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This research explores the agency and positioning of cultural workers in the restructuring of contemporary cities. This positioning is ambiguous. Cultural workers often lead precarious professional lives, yet their significant symbolic and cultural capital is widely mobilised in the service of neoliberal urban restructuring, including ‘creative city’ flagship developments and gentrification. But cultural workers’ actual agency, their reactions to urban processes that exploit their presence, and their relations to other urban social groups, are poorly understood and hard to decipher. This thesis addresses these issues through three articles. Paper I examines a process of artist-led gentrification ongoing in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York. It shows that artists, gallerists and other members of the local art scene contribute to sustaining gentrification through their everyday practices and discourses. The gentrification frontier is constructed on an everyday level as a transitional space and time in the scene members’ lives. Gentrification is de-politicised by discursively underplaying its conflictual components of class and racial struggle. Forms of resistance to gentrification amongst scene members are found, but they appear to be sector-specific and exclusive. Finally, scene members tend to fail at establishing meaningful relationships with long-time residents. Paper II brings the perspectives of long-time residents in Bushwick to the forefront. Examination of the emotional and affectual components of displacement reveals that these aspects are as important as material re-location to understanding displacement and gentrification. The encounter with newcomers’ bodies in neighbourhood spaces triggers a deep sense of displacement for long-time residents, evoking deep-rooted structural inequalities of which gentrification is one spatial expression. Paper III examines the case of Macao, a collective mobilisation of cultural workers in Milan, Italy. There, cultural workers have mobilised against neoliberal urbanism, top-down gentrification, corruption, growing labour precarity and other regressive urban and social issues. The paper considers the distinctive resources, aesthetic tactics and inaugurative practices mobilised and enacted in the urban space by Macao and it argues that by deploying their cultural and symbolic capital, cultural workers can reframe the relations between bodies, space and time, and hence challenge power structures. Cultural workers might not have the power to determine the structural boundaries and hierarchies that organize urban society, including their own positioning in it. Nonetheless, through their actions and discourses and subjectification processes, they can reinforce or challenge those borders.

I denna studie undersöks hur den samiska befolkningen framställs i sju läroböcker kopplade till ämnet geografi i högstadiet mellan åren 1956 och 2012. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på hur framställning sett ut och förändrats över tid, samt att ta reda på orsaker till förändringen. Vidare ställdes resultatet mot respektive kursplan som var aktiv vid den analyserade bokens utgivningstillfälle. För att ta reda hur framställningen sett ut över tid utfördes en kritisk diskursanalys av läroböckerna, sedan kopplades diskurserna som framkommit till kursplanerna. Resultatet visade att diskurserna som fått definiera den samiska befolkningen har ändrats mycket genom åren, även om flera teman var återkommande. I resultatet framkom det att den samiska befolkningen framställs i relation till vad majoritetsbefolkningen inte är. Den samiska befolkningen beskrivs ofta som grupp och inte som individer. Innebörden av att vara same har ändrats från att var något biologiskt till något som definieras av språk och kultur. Möjliga orsaker till diskursförändringar som kom fram i denna undersökning var införandet och avvecklandet av SIL, samernas egna möjlighet att påverka sin framställning och ändrat fokus i kursplanerna. Resultatet visade också att det som efterfrågades i kursplanerna styrde framställningen och vad som togs upp i läroböckerna.

BakgrundVi har valt att beskriva geografi med hjälp av tre olika indelningar. Dessa är bildningsämne, skolämne och vetenskaplig disciplin. Den forskning vi tagit del av är förhållandevis gam-mal, detta med anledning av att det inte finns mycket nyare forskning inom geografididaktik. Skolämnet geografi har tappat kontakt med den vetenskapliga disciplinen och detta har lett till att geografiundervisningen har stagnerat och att den har sin identitet i regionalgeografi.SyfteSyftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur ett antal lärare i år 4-5 väljer innehåll och varför de väljer detta innehåll när de undervisar i ämnet geografi.MetodVi har använt oss av en kvalitativ intervju. Intervjuerna genomfördes i sex olika skolor och med tio lärare som alla undervisar i år fyra och/eller fem.ResultatDet vi kan utläsa av resultatet är att lärare baserar sin geografiundervisning i huvudsak på traditioner och lokala skolplaner. Anledningarna är flera bl.a. en starkt rådande tradition, bristen av tid samt outbildade geografilärare. Tillfälligheter som miljökatastrofer och extrema väderleksförhållanden tycks också styra innehållet mer än läroplanen. / Program: Lärarutbildningen

