Este trabalho é um modelo para controle de operação de frota de ônibus público urbano de baixa demanda, que objetiva o monitoramento (e intervenção, quando necessário), de forma que os ônibus monitorados cumpram a programação predeterminada pela grade-horária, evitando assim situações indesejáveis como atrasos ou congestionamentos nas estações de embarque e desembarque. A gestão do controle da movimentação dos ônibus se baseia em intervenções a serem realizadas na frota, considerando-se o sistema Bus Rapid Transit, que possui como grande diferencial as faixas segregadas para circulação dos ônibus. O objetivo é propor intervenções na frota (ações enviadas diretamente ao motorista como, por exemplo, diminuir a velocidade), e analisar os resultados, de forma a contribuir para diminuir dois grandes problemas em transporte público urbano: (1) o não cumprimento dos horários e (2) congestionamentos nas estações. Esses dois problemas geram reações em cadeia que acabam também afetando a regularidade de outros ônibus que compartilhar a mesma via e estações. Instituições públicas ou privadas de ônibus urbano podem obter benefícios utilizando um bom sistema de monitoramento e controle de frota, como por exemplo: mais segurança e previsibilidade nos horários, melhor adequação entre demanda e oferta do serviço, gerenciamento da frota através dos relatórios de pontualidade e desvio, dentre outros. Além disso, a melhora da qualidade do serviço traz como conseqüência o aumento no número de usuários do transporte, devido à oferta de um sistema mais atrativo, seguro e eficiente. A metodologia apresentada neste trabalho é constituída de um modelo para monitoramento da operação da frota e detecção de inconformidades dos ônibus, baseado na grade-horária e em um algoritmo de tomada de decisão, que objetiva a correção das inconformidades identificadas. Na tentativa de resolver (ou diminuir) os problemas que possam surgir durante a circulação dos ônibus, algoritmos (heurísticos) de decisão são utilizados em simulações de situações adversas. Com essas simulações é possível efetuar comparação das situações sem e com as intervenções propostas pelo algoritmo de decisão. Um sistema de informação geográfica é utilizado para manipulação dos dados e apresentação dos mesmos. De forma unifilar, é possível comparar as situações com e sem intervenções. Gráficos e tabelas complementam a apresentação dos resultados, onde é possível identificar e perceber a vantagem no monitoramento e intervenção na frota (a fidelidade à grade-horária melhora com as situações/intervenções simuladas). / This dissertation is a model for management of urban public bus fleet operation control, aimed at monitoring (and intervention when necessary) so that the buses monitored meet the pre-determined schedule by the time-grid, thus avoiding undesirable situations such as delays or congestion in the stations of embarkation and disembarkation. The proposed operational management model and the interventions to be carried out in the fleet are possible considering the Bus Rapid Transit system that has segregated roads for the movement of buses. The goal is to propose interventions in the fleet (actions will be sent directly to the driver, like - change the bus velocity), and analyze the results in order to help reduce two major problems in urban public transport: (1) non compliance with the schedules and (2) congestion at stations. These two problems create chain reactions that end up affecting the regularity of other vehicles who share the same track and stations. Public or private urban bus institutes can benefit by using a good system of monitoring and control of the fleet, for example: more security and predictability in schedules, better match between demand and supply of the service, fleet management through the reports of punctuality and deviation, among others. Moreover, the improvement of service quality has as consequence the increase in the number of users of transport, due to availability of a more attractive, safe and efficient bus service. The methodology presented here consists of a model for fleet tracking (operation control) and tracing of unconformities buses based on time-grid and on an algorithm of decision-making that aims to correct non-conformities identified. In an attempt to solve (or reduce) the problems that may arise during the movement of buses, algorithms (heuristic) decision is used in simulations of adverse situations. In these simulations can be performed comparing the situations \"without\" and \"with\" the interventions proposed by the decision algorithm. A geographic information system is used for data manipulation and presentation of them. Using linear representation is possible to compare the buses situations with and without interventions. Charts and tables complement the presentation of results, where it is possible to identify and realize the advantage in monitoring and intervention in the fleet (fidelity to the time-grid improvement with the simulated situations/interventions).

