Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T15:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helisvania Gomes Silva.pdf: 266520 bytes, checksum: e81d7999b426e27d563c38b6c1425832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11 / Vegetation structure of a Cerrado in the northeastern of Maranhão, Brazil). The vegetation structure of a Cerrado area, located at the Urbano Santos municipality, MA, Brazil, was evaluated through the analysis of spatial distribution. The Point-Centered Quarter method was used for sampling, being allocated 399 points in three parallel transects, systematically placed at a 200m distance for each other, with the starting point of the first transect randomized. The distance between sampling points was 10m, with inclusion criteria 3cm perimeter at soil level. The 1596 sampled individuals were distributed in 70 species and 32 families. Six species totalized 49.86% of total IVI, being Plathymenia reticulata (candeia) the most important species. Seventy five percent of the total sampled individuals are concentrated in 14 species (20% of the total of species). Seventeen species occurred with a single individual (rare species). The diversity of the area and the equability were high. The distribution of the diameters in size classes indicated that the most of individuals (70.4%) is concentrated in the first class up to diameter, and 61,5% of dead individuals are also in the 1st diameter class. The floristic comparison among seven surveys carried out in Cerrado areas in Maranhão State indicated a high heterogeneity and low similarity among the studied vegetation, and the nearest areas showed the most floristic similarity only when the analyses with abundance values of species were performed. / Estrutura da vegetação de um cerradão no Nordeste do Maranhão). A estrutura da vegetação de uma área de cerradão, localizado no município de Urbano Santos-MA, foi avaliada através da análise do padrão de distribuição espacial. A amostragem utilizou o método de quadrante, sendo alocados 399 pontos em três transectos paralelos, distribuídos sistematicamente a uma distancia de 200m, com o ponto de inicio do primeiro transecto sorteado. A distância entre os pontos amostrais foi de 10 metros, com critério de inclusão de 3cm de perímetro ao nível do solo. Foram amostrados 1596 indivíduos distribuídos em 70 espécies e 32 famílias. Seis espécies totalizaram 49,86% IVI total, sendo Plathymenia reticulata (candeia) a espécie mais importante. Do total de indivíduos amostrados 75% estão concentrados em 14 espécies (20% das espécies). Dezessete espécies ocorreram com apenas um indivíduo (espécies raras). A diversidade da área e a equabilidade foram altas. A distribuição dos diâmetros em classes de tamanho indicou que a maioria dos indivíduos (70,4%) está concentrada na primeira classe e 61,5% dos indivíduos mortos encontraram-se também na 1ª classe de diâmetro. A comparação florística entre sete levantamentos realizados em áreas de cerrado no Estado do Maranhão indicou elevada heterogeneidade e baixa similaridade entre as formações, ocorrendo uma maior similaridade florística entre as localidades com maior proximidade geográfica apenas nas análises que incluíram valores de abundância das espécies.

In the current era of the Anthropocene, human activities are powerful forces that affect the geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere – globally, fundamentally, and in most cases irreversibly. In freshwaters, land use change, chemical pollution, decline in biodiversity, spread of invasive species, climate change, and shifts in the hydrological regime are among the key drivers of changes. In the 21st century, major water engineering projects such as large dams and water diversion schemes will fundamentally alter the natural hydrological regime of entire landscapes and even continents. At the same time, the hydrological regime is the governing variable for biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services in river networks. Indeed, there will be an increasing conflict between managing water as a resource for human use and waters as highly valuable ecosystems. Therefore, research needs to unravel the challenges that the freshwaters are facing, understand their potential drivers and impacts, and develop sustainable management practices – for the benefit of humans and ecosystems alike. The present thesis focuses on three currently understudied alterations in flow and material dynamics within river networks, namely (i) on the dynamics of floating organic matter (FOM) and its modification in dammed rivers, (ii) on river intermittency and its effects on nutrient and organic matter (OM) dynamics, and (iii) on major future water transfer schemes. Massive construction and operation of dams cause modification of water flow and material fluxes in rivers, such as of FOM. FOM serves as an essential component of river integrity, but a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics is still lacking. River damming, climate change and water extraction for human needs lead to a rapid expansion in number and extent of intermittent rivers worldwide, with major biogeochemical consequences on both regional and global scales. Increased intermittency of river networks also forces people to implement engineering solutions, such as water transfer schemes, which help to supply water to places of demand. Water transfer projects introduce artificial links among freshwater bodies modifying the hydrological balance. Impacts of abovementioned activities on freshwaters have been assessed in single case studies. However, the current knowledge does not allow a generalization of their globally applicable meaning for ecosystems. Furthermore, mostly neglected aspects of these alterations, such as the potential consequences of FOM extraction from rivers, the biogeochemical role of intermittent rivers upon rewetting, and the current scale of water transfers require better understanding before bold conclusions could be made. By combining research methods such as extensive literature reviews, laboratory experiments and quantitative analyses including spatial analyses with Geographic Information Systems, I investigated (1) the natural cycle, functions, and amounts of FOM in rivers fragmented by dams, (2) effects of rewetting events on the pulsed release of nutrients and OM in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), and (3) the potential extent of water transfer megaprojects (WTMP) that are currently under construction or in the planning phase and their role in modifying the global freshwater landscape. In all three cases, I provide a global perspective. The