This thesis describes and analyses how the school sector in sparsely populated municipalities in northern Sweden has developed with emphasis on spatial dimensions and in relation to demographic change and political reforms during the last 20 years. In paper I primary schools were studied in a number of small municipalities in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The aim of the study was to investigate how the spatial structure of schools has changed, what strategies the municipalities have developed to adapt their schools to changing conditions and what constraints there are to apply the strategies. To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews with municipal representatives were conducted. In paper II, the upper secondary school system was studied. The aim of the paper was to analyse the combined consequences of the school reforms, demographic development and competition on the ability of small municipalities to provide upper secondary schools during the period 1997 to 2015 in the four northernmost counties of Sweden. The study was based on data from the database SIRIS at the Swedish National Agency for Education and has a descriptive approach. The spatial structure of school organizations under study has undergone substantial changes during the recent decades, with closures and mergers among primary schools and an expansion of upper secondary schools. In recent years, the size of the young cohorts have decreased, which overall has led to increasing pressures to close primary schools and has created a detrimental competition between upper secondary schools. The large distances and the already small and declining number of pupils have had major effects on the ability to offer a good range and quality in the supply and availability of education. According to representatives from all the studied municipalities, the ambition is to prioritize the primary schools in the municipal centre and have as few small village schools as possible, taking into consideration quality of education, per capita costs, distances, and how scattered the pupils are within the municipalities. Independent schools and their increasingly larger role have attracted a great deal of attention in media, but this is a change that has mainly occurred in municipalities with large populations and their presence in the studied municipalities is very small both at the primary and upper secondary level.

<p>Forest Conservation and People’s Livelihoods: Explaining Encroachment on Zambia’s Protected Forest Landscapes - The Case Of Mwekera National Forest, Kitwe, Copperbelt</p><p>Abstract</p><p>The conflicts between conservation objectives and the livelihood needs of local communities are intricate and difficult to resolve and yet the success of any conservation effort hinges on their solution. This is particularly true in forest conservation in Third World countries like Zambia, where rural populations depend directly on forest resources, which are in many cases protected.</p><p>Forest reserves in Zambia have undergone drastic changes over the years due to encroachment by such human activities as agriculture, charcoal burning and even settlements. This has led to the deforestation of most of them including Mwekera National Forest in Kitwe on the Copperbelt province. The Forest Department has attempted to involve the people in the management of these resources in a bid to redress the trend. But the fundamental causes for the encroachment and deforestation are not clear. This study was focused on unearthing the underlying causes of encroachment and the subsequent deforestation of Mwekera National Forest. This was done through a qualitative ethnographic approach employing individual interviews, focused group discussions, observations and pictures of relevant phenomena. The target groups included the forest communities living in and around Mwekera National Forest as well as government forestry officials at both local and national levels. The study was based on nature-culture theory, knowledge systems theory as well as the participatory approach.</p><p>The study reveals that macro-economic policies such as privatisation of the mines has undermined people’s livelihoods while the inefficient and bureaucratic land delivery system made “vacant” protected forest land an attractive option. The policy contradictions between the forest sector and other sectors such as energy, agriculture and land have not helped matters. Organisational constraints on the Forest Department such as its inadequate human, financial and other resources coupled with the delay in its transformation to a more autonomous Forest Commission have not secured protected forests. Its old centralist management approach has made participation by local people difficult to effect despite being provided for under new forestry policy and law. This has meant that decisions made by officials lack meaningful involvement and support of the local people, thereby seriously hindering effective forest protection. Herein lies one major cause of encroachment.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly and is now among the fastest growing food production sectors in many countries.Introduced over the past 50 years or so,aquaculture in Africa has gone through different levels of growth. The desirability of aquaculture has been due to unreliable and unsustainable use of natural waters for capture fisheries. Due to the country’s concern, the government of Uganda has promoted aquaculture before for nutritional values. However, current policy initiatives that call for collective actions are geared towards commercial aquaculture development.</p><p>This work focuses on several aspects of aquaculture development in Uganda viz; past,present and future, potential, reared fish species, benefits, constraints and these are reflected in the policy and institutional arrangements with in the sector. This work has been undertaken with the aim of providing in detail the possible ways and means for sustainable utilization of aquaculture outcomes. Emphasis has been on how members of Kigoowa Catholic Women’s Development Association (KCWDA) have been empowered through group formation and aquaculture activities.</p><p>This work also analyses the dynamic gender relations that exist in resource ownership, access and use in Uganda and the implications thereof to aquaculture growth and expansion. Included are the possible options vulnerable people especially women undertake to sustain their livelihoods and those of their families and the community as a whole.</p><p>The information in this work is discussed in line with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. It therefore aims at providing an additional reference text on the subject and in the context of aquaculture. Details about certain concepts, policies and principles, nature of the sector and supportive literature on various issues are discussed.</p>