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T00:26:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_CristianFonseca_M.pdf: 4603338 bytes, checksum: a0aa88f1b11066e7f0cd58dc278ad5f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O presente trabalho aborda a utilização de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) - recurso hoje indispensável para a análise de dados espacializados, amplamente utilizada no auxílio à tomada de decisão em diversos campos - como ferramenta de gestão do lodo gerado em Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA) localizadas em uma mesma bacia hidrográfica. Esta gestão, em geral, é baseada em dados convencionais, ficando a mesma condicionada a informações estáticas. Os custos logísticos de transporte e disposição final em aterro sanitário, na maioria dos casos, são preponderantes em relação aos custos operacionais do sistema de tratamento do lodo. Diversos usos benéficos têm sido propostos por vários pesquisadores como melhor forma de destinação, do ponto de vista da sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica. Nesse caso, o material é considerado não mais como resíduo, mas como matéria-prima. O uso de informações espacializadas objetiva nesse caso facilitar a busca e seleção da alternativa mais adequada, tendo a localização geográfica dos potenciais usuários como critério diferencial em relação aos demais aspectos envolvidos na decisão. A área de estudo foi a das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (BH-PCJ). Diversos cenários foram gerados e avaliados. O gestor considerado foi ora uma determinada companhia de saneamento, ora um consórcio de todas as companhias de saneamento presentes na área ou um agrupamento delas. Para fins demonstrativos, as indústrias cerâmicas - para as quais a viabilidade técnico-econômica e ambiental já foi cientificamente comprovada - foram comparadas como destinação alternativa à disposição nos aterros licenciados existentes nessas bacias. Demonstrou-se, assim, o enorme potencial do SIG para a resolução de problemas de planejamento e gerenciamento de resíduos de ETA, tarefa essa que tende a se tornar cada vez mais difícil e complexa no contexto de uma bacia hidrográfica apresentando inúmeros geradores destes e de outros tipos de resíduos sólidos - tais como os resíduos urbanos, de estações de tratamento de esgoto, industriais - que competirão entre si sob as regras de livre mercado pelos já escassos e limitados aterros sanitários e também pelos diversos usuários dessa matéria-prima. / Abstract: Present work investigates the use of geographic information system (GIS) - nowadays a necessary technique for spatial data analysis, broadly used as decision-making aid in many fields - as a tool for watershed management for disposal or beneficial use of water treatment plants (WTP) sludge. Most of times, residuals management is based in conventional data, conditioned to stationary information. Logistic costs for transportation and landfill disposal, usually overcome sludge treatment system operating costs. Several beneficial uses have been proposed for many researchers as better solution rather than landfilling in terms of environmental and economical sustainability. This way, it is considered as raw material rather than residual. GIS appliance aims ease the search for best available alternative, having potential users geographic location as main criteria among other aspects involved in decision process. The territory studied was that of Rivers Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí watershed, in southeastern region of Brazil. Several scenarios were generated and evaluated. The manager here was either a single water company, the consortium of all water companies or a small group of them. For demonstration purpose, ceramic brick plants - whose technical, economical and environmental sustainability was previously demonstrated - were compared to sanitary landfill as final disposal. GIS high potential for WTP sludges planning and management, task that trends to become more and more difficult and complex in a context of a watershed containing several generators of these and other kinds of solid wastes - as municipal wastes, wastewater treatment plant sludge, industrial wastes - that struggle each other under free market rules for scarce and limited sanitary landfills and also for every users of these materials - was demonstrated. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-18T12:27:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinacamposeduardo.pdf: 16613210 bytes, checksum: 50681f7c53a14f21b1f4376c8eeca0d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T11:24:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinacamposeduardo.pdf: 16613210 bytes, checksum: 50681f7c53a14f21b1f4376c8eeca0d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T11:24:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinacamposeduardo.pdf: 16613210 bytes, checksum: 50681f7c53a14f21b1f4376c8eeca0d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / A confecção dos mapas geomorfológicos, em consonância com os aspectos morfoestruturais e morfoesculturais conduz aos estudos efetivos sobre a integração da paisagem, direcionando o uso do mapa em trabalhos, como os de regionalização e questões sobre o planejamento ambiental nos assentamentos urbanos. Efetivamente, ao mapa geomorfológico atribui-se às expressões de cunho genético, morfométrico, morfográfico, cronológico e a dinâmica dos processos decorrentes da atuação climática ao longo tempo. Pela complexidade, de informações que cumpre o trato do levantamento geomorfológico, seu registro cartográfico ainda encontra