role of FOM in rivers as a geomorphological agent, a resource, a dispersal vector and a biogeochemical component was investigated based on an extensive literature review. Collected information allowed for conceptualizing its natural cycle and dynamics, applicable to a wide range of rivers. Data on FOM accumulations at 31 dams located within catchments of 13 rivers showed that damming leads to FOM entrapment (partly or completely) and modifies its natural cycling. The results of a spatial analysis considering environmental properties revealed that catchment characteristics can explain around 57% in the variation of amounts of trapped FOM. Effects of rewetting events on the release of nutrients and OM from bed sediments and course particulate organic materials (CPOM) accumulated in IRES was studied in laboratory experiments. Using a large set of samples collected from 205 rivers, located in 27 countries and distributed across five major climate zones, I determined the concentrations and qualitative characteristics of nutrients and OM released from sediments and CPOM. I also assessed how these characteristics can be predicted based on environmental variables within sampled IRES. In addition, I calculated area-specific fluxes of nutrients and OM from dry river beds. I found that the characteristics of released substances are climate specific. In the Continental zone I found the highest concentrations of released nutrients, but the lowest quality of OM in terms of its potential bioavailability. In contrast, in the Arid zone the concentrations of released nutrients were the lowest, but the quality of OM the highest. The effect of environmental variables on the concentrations of nutrients and the quality of OM was better predicted for sediments than for other substrates with the highest share of explained variance in the Continental and Tropical zones. On the global scale, dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate dominate fluxes released during rewetting events. Overall, this study emphasized that on the global scale rewetting events in IRES represent biogeochemical “hot moments†, but characteristics of released nutrients and OM differ greatly among climate zones. The present thesis fills also a major knowledge gap on the global distribution of large water transfer schemes (referred to as “megaprojects†) that are actually planned or under construction. To provide an inventory of WTMP, I collected data from various literature sources, ranging from published academic studies, the official web-sites of water transfer projects, environmental impact assessments, reports of non-governmental organizations, and information available in on-line newspapers. In total, 60 WTMP were identified. Information on spatial location, distances and volumes of water transfer, costs, and purposes of WTMP was collected and compared with those of existing schemes. The results showed that North America, Asia and Africa will be the most affected by future WTMP having the highest densities of projects and the largest water transfer distances and volumes. If all projects were completed by 2050, the total water transfer distances would reach 77,063 km transferring more than 1,249 km3 per year, which corresponds to about 20 times the annual flow of the river Rhine. The outcomes of the thesis provide major implications for environmental management. Natural FOM is an important component for sustaining the ecological and geomorphic integrity of rivers and, therefore, should be managed appropriately. Intermittent rivers must be considered in models quantifying nutrient and OM fluxes in river networks. First flush events in particular release huge amounts of nutrients and OM, which may cause dramatic metabolic effects on downstream receiving waters. Finally, the future WTMP alter the hydrological balance of entire river basins and continents. They require multiple assessments before construction and careful management practices for sustainable operation in order to consider both freshwater as a resource as well as freshwaters as pivotal ecosystems.

This research tries to fill a gap between two very different scales of enquiry: the local (i.e. hillslope) scale, where detailed investigations are possible but difficult to generalize over large areas, and the landscape (i.e., catchment) scale, where representation of the physics is minimised, the resolution in space and time is maximised, and the focus is upon predicting emergent properties rather than system details. Specifically, this Thesis focused on an aspect of the geosciences that is of critical current concern: the representation of the interface between hydrological response and geomorphic processes, notable mass movements. At present there remains a great difficulty at this interface: detailed geotechnical and hydrological studies of mass movements reveal exceptionally complex interlinkages between water and the surface sediment mass, notably dynamically at the onset and during mass release; but these kinds of studies are only possible with a very detailed description of the three-dimensional structure of the porous media and its hydrological and mechanical response during (and after) rainfall events. Such analyses are feasible but tend to result in analyses that are restricted in terms of geographical generalisation. On the other hand, approaches that apply to larger spatial scales tend to over-simplify the representation of critical failure processes, such as in the assumptions that infinite slope stability analysis can be applied to failures that are finite in their slope length, or that upslope contributing area can always act as a surrogate for the hydrologic response at a point in the watershed. The innovative element in this research lies on the assessment of rainfall-induced shallow landslide occurrence over large spatial scales, whilst accepting that shallow landslides triggering may be influenced by processes that operate over much smaller scales. Specifically, this Thesis focuses upon connection by subsurface flow pathways. New model approaches that incorporate connectivity are required to address the findings of field hydrologists. Thus, this Thesis starts from the understanding of small-scale hydrological processes to develop a large-scale topographic index-based shallow landslide model that includes the concept of subsurface hydrological connectivity. The research aims to provide a tool for more realistic assessments of when shallow landslides may occur and where landsliding may occur at the catchment scale to support decision makers in developing more accurate land-use maps and landslide hazard mitigation plans and procedures.

