country and G x E was investigated within- and across-environments. Significant G x E was detected between the Tunisian HM levels, whereas, only heterogeneous genetic variance for milk yield with limited re-ranking of sires across the three Luxembourg environments was observed. Overall, this thesis shows that under constraining environmental effects, selection for adaptive traits among economically valuable traits under their specific conditions is needed for low-input systems. When satisfactory feeding resources, management and husbandry practices are available, high degree environmental sensitivity is desired and the use of a high yielding breed may be encouraged.

No description available.

Incluir como ag?ncias financiadoras: Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq). / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-05T18:15:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thaiza_silva_campideli.pdf: 3972827 bytes, checksum: d46dcbd4e39c922c90034d3992c8ad54 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-19T16:55:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thaiza_silva_campideli.pdf: 3972827 bytes, checksum: d46dcbd4e39c922c90034d3992c8ad54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T16:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thaiza_silva_campideli.pdf: 3972827 bytes, checksum: d46dcbd4e39c922c90034d3992c8ad54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a sensibilidade dos valores gen?ticos aos n?veis diet?ticos de lisina digest?vel para caracter?sticas de desempenho e medidas morfom?tricas de til?pias do Nilo da linhagem tailandesa. Vinte e nove fam?lias de irm?os completos foram produzidas pelo acasalamento de 21 machos e 29 f?meas. A distribui??o entre os tanques foi feita aleatoriamente, por fam?lia, ap?s marca??o dos peixes, entre 94 a 109 dias de idade, at? formar um lote inicial de vinte alevinos por tanque, totalizando 700 peixes. ? idade aproximada de 150 dias os peixes foram aleatoriamente redistribu?dos no sistema, at? formar lotes com aproximadamente 138 peixes por n?vel de lisina digest?vel na dieta. Os peixes foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia com dietas contendo diferentes n?veis de lisina digest?vel: 1,43; 1,53; 1,63; 1,73; e 1,83% nas idades entre 94 a 150 dias; e 1,28; 1,38; 1,48; 1,58 e 1,68% a partir da idade de 150 at? 255 dias. As informa??es individuais das til?pias (peso, comprimento total, comprimento padr?o, comprimento de cabe?a, altura e largura) foram padronizadas para 150, 185, 220 e 255 dias de idade. A partir de ent?o foram calculados o ganho de peso total, o ganho de peso di?rio, rela??o entre cabe?a e comprimento padr?o, rela??o entre largura e altura e a rela??o entre comprimento padr?o e comprimento total. Para as an?lises foi utilizado modelo de regress?o aleat?ria, sob modelo animal uni-caracter?stica. Foram testados modelos de ordens 2 e 3 do polin?mio de Legendre para o efeito fixo e ordem 2 para os efeitos gen?tico aditivo e de fam?lia e testados modelos com vari?ncia residual homog?nea (1classe) a heterog?nea (2, 3, e 4 classes). Os modelos que proporcionaram melhor ajuste na maioria das caracter?sticas foram os que consideraram vari?ncia residual homog?nea. De forma geral, os valores da correla??o de posto foram altas. As normas de rea??o de 25 til?pias tailandesas amostradas aleatoriamente indicaram altera??o na sensibilidade dos valores gen?ticos de algumas caracter?sticas ?s mudan?as no n?vel nutricional de lisina digest?vel. Observou-se, portanto, que as til?pias apresentam altera??o nos valores gen?ticos, sugerindo de maneira geral, a exist?ncia da intera??o gen?tipo x n?veis de lisina digest?vel para caracter?sticas, o que pode acarretar em sele??o de diferentes animais nos diferentes ambientes. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the sensitivity of breeding values to dietary digestible lysine level for performance traits and morphometric measurements of Nile tilapia of Thai lineage. Twenty-nine full sib families were produced by mating 21 males and 29 females. The distribution among the tanks was randomized by family, after marking the fish, between 94 and 109 days of age, until forming an initial batch of twenty fingerlings per tank, totaling 700 fish. At the approximate age of 150 days the fish were randomly redistributed into the system until they formed lots with approximately 138 fish per level of digestible lysine in the diet. Four times a day the fishes were fed diets containing different levels of lysine: 1.43; 1.53; 1.63; 1.73 and 1.83% in the growing phase; and 1.28; 1.38; 1.48; 1.58 and 1.68% in the finishing phase. The individual tilapia information (weight, total length, standard length, head length, height and width) were standardized for 150, 185, 220 and 255 days of age. From then on the weight gain, daily weight gain, head to standard length ratio, width to height ratio and the relationship between standard length and