entraves para uma normatização de procedimentos ou simbologias no roteiro de produção final da carta geomorfológica. Desse modo, ampliando o debate das metodologias e técnicas, o presente trabalho confere a abordagem da cartografia geomorfológica aplicada ao município de Juiz de Fora, cujo relevo se insere nos domínios dos “mares de morros” das Serranias da Zona da Mata. Apoiado nessa perspectiva, foi produzida uma carta geomorfológica e ainda a comparação desse documento com o mapa de morfologia existente para o município, bem como a pesquisa em trabalhos acadêmicos, que levantaram informações sobre o sistema geomorfológico local. A carta geomorfológica produzida, apoiada nos métodos e técnicas da cartografia de relevo, foi levada a efeito com adequações e resultou em um documento comunicativo iconográfica da simbologia, sendo assessorada pelos recursos gráficos com a utilização do Sistema de informação Geográfica (SIG). Com isso, os expedientes voltados para a elaboração das cartas desse gênero, contribuem para as discussões no tocante aos procedimentos metodológicos para a execução desse documento, e enfatiza a aplicação dos métodos aqui aplicados para o reconhecimento dos sistemas geomorfológicos de outras paisagens em domínios tropicais. / The production of geomorphological maps, in consonance with the morphostructural and morpho-sculptural aspects, leads to effective studies on the integration of the landscape, directing the use of these maps in related studies, such as in those about regionalization and on issues concerning environmental planning in urban settlements. Effectively, genetic, morphometric, morphographic and chronological expressions are attributed to the geomorphological map, as well as the dynamics of the processes resulting from the climatic performance over time. Due to the complexity of information the geomorphological survey covers, its cartographic registry still finds obstacles to a standardization of procedures or symbologies in the production script of the final geomorphological chart. Thus, the present work grants the approach of geomorphological cartography applied to the municipality of Juiz de Fora, broadening the debate on methodologies and techniques. The relief of the mentioned municipality belongs to the domains of the “sea of hills” (chain of hills), on Zona da Mata region. Based on this perspective, a geomorphological chart was produced, as well as the comparison of this document with an existing map of morphology for the municipality. Applied research has been also carried out, in order to collect information about the local geomorphologic system. The geomorphological chart that has been produced, based on the methods and techniques of relief cartography, was carried out with adaptations and resulted in an iconographic communicative document of the symbology. The formatting of the legend component has been assisted by graphic resources using the Geographic Information System (Sistema de informação Geográfica - SIG). Hence, the efforts related to the elaboration of this type of chart contribute to the discussions regarding the methodological procedures for the production of this document and emphasize the application of the methods developed in this work for the recognition of geomorphological systems of other landscapes in tropical domains.

Orientador: Marcos César Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garofalo_DaniloFranciscoTrovo_M.pdf: 15328874 bytes, checksum: bf9664b6f2e23e3b022261bc54f6e3bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, o Brasil tem sido palco de constante supressão das matas e consequente fragmentação florestal, causando um aumento significativo nos processos de erosão dos solos e alterações na dinâmica hidrológica e geomorfológica dos sistemas ambientais. Neste contexto, o propósito deste trabalho foi analisar a inter-relação dos componentes físicos, bióticos e antrópicos na APA Fernão Dias-MG por meio de um método geoespacial do mapeamento da fragilidade ambiental, que utiliza como variáveis ambientais, o índice de vegetação, a probabilidade de ocorrência de chuvas intensas, declividades, densidade de lineamentos estruturais e a densidade de estradas. Esta proposta de mapeamento de fragilidade ambiental foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem sistêmica e na análise espacial: a) mapas temáticos das variáveis ambientais associadas à fragilidade ambiental, gerados exclusivamente para a APA Fernão Dias-MG; b) metodologia para determinação dos pesos atribuídos às variáveis ambientais, baseada em teste estatístico Kolmogorov-Smirnov; c) metodologia para a elaboração de mapas de fragilidade, baseada na lógica fuzzy e em sistemas de informação geográfica - SIG. d) análise dos resultados da fragilidade ambiental por bacias hidrográficas. Os resultados indicam que bacias hidrográficas da porção centro leste da APA são as que apresentam maior fragilidade, mesmo estas apresentando remanescentes florestais significativos. Já na porção oeste da APA, principalmente nos trechos circundantes à Rodovia Fernão Dias, as áreas de alta fragilidade ocorrem onde a expansão urbana é mais desordenada, e, nas demais áreas desta porção da APA, as mais frágeis são aquelas que concentram cultivos anuais e pastagens degradadas e vias não pavimentadas / Abstract: In the last decades, Brazil has been the scenery of constant forests clear cuts and forest fragmentation, causing a significant increase in the soil erosion process and changes in hydrological and geomorphological dynamics of environmental systems. In this context, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical, biotic and anthropogenic