[EN] The involvement of local communities in the management of sites that contain natural and cultural heritage, is one of the strategies adopted this past decade by international organizations dedicated to the conservation and protection of heritage. On the other hand, heritage sites constitute a basic reference of cultural and natural acclaimed tourism destinations in many countries, especially is the case of sites that have been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The theory that underpins the participatory approach is that greater levels of community integration in the planning and management of heritage, facilitates the implementation of efficient conservation policies. From the tourism viewpoint, the support and participation of the community in the planning of a tourism destination entails higher levels of community empowerment, improves the distribution of benefits in the host community, saves time and money as the community can help identify problems that may have been overlooked. Also it is assumed that a happier community may be responsible for a better visitor satisfaction. Despite the many advantages of participatory approaches, the full participation of local communities in the management of heritage resources remains unattended in most tourist destinations. As a result many conflicts between the involved parties have been detected. Given this problem, this research seeks to identify the factors that help implement participatory models, as well as the obstacles and constrains for participation. Consequently, an analysis of case studies has been done in order to determine how these communities participate in heritage sites. Furthermore an analysis of participation has been conducted taking the Petra Archaeological Park in Jordan as a case study. The results of this research have shown that there are several factors that encourage and enhance community participation in the conservation and tourism development of a destination. Forming associations, conflict resolution, and participation in the distribution of economic and social benefits. Implementing participatory instruments in management plans showing how a community should be involved in the decision making process, helps improve the relationships between those who behold power and those without. The results obtained from the Petra Region show that the site is still in an early stage of local community involvement. The most notable obstacles detected are the centralization of power by local authorities, low participation of local community in the decision making process, lack of training of the local community to make sound decisions. Furthermore, cultural impediments related to local traditions and customs prevent the participation of women in the management of this destination. The results and recommendations of this research contribute to the body of tourism literature in that it provides elements and guidelines that can improve the management and planning of heritage destinations. Encouraging better relationships between the involved parties and finding a balance between conservation, tourism and local development. / [ES] Involucrar a las comunidades locales en la gestión de los sitios con patrimonio sea este natural, cultural o paisajístico, es una de las estrategias adoptadas en la última década por los organismos internacionales que se dedican a la conservación y protección del patrimonio. Por otra parte, los sitios con patrimonio constituyen un referente básico de la oferta de turismo cultural y natural de muchos países, especialmente si se trata de sitios que han sido incluidos en la Lista del Patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO. La teoría que subyace bajo el enfoque participativo es que una mayor integración de las comunidades en la gestión del patrimonio facilita la implementación de políticas de conservación más eficientes. Desde el punto de vista turístico, el apoyo y la participación de la comunidad en la planificación de un destino conlleva mayores niveles de empoderamiento de la población, mejora la distribución de beneficios en las comunidades receptoras, ahorra tiempo y dinero ya que las comunidades pueden identificar problemas que pueden haber sido pasadas por alto por los expertos. Además se asume que una población más contenta ayuda a tener visitantes más satisfechos. A pesar de la multitud de ventajas que conllevan adoptar un modelo participativo, la plena participación de las comunidades locales en la gestión de los recursos patrimoniales, sigue sin implementarse en la mayoría de los destinos turísticos. Esto ha acarreado diversos conflictos entre las autoridades locales, los grupos conservacionistas, las ONGs y las poblaciones locales. Frente a esta problemática, la presente investigación busca determinar cuáles son los factores que ayudan a implementar modelos participativos y determinar los obstáculos y limitaciones a la participación. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de estudios en los que se ha estudiado cómo participan e interactúan las comunidades locales en varios destinos Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Posteriormente se ha realizado un análisis de la participación tomando como caso de estudio el Parque Arqueológico de Petra en Jordania. Los resultados han demostrado que existen varios factores que alientan y mejoran la participación de las comunidades en el proceso de conservación y de desarrollo turístico de un destino. El asociacionismo, la resolución de conflictos, la participación en la distribución de beneficios económicos y sociales. Implementar instrumentos participativos en los planes de gestión que indiquen cómo se debe involucrar a la comunidad local y los grupos de interés en los procesos de toma de decisiones mejoran las relaciones entre los que tienen el poder y los que no. En la región de Petra se observa que aún se encuentra en una fase inicial en cuanto a la participación de la comunidad local. Siendo los obstáculos más notables la centralización de los poderes por parte de las autoridades locales, la poca participación de la comunidad local en la toma de decisiones, la poca capacitación de la comunidad local. Además se han observado que existen impedimentos culturales relacionados con las tradiciones y costumbre locales que por ejemplo impiden la plena participación de la mujer en la gestión de este destino. Los resultados y propuestas de esta investigación aportan al cuerpo de la literatura turística con elementos que pueden mejorar la gestión y planificación de destinos con patrimonio, favoreciendo mejores relaciones entre las partes involucradas y permitiendo conciliar entre el ámbito de la conservación, el turismo y el desarrollo local. / [CA] Involucrar a les comunitats locals en la gestió dels llocs amb patrimoni sigui aquest natural, cultural o paisatgístic, és una de les estratègies adoptades en l'última dècada pels organismes internacionals