total length were calculated. . For the analyses, a random regression model was used under a single animal model. Legendre polynomial models of 2 and 3 orders were tested for the fixed effect, and of order 2 for the additive and family genetic effects. In addition, models were also tested using homogeneous residual variance (1 class) and heterogeneous variance (2, 3, and 4 classes). The models that provide better fit in most of the characteristics were those that considered homogeneous residual variance. In general, the rank correlations of breeding values of pairs of dietary digestible lysine levels were high. The reaction norms of 25 randomly sampled Thai tilapia showed change in the sensitivity of breeding values of some traits to changes in dietary digestible lysine level. Therefore, it was observed that breeding values of tilapia traits generally changed along the environment gradient, suggesting the existence of genotype x dietary digestible lysine level interaction which can lead to the selection of different fishes in different environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 603649 bytes, checksum: 8078bce5044cb13ffdd772bf86b1760f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-09 / The bioenergy sector in Brazil has been experimenting the use of saccharine sorgum to optimize ethanol production. However, there are few varieties and little knowledge about the adaptability of available materials. To study the genotypes adaptability and stability is indispensable at the final stages of a saccharine sorgum improvement/amelioration program, in order to signal correctly appropriate genotypes to regions of cultivated lands. Green mass productivity (PMVtn/ha) of saccharine sorgum is influenced by genotype effects (G), environmental effects (E), and by the genotype environment interactions (G x E), that yield different genotype behavior in different environments. The research aimed at studying the genotype adaptability and stability based on (G x E) in order to select the best genotypes of saccharine sorgum driven by ethanol production in intercrop periods of sugar cane plantation. The experiments were carried out in 8 environments encompassing different regions in Brazil (Minas Gerais and São Paulo States in the Southeast Region), as well as (Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul States plus the Federal District in the West-Central Region), in the tillage years of 2013-2014. In order to select the best genotypes, their adaptability and stability was studied by means of the Eberhart & Russel method, and the methodology Cruz, Torres & Vencovsky proposed. Variance analyses were followed by adaptability and stability analyses. The Eberhart & Russel methodology recommended the genotype BRS 511 for its showing highly predictable behavior and good response to environmental variations under both specific or general conditions regarding all characteristics that were evaluated. It also recommended the genotypes CMSXS644, CMSXS647 and Sugargraze for green mass production (PMVtn/ha), CMSXS629, CMSXS630, CMSXS646, CMSXS647, BRS 508, BRS509, e CV 198 for the variable TBH, and CMSXS629, CMSXS630, CMSXS643, CMSXS646, BRS 506, e BRS509 for the SST contents. The bisegmented regression proposed by Cruz, Torres &Vencovsky only characterized the genotypes concerning their adaptability under specific conditions in favorable environments or their adaptability in general, and concerning their stability as stable. Yet, it has not identified recommendable genotypes. / O setor bioenergético brasileiro vem experimentando o uso de sorgo sacarino para otimizar a produção de etanol. Entretanto, existem poucas variedades e pouco conhecimento da adaptabilidade dos materiais disponíveis. O estudo da adaptabilidade e estabilidade dos genótipos é imprescindível na fase final do programa de melhoramento de sorgo sacarino, para corretas indicações dos genótipos apropriados nas regiões de cultivo. A produtividade de massa verde (PMVtn/ha) do sorgo sacarino é influenciada por efeitos genotípicos (G), efeitos ambientais (A) e das interações genótipos x ambientes (G x A), que levam ao comportamento diferencial dos genótipos nos diversos ambientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade dos genótipos com base nos efeitos da interação genótipos x ambientes para a seleção dos melhores genótipos de sorgo sacarino visando a produção de etanol, na entressafra da cana de açúcar em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em 8 ambientes nas regiões do sudeste (Minas Gerais, São Paulo) e Centro-Oeste (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Distrito Federal) no ano agrícola 2013-2014. Para a seleção dos melhores genótipos, fez-se um estudo de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, utilizando-se o método de Eberhart e Russel e a metodologia proposta por Cruz, Torres e Vencovsky. Foram realizadas as análises de variância e posteriormente as análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Pela metodologia de Eberhart e Russel, foi recomendado o genótipo BRS 511, por apresentar comportamentos altamente previsíveis e responsivos às variações dos ambientes em condições específicas ou amplas em todas as características avaliadas. Ela também recomendou os genótipos CMSXS644, CMSXS647, e Sugargraze, para a produção de massa verde (PMVtn/ha); CMSXS629, CMSXS630, CMSXS646, CMSXS647, BRS 508, BRS509, e CV198 para a variável TBH; e CMSXS629, CMSXS630, CMSXS643, CMSXS646, BRS 506, e BRS 509 para o teor de SST. A regressão bissegmentada proposta pelo método de Cruz, Torres e Venconvsky, caracterizou apenas os genótipos quanto à adaptabilidade em condições específicas em ambientes favoráveis ou de adaptação geral, e quanto à estabilidade como estáveis. Porém, não identificou genótipos recomendáveis.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-01T10:57:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Odilon Peixoto de Morais Júnior - 2013.pdf: 2379319 bytes, checksum: e48602a211183d753b05be7362d82c91 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T14:18:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Odilon Peixoto de Morais Júnior - 2013.pdf: 2379319 bytes, checksum: e48602a211183d753b05be7362d82c91 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T14:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Odilon Peixoto de Morais Júnior - 2013.pdf: 2379319 bytes, checksum: e48602a211183d753b05be7362d82c91 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal in the world as a major component of the staple food of the world’s population. The increase of the yield potential of new upland rice cultivars has been became highlighted as a main challenge for the plant breeding in this millennium. The increasing mean yield of cultivars becomes more difficult to identify superior genotypes, because the contrasts among elite-lines are becoming smaller. This highlights the importance of developing improved populations with high frequency of favorable alleles and genetic variability. The recurrent selection is a method based on population breeding and the main characteristic is obtaining long-term results. Using the recurrent selection population CNA6 of upland rice, the objectives of this study were: (i) to obtain estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters among S0:2 progenies for grain yield (PG, in kg ha-1) and plant height (AP, in cm), in four selection cycles; (ii) to determine the influence of the progeny x location interaction on estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters; (iii) to estimate the genetic progress of the population along the four cycles of recurrent selection for PG, AP and days-to-flowering (DF, in days); and (iv) to evaluate the genetic potential of this population through the expected proportion of superior lines after each selection cycle. It was used the data set from yield trials of S0:2 progenies in the years 2000/01, 2003/04, 2006/07 and 2009/10 from Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). In each cycle, the trials were carried out in some locations (Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO; Paragominas-PA; Primavera do Leste, MT; Sinop-MT; Teresina-PI and Vilhena-RO). The experimental design was augmented block of Federer, without replicate within location and with at least three checks. The plots were composed by four rows with five meters long, spacing of 0.30 m, and density of 60 seeds per meter. In each cycle, the data set from PG and AP were subjected to individual analysis of variance for Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, the unique common location in all cycles, and joint analysis of variance for all locations. Estimates of phenotypic, genotypic and environment correlations among three traits studied was obtained. The average gains per cycle, and average annual gains and total were estimated, as also the weighted coefficients of determination and gains among cycles and the total gain based on contrasts among estimated averages for each cycle. In addition, the expected proportions of superior inbred lines after each selection cycle were obtained, using the average of the checks as standard. Estimates of genetic correlations between PG and AP were -0.42 and between AP and DF the -0.11 , both significant (p0,01), and no correlation was detected among PG and DF. Thus, within this population progenies with higher grain yield had lower plant height, and cycle may be early, medium or late. Estimates of genetic variance among S0:2 progenies suggested that genetic variability was maintained along the cycles of selection for the traits PG and AP. After unfolding of the genotype x location interaction (GxL) was observed predominance of the crossover interaction for PG and AP. Finally, it was found that the GxL interaction affected the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for both traits, due to the wide geographic