components in the Fernao Dias Environmental Protection Area (EPA), and to purpose an geospatial method for environmental fragility areas mapping. This method uses the following environmental factors: vegetation index, heavy rains occurrence probability, terrain slope, structural lineaments density and road density. This methodology was based on the following steps: a) thematic maps of environmental variables associated with environmental fragility, surveyed to the Fernao Dias EPA; b) estimation of environmental variables weights, based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test; c) fragility mapping, based on Fuzzy logic and geographic information systems - GIS; d) analysis of environmental fragility of watersheds results. The results indicated that watersheds located on the east central portion of the EPA are those with greater fragility, even those presenting significant remaining forest. In the western portion of the EPA, mainly around the Fernao Dias highway corridor, high fragility areas occur where the urban sprawl is more disordered. In the other areas of the EPA, high fragility areas also occurs in annual crops plantations and degraded pastures farms, associated the unpaved rural roads / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Cette thèse vise à fournir des bases d’informations et des outils qui font actuellement défaut dans l’analyse environnementale des filières biocarburant, en particulier dans l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). Ce travail comprend deux volets complémentaires. Le premier volet s’intéresse aux filières biocarburants à l’échelle internationale. Une étude descriptive permet de définir le système PEC (Production, Elaboration, Consommation) pour représenter ces filières. Dans cette représentation, un outil de reconstitution des filières basé sur les flux d’échanges internationaux en bioproduits est développé. Appliqué aux consommations de biodiesel de l’Union Européenne (UE), cet outil montre que les surfaces agricoles mobilisées au sein l’UE passent de 72% du total en 2004 à 24 % en 2009. Les surfaces agricoles « distantes » (hors UE) sont à la fois mobilisées par importations de bioproduits (22 à 46%) et à travers les importations directes de biodiesel (0 à 40%). Cet outil produit des matrices d’allocations d’impacts basées sur les consommations nationales, utiles pour l’ACV. Le deuxième volet s'intéresse aux zones de production de matières premières en considérant une échelle locale afin d’intégrer leurs hétérogénéités spatiales et leurs spécificités territoriales. Les zones de production sont localisées dans les principaux pays producteurs approvisionnant les filières biocarburants de l’UE. L’examen de ces situations de production permet d’identifier la nature des impacts locaux in situ et d’en analyser la criticité en fonction du contexte national et territorial. Des approches spatialisées à partir de Systèmes d’Information Géographique (SIG) sont appliquées aux filières bioéthanol au Brésil. Ces approches aboutissent à la caractérisation des zones d’emprises dues aux unités de bioéthanol au Brésil, ainsi qu’à la mesure d’indicateurs propres aux différents bassins de production identifiés (stabilité spatiotemporelle de l’expansion de la canne à sucre). La compréhension des structurations et des interactions à l’échelle des filières couplée à la mise en œuvre d’approches spatialisées conduit à mieux prendre en compte les aspects spatiaux prépondérants dans l’analyse environnementale et les études ACV des biocarburants consommés en Europe. / This work aims to provide informations and tools that are currently lacking in the environmental analysis of biofuels, especially in the life cycle analysis (LCA). This work includes two complementary parts. The first part focuses on biofuels supply chains at international scale. A descriptive study allows us to define the PEC system (Production, Elaboration, Consumption) to represent these supply chains. A tool is developed to describe and quantify PEC entities from biofuel consumption to areas of primary crops production. This tool is applied to biodiesel consumption in the EU using bioproducts flows data taken from international trade databases. It shows that biodiesel consumption involves a rapidly growing contribution of crop areas outside the EU (Non-EU), increasing from 28% in 2004 to 76% in 2009. Non-EU crop areas are indeed simultaneously mobilised through imports of bioproducts (22-46%) and through direct imports of biodiesel (0-40%). This tool eventually produces allocation matrices, based on national consumption, which are useful for LCA. The second part focuses on primary crops areas by considering a local level in order to integrate their spatial heterogeneities and territorial specificities. Primary crop areas in major producing countries supplying EU's biofuel consumptions are localised. Examination of the production situation in important countries allows to identify the nature of in situ local impacts and to study criticality of impacts in the national and territorial context. Then, spatial approaches based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are applied to bioethanol industries in Brazil. In this approach, about 620 ethanol plants in Brazil are localised using GIS and their supply areas are characterised. This leads to the measurement of specific indicators, such as spatiotemporal patterns of sugarcane expansion. These results are a contribution to the understanding of the structure and interactions among supply chains and to a better consideration of the spatial aspects in environmental analysis and LCA studies of biofuels consumed in Europe.