que es dediquen a la conservació i protecció del patrimoni. D'altra banda, els llocs amb patrimoni constitueixen un referent bàsic de l'oferta de turisme cultural i natural de molts països, especialment si es tracta de llocs que han sigut inclosos en la Llista del Patrimoni Mundial de la UNESCO. La teoria subjacent sota l'enfocament participatiu és que una major integració de les comunitats en la gestió del patrimoni facilita la implementació de polítiques de conservació més eficients. Des del punt de vista turístic, el suport i la participació de la comunitat en la planificació d'un destí comporta majors nivells d'apoderament de la població, millora la distribució de beneficis en les comunitats receptores, estalvia temps i diners ja que les comunitats poden identificar problemes que poden haver estat passades per alt pels experts. A més s'assumeix que una població més contenta ajuda a tindre visitants més satisfets. Tot i la multitud d'avantatges que comporten adoptar un model participatiu, la plena participació de les comunitats locals en la gestió dels recursos patrimonials, segueix sense implementar-se en la majoria de les destinacions turístiques. Això ha comportat diversos conflictes entre les autoritats locals, els grups conservacionistes, les ONGs i les poblacions locals. Front aquesta problemàtica, la present investigació busca determinar quins són els factors que ajuden a implementar models participatius i determinar els obstacles i limitacions a la participació. Per a això, es va realitzar un anàlisi d'estudis en els quals s'ha analitzat com participen les comunitats locals en diversos destins amb la denominació de Patrimoni de la Humanitat. Posteriorment s'ha realitzat una anàlisi de la participació prenent com a cas d'estudi el Parc Arqueològic de Petra a Jordània. Els resultats han demostrat que hi ha diversos factors que encoratgen i milloren la participació de les comunitats en el procés de conservació i de desenvolupament turístic d'una destinació. L'associacionisme, la resolució de conflictes, la participació en la distribució de beneficis econòmics i socials. Implementar instruments participatius en els plans de gestió que indiquen com s'ha d'involucrar a la comunitat local i els grups d'interès en els processos de presa de decisions, milloren les relacions entre els que tenen el poder i els que no. A la regió de Petra s'observa que encara es troba en una fase inicial en quant a la participació de la comunitat local es refereix. Sent els obstacles més notables la centralització dels poders per part de les autoritats locals, la poca participació de la comunitat local en la presa de decisions, la poca capacitació de la comunitat local. A més s'ha observat que hi ha impediments culturals relacionats amb les tradicions i costums locals que per exemple impedeixen la plena participació de la dona en la gestió d'aquesta destinació. Els resultats i propostes d'esta investigació aporten al cos de la literatura turística amb elements que poden millorar la gestió i planificació de destins amb patrimoni, afavorint millors relacions entre les parts involucrades i permetent conciliar entre l'àmbit de la conservació, el turisme i el desenvolupament local. / Mukles-Halasa Del Carmelo, Z. (2016). Analisis de la participación de las comunidades locales en la gestión de sitios Patrimonio de la Humanidad. El caso del Parque Arqueológico de Petra (Jordania) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61993

[EN] Despite their recognized economic, social, cultural and environmental value, European lakes and wetlands are under severe pressures that threaten its conservation. Given that water withdrawals are among their most common pressures, the fact of ensure an adequate flood regime is considered a key factor in maintaining its rich biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. The objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology to meet the water needs of these ecosystems, based on sound scientist foundations and in compliance with legal requirements. This thesis first performs a synthesis of the legal framework for the protection of wetlands, both Spanish and EU level. The legal analysis was oriented to answer relevant questions around the concept of wetland, legal terminology, protection levels, etc. This analysis has been complemented with a review and synthesis of scientific and technical fundamentals that explain the role of the flood regime in the composition and distribution of species and the interactions between them, the natural processes involved and the abiotic environment. There has also been a review of the calculation methods of the water needs of lakes and wetlands, both in Spain and internationally. These three aspects (legal, scientific and technical) have served as a basis for designing the methodology for calculating the water needs of lakes and wetlands made in this thesis. The theoretical development of this calculation method is complemented with the application in five emblematic Spanish wetlands. These case studies allow assess the applicability of the methodology in very different types of wetlands, including a high mountain lake, endorheic inland wetlands and wetlands linked to river systems. Based on the available information, you carried out biological tests to validate the proposed water needs based on the flood regime with their environmental objectives, primarily for the good ecological status and favorable conservation status of selected habitats and species. Finally, the results from the methodology proposed in the thesis are discussed in the context of the scientific principles of ecosystem management and other methodologies used for that purpose. The case studies have allowed analyzing their applicability and the particularities of each one. You have also evaluated the benefits that could be obtained by applying the methodology at the national, European and international level, including its overall contribution to a more sustainable use of water. / [ES] Pese a su reconocido valor económico, social, cultural y ambiental, los lagos y humedales europeos están sometidos a fuertes presiones que amenazan su conservación. Teniendo en cuenta que las extracciones de agua figura entre sus afecciones más comunes, garantizar un régimen de inundación adecuado se considera un factor clave para mantener su rica biodiversidad y los servicios ambientales asociados. El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una metodología para conocer las necesidades hídricas de estos ecosistemas, sobre la base de sólidos fundamentos científicos y en cumplimiento de las exigencias legales. En la tesis se realiza en primer lugar una síntesis del marco jurídico de protección de los humedales, tanto a nivel español como comunitario. El análisis legal se ha orientado a responder preguntas relevantes que han girado en torno al concepto de humedal, terminología legal, niveles de