distribution of the target environments, which the recurrent selection program aims to obtain genetic gains in medium and long term. The results show clearly the efficiency of recurrent selection program in the progress of the population mean for grain yield and plant height, with significant genetic gains observed during the four cycles of selection. The genetic potential of the population to develop superior inbred lines increased during to selection cycles for grain yield and plant height. Despite the absence of genetic gain for days-to-flowering, the genetic potential for this trait was kept in the population during the four cycles elapsed. / O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é o cereal mais importante do mundo, sendo o componente principal da dieta básica da população mundial. O incremento do potencial produtivo em novas cultivares de arroz de terras altas vem se destacando como um dos principais desafios para o melhoramento genético da cultura neste milênio. À medida que se aumenta a produção média das cultivares, torna-se mais difícil identificar genótipos superiores, visto que as diferenças a serem detectadas são cada vez menores. Isto ressalta a importância do desenvolvimento de populações melhoradas com alta frequência de alelos favoráveis e variabilidade genética. A seleção recorrente apresenta-se como um método que tem como base funcional o melhoramento populacional, sendo sua principal característica a obtenção de resultados em longo prazo. A partir da população de seleção recorrente CNA6 de arroz de terras altas, este trabalho teve como objetivos (i) obter estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos entre progênies S0:2 para produção de grãos (PG, em kg ha-1) e altura de plantas (AP, em cm), em quatro ciclos de seleção; (ii) determinar a influência do componente da interação entre progênies e locais sobre as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos; (iii) estimar o progresso genético da população ao longo de quatro ciclos de seleção recorrente para PG, AP e dias para florescimento (DF, em dias); e (iv) avaliar o potencial genético dessa população por meio da probabilidade de se gerar linhagens superiores após cada ciclo de seleção. Foi utilizado um conjunto de dados provenientes de ensaios de rendimentos de progênies S0:2 nos anos agrícolas de 2000/01, 2003/04, 2006/07 e 2009/10 da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa). Em cada ciclo de seleção foram conduzidos ensaios em diferentes locais (Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO; Paragominas-PA; Primavera do Leste-MT; Sinop-MT; Teresina-PI e Vilhena-RO). O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos aumentados de Federer, sem repetição dentro de local e com mínimo de três testemunhas em cada ciclo. Em cada ciclo de seleção, os dados de PG e AP foram submetidos à análise de variância individual para Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, o único local comum em todos os ciclos, e análise de variância conjunta com todos os locais. Foram obtidas estimativas de correlações fenotípicas, genéticas e ambientais entre os três caracteres estudados. Foram estimados os ganhos genéticos médios relativos por ciclo, ganhos médios anuais e totais relativos, como também os coeficientes de determinação ponderados e os ganhos entre ciclos e o ganho total com base nos contrastes entre as médias estimadas para cada ciclo. Além disso, foram obtidas as proporções esperadas de linhagens superiores após cada ciclo de seleção, adotando a média das testemunhas como padrão. As estimativas de correlações genéticas entre PG e AP foram -0,42 e entre AP e DF de -0.11, ambas significativas (p0,01), e nenhuma correlação foi detectada entre PG e DF. Assim, dentro dessa população as progênies mais produtivas apresentavam menor porte, podendo ser de ciclo precoce, médio ou tardio. As estimativas de variância genética entre progênies S0:2 sugeriram que a variabilidade genética foi mantida ao longo dos ciclos de seleção para os caracteres PG e AP. Pela decomposição da interação genótipo x local (GxL) foi verificado predominância da parte complexa da interação para os caracteres PG e AP. Por fim, verificou-se que a interação GxL afetou as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para ambos os caracteres, em função da ampla distribuição geográfica dos ambientes alvos, os quais o programa de seleção recorrente do arroz de terras altas visa obter ganhos com seleção a médio e longo prazo. Os resultados revelaram claramente a eficiência do programa de seleção recorrente no progresso da média da população, para PG e AP, com ganhos genéticos significativos observados durante os quatro ciclos de seleção. O potencial genético da população em gerar linhagens superiores aumentou ao longo dos ciclos de seleção para PG e AP. Apesar da ausência de ganho genético em DF, o potencial genético para este caráter foi mantido na população durante os quatro ciclos decorridos.