This study focuses on the habitats of cetaceans in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, a region characterized by bathymetric diversity and the presence of distinct water masses (i.e. the shelf water, slope water, and Gulf Stream). The combination of these features contributes to the hydrographic complexity of the area, which furthermore influences biological productivity and potential prey available for cetaceans. The collection of cetacean sighting data together with physical oceanographic data can be used to examine cetacean habitat associations. Cetacean habitat modeling is a mechanism for predicting cetacean distribution patterns based on environmental variables such as bathymetric and physical properties, and for exploring the potential ecological implications that contribute to cetacean spatial distributions. We can advance conservation efforts of cetacean populations by expanding our knowledge of their habitats and distribution. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed to predict the spatial distribution patterns of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), pilot whales (Globicephala spp.), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) based on significant physical parameters along the continental shelf-break region in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Data implemented in the GAMs were collected in the summer of 2006 aboard the NOAA R/V Gordon Gunter. These included visual cetacean survey data collected along with physical data at depth via expendable bathythermograph (XBT), and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) instrumentation. Additionally, continual surface data were collected via the ship’s flow through sensor system. Interpolations of physical data were created from collected point data using the inverse distant weighted method (IDW) to estimate the spatial distribution of physical data within the area of interest. Interpolated physical data, as well as bathymetric (bottom depth and slope) data were extracted to overlaid cetacean sightings, so that each sighting had an associated value for nine potentially significant physical habitat parameters. A grid containing 5x5 km grid cells was created over the study area and cetacean sightings along with the values for each associated habitat parameter were summarized in each grid cell. Redundant parameters were reduced, resulting in a full model containing temperature at 50 m depth, mixed layer depth, bottom depth, slope, surface temperature, and surface salinity. GAMs were fit for each species based on these six potentially significant parameters. The resultant fit models for each species predicted the number of individuals per km2 based on a unique combination of environmental parameters. Spatial prediction grids were created based on the significant habitat parameters for each species to illustrate the GAM outputs and to indicate predicted regions of high density. Predictions were consistent with observed sightings. Sperm whale distribution was predicted by a combination of depth, sea surface temperature, and sea surface salinity. The model for pilot whales included bottom slope, and temperature at 50 m depth. It also indicated that mixed layer depth, bottom depth and surface salinity contributed to group size. Similarly, temperature at 50 m depth was significant for Atlantic spotted dolphins. Predicted bottlenose dolphin distribution was determined by a combination of bottom slope, surface salinity, and temperature at 50 m depth, with mixed layer depth contributing to group size. Distribution is most likely a sign of prey availability and ecological implications can be drawn from the habitat parameters associated with each species. For example, regions of high slope can indicate zones of upwelling, enhanced vertical mixing and prey availability throughout the water column. Furthermore, surface temperature and salinity can be indicative of patchy zones of productivity where potential prey aggregations occur. The benefits of these models is that collected point data can be used to expand our knowledge of potential cetacean “hotspots” based on associations with physical parameters. Data collection for abundance estimates, higher resolution studies, and future habitat surveys can be adjusted based on these model predictions. Furthermore, predictive habitat models can be used to establish Marine Protected Areas with boundaries that adapt to dynamic oceanographic features reflecting potential cetacean mobility. This can be valuable for the advancement of cetacean conservation efforts and to limit potential vessel and fisheries interactions with cetaceans, which may pose a threat to the sustainability of cetacean populations.