protección, etc. Este análisis se ha complementado con una revisión y síntesis de los fundamentos científicos y técnicos que explican el papel del régimen de inundación en la composición y distribución de las especies, así como las interacciones entre ellas, los procesos naturales que intervienen y el medio abiótico. También se ha realizado una revisión de los métodos de cálculo de las necesidades hídricas de lagos y humedales, tanto en España como a nivel internacional. Estos tres aspectos (legal, científico y técnico) han servido de base para diseñar la metodología para el cálculo de las necesidades hídricas de lagos y humedales formulada en esta tesis. El desarrollo teórico de esta metodología de cálculo se complementa con la aplicación a 5 humedales emblemáticos españoles. Estos casos de estudio permiten en primer lugar valorar la aplicabilidad de la metodología en tipos de humedales muy diferentes, incluyendo un lago de alta montaña, humedales endorreicos interiores y humedales ligados a sistemas fluviales. En función de la información disponible, se llevan a cabo análisis biológicos para validar las propuestas de necesidades hídricas basadas en el régimen de inundación con sus respectivos objetivos ambientales, fundamentalmente con el buen estado ecológico y el estado de conservación favorable de hábitats y especies seleccionadas. Finalmente, con los resultados obtenidos se discute el enfoque y diseño de la metodología propuesta en la tesis en el contexto de los principios científicos de la gestión ecosistémica y otras metodologías empleadas al efecto. Los casos de estudio han permitido valorar su aplicabilidad y las particularidades de cada uno de ellos. También se han valorado los beneficios que se podrían obtener con la aplicación de la metodología en el ámbito nacional, europeo e internacional, incluyendo su contribución general para un uso más sostenible del agua. / [CA] Malgrat el seu reconegut valor econòmic, social, cultural i ambiental, els llacs i zones humides d'Europa estan sotmesos a fortes pressions que amenacen la seva conservació. Tenint en compte que les extraccions d'aigua figura entre les afeccions més comuns, garantir un règim d'inundació adequat es considera un factor clau per mantenir la seva rica biodiversitat i els serveis ambientals associats. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament d'una metodologia per conèixer les necessitats hídriques d'aquests ecosistemes, sobre la base de sòlids fonaments científics i en compliment de les exigències legals. A la tesi es realitza en primer lloc una síntesi del marc jurídic de protecció de les zones humides, tant a nivell espanyol com comunitari. L'anàlisi legal s'ha orientat a respondre preguntes rellevants que han girat al voltant del concepte de zona humida, terminologia legal, nivells de protecció, etc. Aquesta anàlisi s'ha complementat amb una revisió i síntesi dels fonaments científics i tècnics que expliquen el paper del règim d'inundació en la composició i distribució de les espècies, així com les interaccions entre elles, els processos naturals que intervenen i el medi abiòtic. També s'ha realitzat una revisió dels mètodes de càlcul de les necessitats hídriques de llacs i zones humides, tant a Espanya com a nivell internacional. Aquests tres aspectes (legal, científic i tècnic) han servit de base per dissenyar la metodologia per al càlcul de les necessitats hídriques de llacs i aiguamolls formulada en aquesta tesi. El desenvolupament teòric d'aquesta metodologia de càlcul es complementa amb l'aplicació a cinc aiguamolls emblemàtics espanyols. Aquests casos d'estudi permeten en primer lloc valorar l'aplicabilitat de la metodologia en tipus d'ecosistemes molt diferents, incloent un llac d'alta muntanya, zones humides endorreiques interiors i aiguamolls lligats a sistemes fluvials. En funció de la informació disponible es duen a terme anàlisis biològiques per validar les propostes de necessitats hídriques basades en el règim d'inundació amb els seus respectius objectius ambientals, fonamentalment amb el bon estat ecològic i l'estat de conservació favorable d'hàbitats i espècies seleccionades. Finalment, amb els resultats obtinguts es discuteix l'enfocament i disseny de la metodologia proposada en la tesi en el context dels principis científics de la gestió ecosistèmica i altres metodologies emprades a l'efecte. Els casos d'estudi han permès valorar la seva aplicabilitat i les particularitats de cada un d'ells. També s'han valorat els beneficis que es podrien obtenir amb l'aplicació de la metodologia en l'àmbit nacional, europeu i internacional, incloent la seva contribució general per a un ús més sostenible de l'aigua. / Sánchez Navarro, R. (2016). Estudio de las necesidades hídricas de humedales españoles: condicionantes legales y posibilidades metodológicas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62197

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A avaliação da qualidade dos solos e a redução da Mata Atlântica tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas no Brasil e no mundo, principalmente quando estes estão atrelados ao recorte espacial de Unidades de Conservação. No entanto, tem sido difícil para os gestores dessas unidades a avaliação dos impactos ambientais gerados ao longo dos anos nas bacias hidrográficas, principalmente pela falta de investimentos. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo geral avaliar o atual estágio de degradação da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego da Caçada pertencente à Área de Proteção Ambiental Federal de Cairuçu, no município de Paraty RJ, analisando quantitativamente e qualitativamente a redução dos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica e estabelecendo relações com a degradação física e química dos solos dentro e fora dos fragmentos florestais. A metodologia utilizada para a redução ou avanço dos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica baseou-se no uso de fotografias aéreas do ano de 1956 e imagens de satélite de 2012, onde possibilitou a avaliação espaço-temporal do uso e cobertura das terras, através da produção de um mapa temático final. Além disso, foram elaborados mapas temáticos de reconhecimento da área de estudo, como o de hipsometria, de declividade, de orientação e forma das encostas, além da geração de perfis topográficos. Para a avaliação da qualidade física, química e biológica dos solos foram determinadas as curvas de distribuição granulométrica, a densidade relativa dos grãos sólidos e a densidade aparente, porosidade total, os limites de liquidez e plasticidade, a estabilidade dos agregados em água, análises morfológicas, a saturação de bases, a capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), a saturação por alumínio, fósforo, pH e o carbono orgânico. Para tal, foi realizada a abertura de três perfis, sendo um em área de fragmento florestal e dois em áreas de pasto. O resultado das análises