<p><!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} h1 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:1; font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ansi-language:SV;} h2 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:2; font-size:14.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-ansi-language:SV; font-style:italic;} h3 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:3; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc2, li.MsoToc2, div.MsoToc2 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:12.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc3, li.MsoToc3, div.MsoToc3 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:24.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {vertical-align:super;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; font-style:italic;} p.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2 {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:red; mso-ansi-language:SV;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --></p><p>I Sverige lever över 80% av befolkningen i städer. Det urbana livet är fyllt av bilder och fyllt av reklambilder. På många reklambilder visas natur, naturen tycks kunna sälja allt. Men vilka egenskaper har naturen i reklamens bilder och vad säger det om naturen i våra urbana sinnen? Kvinnan tycks också ha en given plats i reklamens bilder. Kan det tänkas att kvinnan tillskrivs samma egenskaper som naturen? För att få svar dessa frågor kommer reklamens bilder att analysera. Analysen är en näranalys, i form av bildanalys, med fokus på bildens inre och yttre kontext.</p><p>Naturen kan vara ett rum eller en plats och upplevs som alla andra rum och platser genom våra sinnen. Hur vi upplever rum och plats är ett resultat av rådande kultur. Den urban kulturen påverkar således upplevelsen av naturen. Reklambilder påverkar också vår verklighetsuppfattning och vår upplevelse av naturen. Tidigare har det gjorts studiet om naturens egenskaper i resereklam och bilreklam. Mitt resultat har dock inte gått att helt förena med tidigare studier vilket visar bredden i ämnet.</p><p>Fyra reklamkampanjer har valts ut för analys; Loka, Lumené, Bregott och Alprosoya. Alla är produkter som används i vardagen och kampanjerna kan sammanfattas som dagligvarureklam. Naturen och kvinnan bär på snarlika egenskaper i kampanjernas bilder. Båda är goda, harmoniska, starka och eviga. Den urban kulturen har gett bilderna kraft att reducera naturens (och kvinnans) egenskaper till upphovsmannens syfte. Den imaginära geografin tar allt större plats i vår kultur.</p><p> </p>

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<p>Bagamoyo District, in the Pwani region in Tanzania, supplies a large part of Tanzania'sbiggest city, Dar es Salaam, with water. At the same time many people in rural villages in thedistrict do not have access to clean and safe water. This thesis aims to explore what limitationsthere are to improvement of the rural water supply in Bagamoyo District. Specific attention ispaid to the organizational structure of the water sector and how roles and responsibilities aredivided, defined and communicated among the actors. A field study in the area was conductedto gather information on the water supply of today, the organization of the water sector andperceived limitations to improvement, from end users and actors working with water in thedistrict. The field study included meeting actors on national, district and community level. Amore in depth account of the present rural water supply situation was appraised with casestudies performed in three villages in the district: Mtoni, Fukayosi and Kongo. The resultshave been grouped into three categories of limitation: 1) money, time & material resources; 2)knowledge & skills; 3) organization & leadership. Although most actors found the lack offinancial capacity and availability of funds as well as knowledge and skills to be a greatlimitation to the improvement of the water supply, the most important conclusion this studydraws concerns limitations in the organizational structure of the water sector. Due to a recentdecentralization reform, more responsibility has been given to local government andcommunity, but without enough capacity building measures these actors have had difficultiesrealizing their new roles. In addition, when external actors do not seem to have adapted to thedecentralized structure of the reformed water sector, there is confusion as to who ought to beleading the way in the development of the rural water supply.</p>