Chapter 2: This chapter introduces the five study sites (Ras Al‐Qasabah; Al Wajh; Yanbu; Farasan Banks; and Western Farasan Islands) along with the fieldwork and detailed benthic mapping and bathymetry mapping conducted in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. In the Western Farasan Islands two candidate mapping technologies were compared. Firstly, the QuickBird multispectral satellite sensor and secondly the CASI‐550 airborne hyperspectral sensor. In processing the CASI imagery, it was necessary to customize processing to correct for an unusual across‐track artifact caused by lens condensation. On the basis of cost, logistical constraints, spectral reliability, and project needs, multispectral imagery was found to be the most appropriate technology for regional‐scale mapping. Over 20,000 sq. km of high quality QuickBird imagery were amassed across the five study sites. This represents approximately half the shallow water (<20 m) environment of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. The work presented in this chapter provides a blueprint for processing such large image data sets. Maps with a minimum mapping unit (MMU) of 7.5 sq. m, and a thematic resolution of fifteen habitat classes were produced at an overall accuracy (Tau statistic) of 70%. The five study sites were found to differ substantially in terms of the type, quantity and spatial arrangement of habitats present. The study illustrates the power of remote sensing for delivering regional‐scale audits of coral reef environments. Chapter 3: Coral reefs and their associated accumulations of carbonate sediment adopt particularly complex planform geometries atop the coastal shelf of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. By assembling 95,000 sq. km of remote sensing data into a GIS, this study aims to relate the morphology of these shallow‐water depositional environments to processes that sculpt the coastal zone. A typology is developed that sorts carbonate systems into end‐members on the basis of their morphology and relationship to the coastline. The resulting GIS was interrogated for spatial patterns in the distribution and abundance of the end‐members. While several depositional morphologies are present throughout the length of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, the occurrence of others is restricted to narrow regions of latitude. Such differences in distribution can be explained in process‐terms by the rift tectonics of the Red Sea basin, spatial variability in the presence of sub‐seafloor evaporites, and the input of siliciclastic detritus onto the coastal shelf via wadis. This chapter provides a foundation for understanding the morphological diversity of shallow‐water carbonate systems in both the modern ocean and rock record. Chapter 4: In this chapter a framework is proposed for spatially estimating a proxy for coral reef resilience using remote sensing. Data spanning over 20,000 sq. km of coral reef habitat were obtained using the commercial QuickBird satellite, and freely available imagery (NASA, Google Earth). Principles of coral reef ecology, field observation, and remote observations, were combined to devise mapped indices. These indices capture important and accessible components of coral reef resilience. Indices are divided between factors known to stress corals, and factors incorporating properties of the reef landscape that resist stress or promote coral growth. The first‐basis for a remote sensed resilience index (RSRI), an estimate of expected reef resilience, is proposed. Developed for the Red Sea, the framework of the analysis is flexible and with minimal adaptation, could be extended to other reef regions. The chapter illustrates how remote sensing can be used to deliver more than simply habitat maps of coral reefs. Chapter 5: In this chapter, a fundamental measure of coral reef health, coral cover, is assessed in relation to two physical parameters, water depth and wave height. Light availability declines rapidly with depth, which influences the photosynthetic productivity of coral. Where waves break, they produce a severe increase in marine turbulence, and generate currents that may extend beyond the surf zone. The study is focused on the Farasan Banks where some 4000 sq. km of reef habitat are spread across 12,000 sq. km of the Saudi Arabian coastal shelf. The size of the system creates logistical challenge for standard field‐based monitoring methodologies, such as SCUBA surveys. Here, rapid video assessments were employed to deliver measures of coral health across eight percentage cover classes at 472 locations. Whilst water depth can be reliably derived from satellite, assessing wave height is problematic since the parameter is both spatially and temporally variable. Using daily, satellite derived meteorology, a spatially explicit wave model was developed spanning the nine year period from 1999 to 2008. For the majority of the video sites in the Farasan Banks, coral cover was found to be <11%. This statistic hides the counter trend, however that there are robust patterns in higher coral abundance that can be characterized by water depth and wave height. In the inshore, wave height had little bearing on coral cover, instead video sites with a high coral cover were found with a greater probability in shallow (<9m, reef environments. In the offshore, wave exposure exercises stronger control on coral cover than in the inshore, such that video sites with a coral cover greater than 50% were exclusively found in areas where significant wave height exceeds 2 m. The water depth at which the highest coral cover occurs is also deeper offshore than inshore. Once quantified, the conservative behavior of coral cover with respect to water depth and hydrodynamic exposure offers relevant insight to the management of coral reef environments at regional extent. Chapter 6: Carbonate sequence stratigraphy is founded on the principle that changes in relative sea level are recorded in the rock record by the accumulation of sediment with relative‐water‐depth dependent attributes. While at the scale of a shelf‐to‐basin transect, facies clearly stratify by water depth, the relationship blurs for depths <40 m, the most vigorous zone of carbonate production, where the intrinsic processes of storm and wave reworking influence the seabed through submarine erosion and sediment redistribution. Remote sensing imagery, field observations, and hydrodynamic models for two reef‐rimmed shore‐attached carbonate platforms in the Red Sea show neither water depth nor energy regime to be reliable indicators of facies type when considered in isolation. Considered simultaneously, however, the predictive power of the two variables rises significantly. The results demonstrate it to be an oversimplification to assume a direct link between palaeo‐water depth and depositional lithofacies diversity, while highlighting the importance of hydrodynamics in directing the accumulation of carbonate sediments in the shallow photic zone. While the size distributions of facies in the two focus areas, Al Wajh and Ras Al‐Qasabah, follow power laws, no direct relationship between the lateral continuity of the facies belts and water depth or wave height are reported. The work is relevant for the interpretation of meter‐scale subtidal carbonate cycles throughout the geologic record.