permitiu, segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do solo, a classificação de dois tipos de solos na bacia, sendo: Cambissolo Háplico Tb Distrófico Típico em área fragmento florestal e em área de pasto, e um Latossolo Amarelo Tb Distrófico Típico em área de pasto. Os resultados de laboratório mostraram que os solos avaliados têm baixa fertilidade e valores variados nos resultados de física do solo. No entanto, além do histórico de uso do solo caracterizado pelas práticas rudimentares do manejo empregado pelos Caiçaras, o clima predominante na região possibilita um regime pluviométrico anual que passa dos 2.000mm de chuva/ano, caracterizando solos muito lixiviados e pobres quimicamente. Portanto, conclui-se que a relação das propriedades físicas e químicas avaliadas junto ao manejo inadequado ao longo dos anos tem apresentado um cenário de grandes dificuldades para a recuperação florestal na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego da Caçada, o que mostra a importância da avaliação dos impactos ambientais não só pelo recorte de bacias hidrográficas, como contextualizar seu posicionamento dentro de Unidades de Conservação, com legislações e objetivos específicos. / Evaluation of soil quality and the reduction of the Atlantic Forest has been the subject of several studies in Brazil and abroad, especially when these are linked to the spatial area of protected areas. However, it has been difficult for managers of these units the assessment of environmental impacts over the years in river basins, mainly by lack of investment. This work had as main objective to assess the current watershed degradation stage Hunt Stream belonging to the Federal Environmental Protection Area Cairuçu in the municipality of Paraty - RJ, analyzing qualitatively and quantitatively the reduction of Atlantic Forest fragments and establishing relationships with physical and chemical degradation of soil in and out of the forest fragments. The methodology used for the reduction or advancement of Atlantic Forest fragments was based on air use of photographs of the 1956 and 2012 satellite images, which enabled the evaluation space-use and coverage of land, by producing a final thematic map. In addition, thematic maps were prepared to recognize the study area, such as hypsometry, slope, orientation and shape of the slopes, as well as generating topographic profiles. For assessing the physical, chemical and biological soil were determined particle size distribution curves, the relative density of the solid grains and bulk density, total porosity, the limits of liquidity and plasticity, the stability of water in aggregate, morphological analysis , base saturation, the cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation of aluminum, phosphorus, pH and organic carbon. To do this, the opening of three profiles was conducted, one in forest fragment area and two in pasture areas. The results of the analysis allowed, according to the Brazilian Society of Soil Science, the classification of two types of soils in the basin, as follows: Cambisol Tb dystrophic Typical in forest fragment area and pasture area, and an Oxisoil Tb dystrophic Typical in pasture area. The laboratory results showed that reviews have low soil fertility and various amounts of soil in physical results. However, besides the history of land use characterized by rudimentary management practices employed by Caiçaras, the prevailing mood in the region provides an annual rainfall of rain passing 2.000mm / year, featuring very leached soils and poor chemically. Therefore, it is concluded that the relationship of the physical and chemical properties evaluated by the inadequate management over the years has presented a scene of great difficulty for forest restoration in the basin of Stream of Hunt, which shows the importance of impact assessment environment not only for crop watersheds, as contextualize its positioning within protected areas, with legislation and specific objectives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reginaldo Alex Calcavara.pdf: 2029583 bytes, checksum: 1eb772d96a68609843a4414a83ede253 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa articula os temas da ontologia do espaço e a dicotomia entre a Geografia Física e a Geografia Humana no âmbito do movimento de renovação crítica da geografia brasileira. Busca demonstrar que há um nexo entre a posição assumida por esta vertente da geografia brasileira frente à referida dicotomia e a reflexão ontológica acerca do objeto da disciplina, diretamente influenciada pelo pensamento marxista. Indica como campo alternativo de reflexão ontológica a abordagem do filósofo alemão Martin Heidegger em torno da questão do ser, destacando, dentro da amplitude e centralidade deste assunto na obra do referido filósofo, a perspectiva da questão da técnica que, redimensionando a noção de produção, permitiria oferecer um horizonte alternativo para a ontologia na geografia capaz, sugere-se, de abrir a questão do ser enquanto questão a ser pensada / The study articulates the themes of ontology of space and the dichotomy between Physical Geography and Human Geography in the renewal movement critical of Brazilian geography. Seeks to demonstrate that there is a link between, on the one hand, the position taken by this part of Brazilian geography forward that dichotomy, and on the other hand, the ontological reflection about the object of discipline, directly influenced by Marxism. Indicates how alternative field of ontological thinking approach of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger on the question of being, especially within the scope and centrality of this issue in the work of that philosopher s perspective the question of technique, redefining the notion of production, would provide a horizon alternative ontology in geography capable, it is suggested, opening the question of being as a question to be thought

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T07:35:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Gabriela Domingos Silva - 2015.pdf: 2495702 bytes, checksum: b2e8a2fef056d29fe03ffc388226488b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-05T07:38:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Gabriela Domingos Silva - 2015.pdf: 2495702 bytes, checksum: b2e8a2fef056d29fe03ffc388226488b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T07:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Gabriela Domingos Silva - 2015.pdf: 2495702 bytes, checksum: b2e8a2fef056d29fe03ffc388226488b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The School Geography, as well as the school in general, has the responsibility to allow civic education of their students, which, from critical and autonomous positions can transform their social realities. It is considered that the Cartography takes great relevance in geographical studies, since it allows to analyze phenomena and objects through its spatiality. Among the several concepts of Cartography stands out the cartographic scale, understood as the similarity ratio between the area in the real and its representation, in other words, it is a relation of quantifiable proportion. However, the notion of proportionality is built, first, in non-quantifiable terms, from the relations of first and second order and the establishment of perceptual measures. Therefore, understanding the cartographic scale can be better carried from the work with the notion of non-quantifiable proportion present in the student living space. Assuming that the visual impairment limits the apprehension and comprehension from the space, it becomes important think about on the construction of the notion of proportion and the concept cartographic scale with VIs students, since such knowledge can enable other learning in relation to Geography and contribute to the development of skills orientation and mobility of these students. In this context, it was defined as objective of this research assess the contribution of tactile models to understand the notion of proportionality and cartographic scale by the students with visual impairment. Therefore, was adopted as methodology, the method of participatory research, establishing as search field the Centro Brasileiro de Reabilitação e Apoio ao Deficiente Visual (CEBRAV). In this institution were made steps monitoring/observation of subjects of the research; materials test; elaboration, manufacture and evaluation of tactile models; planning and development of didactic sequence; evaluation and analysis of the proposal. It is noteworthy that the tactile models, built from the theoretical-methodological foundations of the Tactile Cartography, allowed the construction of the notion of proportionality non-quantifiable and some aspects of the concept of cartographic scale, enabling moreover, show alternative solutions to the understanding of this concept, in quantifiable terms. / A Geografia Escolar, assim como a escola em geral, tem a responsabilidade de viabilizar a formação cidadã de seus alunos, os quais, a partir de posturas críticas e autônomas podem transformar suas realidades sociais. Considera-se que a Cartografia assume grande relevância nos estudos geográficos, uma vez que possibilita analisar fenômenos e objetos através de suas espacialidades. Dentre os diversos conceitos da Cartografia destaca-se o de escala cartográfica, entendido como a razão de semelhança entre a área no real e sua representação, ou seja, trata-se de uma relação de proporção quantificável. No entanto, a noção de proporcionalidade é construída, primeiramente, em termos não quantificáveis, a partir das relações de primeira e segunda ordem e do estabelecimento de medidas perceptivas. Portanto, a compreensão da escala cartográfica pode ser melhor efetivada a partir do trabalho com a noção de proporção não quantificável existente no espaço de vivência do aluno. Partindo do pressuposto de que a deficiência visual limita a apreensão e compreensão espaciais, torna-se relevante refletir sobre a construção da noção de proporção e do conceito de escala cartográfica com alunos DVs, uma vez que, tais conhecimentos viabilizam outras aprendizagens em relação à Geografia e contribuem com o desenvolvimento das habilidades de orientação e mobilidade destes sujeitos. Neste contexto, definiu-se como objetivo dessa pesquisa avaliar a contribuição das maquetes táteis à compreensão da noção de proporcionalidade e escala cartográfica por alunos com deficiência visual. Para tanto, adotouse como metodologia a modalidade de Pesquisa Participante, estabelecendo como campo de pesquisa o Centro Brasileiro de Reabilitação e Apoio ao Deficiente Visual (CEBRAV). Nessa instituição foram realizadas as etapas de acompanhamento/observação dos sujeitos da pesquisa; avaliação dos materiais; elaboração, confecção e avaliação das maquetes táteis; planejamento e desenvolvimento da sequência didática; avaliação e análise da proposta. Ressalta-se que as maquetes táteis, construídas a partir dos fundamentos teóricometodológicos da Cartografia Tátil, viabilizaram a construção da noção de proporcionalidade não quantificável e de alguns aspectos do conceito de escala cartográfica, possibilitando ainda, apontar alternativas para a compreensão desse conceito, em termos quantificáveis.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza, no Estado do Cearà à composta por uma diversificada paisagem geomorfolÃgica, estruturada e modificada ao longo de milhÃes de anos durante a era geolÃgica. Entre as diversas morfologias, as formas originadas a partir do Ãltimo evento vulcÃnico ocorrido no Nordeste brasileiro hà 30 milhÃes merecem total apreÃo devido sua singularidade morfogenÃtica. Tais relevos tiveram suas gÃneses ligadas a partir da aÃÃo de um hot spot que ocorreu nesta Ãrea e juntos recebem o nome de FormaÃÃo Messejana. Esta formaÃÃo compÃe-se de uma dezena de pequenos relevos que se dispÃe em setores da margem continental ao longo da regiÃo metropolitana de Fortaleza. Dentre estes estÃo os relevos vulcÃnicos do Caruru, do Ancuri e PÃo-de-aÃÃcar. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo: estabelecer a origem, estruturaÃÃo, caracterizaÃÃo morfolÃgica e ambiental destes relevos, assim como, definir as etapas da evoluÃÃo geomorfolÃgica da paisagem local. Para compreender tais objetivos buscamos se aprofundar na bibliografia sobre o assunto, interpretaÃÃo de material cartogrÃfico de diversas escalas, dados fÃsicos-ambientais com apoio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento e visitas a ÃrgÃos pÃblicos e a campo. Como resultados podemos concluir que os trÃs relevos da FormaÃÃo Messejana analisados neste trabalho apresentam-se em formas de Necks arredondados (Caruru e PÃo-de-AÃÃcar) e elipsoidal (Ancuri) e sÃo compostos por rochas alcalinas. Tais relevos se caracterizam por apresentarem extensÃes e altitudes bem diferentes, vertentes Ãngremes, solos poucos desenvolvidos e vegetaÃÃo de pequeno porte. Por fim, o Caruru, apresenta-se parcialmente destruÃdo devido à extraÃÃo das rochas para a construÃÃo civil, enquanto que no Ancuri esta atividade cessou hà aproximadamente sete anos. / The Metropolitan Area of Fortaleza, capital of the Cearà State, North-east Brazil, is composed by a diversified geomorphologic landscape, which has been structured and modified during geological times. Among this diversity, there are forms originated by the last volcanic event occurred in the Brazilian northeast, 30 millions ago, which create a very singular local morphology. Such prominences were probably originated by the action of a âhot spotâ. The magma extrusion resulting of this action created a geological domain named  Formation Messejana Â. This formation is composed by a set of ten volcanic reliefs, as small prominences disposed in many sectors of the city of Fortaleza coastal area and adjacencies. Among these