Dans le contexte actuel de la mondialisation des marchés, l'évaluation des facteurs marchands peut signifier l’échec ou le succès dans le monde des affaires. En raison de la libre circulation des biens et des services à travers le monde, les effets de la concurrence et des tendances de saturation de marché deviennent de plus en plus perceptibles de nos jours. Synthèse de la cartographie, de la géographie et de la mercatique (en anglais marketing), un important allié apparait dans le scénario de l’analyse de marché pour mieux guider les entreprises. Le géomarketing rassemble des techniques d’analyse spatiale des données marketing à l’aide entre autres, d’un système d’information géographique (SIG). En définition, le géomarketing il s’agit d’une démarche marketing reposant sur l'analyse du comportement du consommateur en tenant compte des notions d'espaces et des nuances de marché qu'une action commerciale ou une campagne marketing peut dégager sur une zone géographique. Cette nouvelle discipline permet de segmenter et qualifier géographiquement la potentialité d’un marché et de déterminer la localisation optimale selon les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, comportementales ou économiques du marché-étude. Parmi les applications du géomarketing, on peut citer l’identification de la compétition, des marchés potentiels, des emplacements optimaux et le développement d’un réseau de distribution d’un produit ou services. Toutes ces activités sont reliées à la compétitivité, que désigne la capacité à occuper une position forte sur un marché. Cette recherche utilisera des techniques d’analyse spatiale géomarketing pour cibler des marchés potentiels à un produit d’isolation innovant produit à partir de résidus forestiers. L’étude propose une méthode basée sur l’analyse géographique et spatiale pour déterminer l’emplacement et la distribution afin de maximiser l’efficacité et la pénétration du marché par le produit. / In the current context of globalization of markets, assessment of market factors may represent the failure or success in today's business world. Due to the free movement of goods and services around the world, the effects of competition and market saturation tendencies become increasingly noticeable nowadays. Synthesis of cartography, geography and marketing, an important ally appears in the scenario of market analyses to guide enterprises. The geomarketing brings a set of spatial analysis techniques on marketing data using, among others, a geographic information system (GIS). This new discipline allows segmenting and qualifying the potential of a market and determine the optimal location according to sociodemographic, behavioral or economic characteristics of the market-study. In definition, geomarketing is a marketing approach based on the analysis of consumer behavior taking into account the notions of spaces and the nuances of market that a commercial action or a marketing campaign can generate on a zone geographical. Among the applications of the geomarketing, the identification of competition, potential markets, optimal locations and development of a distribution network of products or services. All these activities are related to competitiveness, which refers to the ability to occupy a strong position in a market. This research will use geomarketing spatial analysis techniques to target potential markets to an innovative insulation product produced from forest residues. The study proposes a method based on geographic and spatial analysis to determine location and distribution in order to maximize efficiency and market penetration by the product.