prominences are the Caruru, Ancuri and PÃo de AÃucar hills. The present research has as objective to establish the origin, the processes of morphological structuration, the morphological characterization and the environmental situation of these volcanic prominences, as well as define the phases of morphological evolution of the local landscape. For this purpose, the following stages have been developed: bibliographical research about the matter, interpretation of cartographical data, with the use of diverse scales and thematic maps and cartographical geoprocessing techniques, and field work. As results, we are able to conclude that the three prominences of the Formation Messejana analyzed in this work present form of dome-like necks (Caruru and PÃo de AÃucar) and ellipsoidal form (Ancuri), being composed by alkaline rocks. Such prominences are characterized for presenting different extensions and altitudes, steep slopes, poorly developed soils and sparse vegetation cover. In the present moment, the Caruru hill is a place of mining activity, being partially destroyed due to the extraction of the rocks for the civil construction. This situation creates environmental problems, which may be extended to other volcanic hills, fact that put in danger of eradication these singular elements of the Cearà geomorphic landscape.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Richardson Gomes Lima da Silva.pdf: 690722 bytes, checksum: b0750021c9acc18f05844256e1a0df38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Maranhao, studies on the atmospheric chemistry are scarce, with only one record for the region of Lagoa do Caco, in First Cross. Although still a developing city, with moderate urban growth and incipient industrialization rate, the implantation of the steel complex in St. Louis - as the Aluminum Industry of Maranhão (ALUMAR) and the pellet plant and production of steel plates (in installation phase) of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - in the region increases the potential for emission of particles and gases into the atmosphere, which may contribute to altering the characteristics of rain and the ecological balance of sensitive areas like the low lands due geographical location and weather conditions this state. These circumstances underscore the need to verify the potential emissions released by the urban-industrial activity on the island have on the ecosystems of the lowlands. Most of the regions studied in this work (Panaquatira, Cashew and Pine) has the major influence on rainwater ions of marine origin, a situation already expected due to location near the coast. The sampling points located in St. Louis (Panaquatira, Cashew and Coconut) had acid deposition events in 46.57% of samples. However, when considering the value 5.0 as the lower limit of pH for rainwater acidified by natural processes, only 16.44% of the samples showed high acidity, Cashew and Coconut, indicating that the processes of urban-industrial St. Louis would negatively affect the pH of rainfall in these regions. Among the ions, fluoride had its highest concentrations in Cashew and Coconut, possibly due to their location close to Vale do Rio Doce and ALUMAR respectively emitting industries by nature potential of this element to the atmosphere. Although they presented isolated events of acid deposition, and Viana Pinheiro received predominantly deposition events with pH higher than expected (5.6) for natural environments. This may have its origin in the high levels of ammonia found in samples of rain in these regions, probably due to extensive breeding of animals, which release large quantities of this compound into the atmosphere through their droppings. The soils in the low lands showed a great susceptibility to acidity from the calculation of critical load part (CCP). Although not occurring phenomena of acid deposition in these locations, the high levels of ammonia can be harmful to the soil, as ammonium salts, formed from the reaction of NH4 + with acidic compounds in the atmosphere, may release more H + than acid deposition itself. / No Maranhão, estudos sobre a química atmosférica ainda são escassos, com apenas um registro para a região da Lagoa do Caçó, em Primeira Cruz. Apesar de ainda ser uma cidade em desenvolvimento, com moderado crescimento urbano e insipiente taxa de industrialização, a implantação de complexos siderúrgicos em São Luís - como o da Indústria de Alumínio do Maranhão (ALUMAR) e da usina de pelotização e produção de placas de aço (em fase de instalação) da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce - aumenta na região o potencial de emissão de partículas e gases para a atmosfera, que podem contribuir para a alteração das características da chuva e o equilíbrio ecológico de áreas sensíveis como a Baixada Maranhense, devido à localização geográfica desta e às condições meteorológicas do Estado. Estas circunstâncias ressaltam a necessidade de se verificar o potencial que as emissões liberadas pela atividade urbano-industrial da ilha exercem sobre os ecossistemas da Baixada. A maioria das regiões estudadas neste trabalho (Panaquatira, Cajueiro e Pinheiro) teve como influência principal na água da chuva os íons de origem marinha, situação já esperada devido à localização próxima ao litoral. Os pontos de amostragem situados em São Luís (Panaquatira, Cajueiro e Coqueiro) apresentaram eventos de deposição ácida em 46,57% das amostras. Entretanto, ao se considerar o valor 5,0 como limite inferior de pH para águas de chuva acidificadas por processos naturais, apenas 16,44% das amostras apresentaram elevada acidez, em Cajueiro e Coqueiro, indicando que os processos urbano-industriais de São Luís estariam afetando negativamente o pH das chuvas dessas regiões. Dentre os íons, fluoreto teve suas maiores concentrações em Cajueiro e Coqueiro, possivelmente devido às suas localizações próximas da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce e da ALUMAR, respectivamente, indústrias por natureza potenciais emissoras deste elemento para a atmosfera. Embora tenham apresentado eventos isolados de deposição ácida, Pinheiro e Viana receberam, predominantemente, eventos de deposição com pH acima do esperado (5,6) para ambientes naturais. Tal fato pode ter sua origem nos altos teores de amônio encontrados nas amostras de chuva dessas regiões, provavelmente em decorrência da criação extensiva de animais, que liberam grandes quantidades desse composto para a atmosfera através dos seus dejetos. Os solos estudados na Baixada Maranhense mostraram uma grande suscetibilidade à acidez a partir do cálculo da carga crítica parcial (CCP). Ainda que não estejam ocorrendo fenômenos de deposição ácida nesses locais, os altos teores de amônio podem ser prejudiciais ao solo, uma vez que sais de amônio, formados a partir da reação de NH4+ com compostos ácidos na atmosfera, podem liberar mais H+ do que a deposição ácida propriamente dita.