L’augmentation du risque d’inondation fluviale ou de submersion littorale est déjà visible à travers des événements récents comme la tempête Xynthia et les inondations du Var qui ont causé des dizaines de morts en France. Ces événements dramatiques bien que d’ampleur limitée auraient justifié l’évacuation préventive des zones à fort risque, mais les conséquences pour la population seront bien plus importantes lorsque des agglomérations urbaines de plusieurs dizaines ou centaines de milliers d’habitants menaceront d’être partiellement ou totalement submergées par les flots. Cette possibilité est déjà d’actualité pour des grandes mégapoles mondiales comme Alexandrie et Bangkok, et menace en France des villes comme Tours, Paris ou Nice. De plus en plus conscientes de cette éventualité, les grandes villes côtières, estuariennes et fluviales de France, d’Europe et sur tous les continents vont être amenées à préparer des plans de secours et d’évacuation de masse pour faire face à des événements exceptionnels. L’élaboration de ces plans s’avère extrêmement complexe et délicate aussi bien pour des raisons techniques, organisationnelles, sociologiques et même politiques. La grande majorité des villes du monde soumises à un risque de catastrophe de grande ampleur ne disposent pas de ce type de plan et une recherche auprès de différentes sources montre qu’il existe peu ou pas d’outils opérationnels pour aider les responsables territoriaux à mettre en œuvre ces plans en phase de préparation et de gestion de crise. Nos travaux visent plus précisément à contribuer à l’élaboration d’une méthode d’aide à la décision d’évacuation s’appuyant sur les plans d’évacuations réalisés en phase de préparation. Nous proposons pour cela d’adapter les outils de la logique floue à un ensemble d’indicateurs de synthèse sélectionnés à partir d’une méthode de planification des évacuations développée par ailleurs au sein du laboratoire Avenues-GSU. Ces indicateurs retenus intègrent des données classiques sur le niveau d’aléa (prévision globale et niveaux d’eau locaux), la vulnérabilité du territoire et des habitants, mais aussi et c’est plus innovant sur la capacité des autorités et de la population à évacuer dans un cadre sécurisé. Le résultat final de cette méthode, appliquée à la dimension spatiale avec les logiciels MatLab et ArcGIS, est une carte de nécessité d’évacuation indiquant les zones les plus prioritaires à évacuer selon une analyse multicritères en logique floue. Elle a été expérimentée sur le site pilote de l’estuaire de la Gironde et la ville de Bordeaux, et les résultats théoriques comparés avec les inondations historiques de 1981 et 1999. On a également étudié un scénario 2 prospectif tenant compte du changement climatique et des conséquences d’une élévation du niveau de la mer de 1m au cours du 21ème siècle. Cette méthode et cet outil prototype devraient aider à termes les décideurs à mieux appréhender une situation complexe en phase de pré-alerte et à évaluer le besoin réel d’évacuation sur la base d’un ensemble limité mais représentatif d’indicateurs. La carte de nécessité d’évacuation représente une avancée qui prolonge et complète la cartographie officielle de la prévision inondation (vigicrue) et de ses conséquences en termes d’anticipation des impacts et de gestion de crise au niveau local. / The increasing risk of river flooding or coastal submersion is already visible through recent events like the storm Xynthia and the floods in the Var department, which caused several dozens of deaths in France. These catastrophic events, even if their extent remains relatively limited, would have justified a preventive evacuation of high risk prone areas. However, the consequences for the population would be much more serious when large cities of hundreds of thousands of people will be partially or totally threatened by floods. This possibility is already an actual danger for large megacities like Bangkok and Alexandria, and also threatens French cities like Tours, Paris or Nice. Being more and more aware of this possibility, big coastal, estuarine and river cities in France, in Europe and in all continents are incited to prepare emergency and mass evacuation plans in order to prevent and cope with exceptional events. The elaboration of these plans is extremely complex and difficult due to technical, organizational, sociological and even political aspects. The great majority of cities in the world prone to large scale disasters do not already have this kind of plan at their disposal. Moreover, the existing state of the art shows that there are few operational tools to help territorial managers implement these plans in the phases of preparation and crisis management. Our work aims to contribute to the development of a support method for the evacuation decision taken in a crisis management context. This method is partly based on the information included in the provisional evacuation plans produced in the preparation phase. To reach this objective, we propose to adapt the tools of the fuzzy logic approach and apply them to a set of synthesized indicators. These indicators or decision criteria have been first selected from a method of evacuation planning previously developed by the research team Avenues-GSU. These criteria integrate classic data on the hazard level (overall forecast level and local flood water levels), the vulnerability of the territory and population and, which is more innovative, some information about the ability of the organization to evacuate and the security or the risk of the evacuation itself. The final result of this method, applied to the spatial dimension with the Matlab and ArcGIS software, is a map of the necessity to evacuate. This map shows the areas with the highest priority to be evacuated according to a fuzzy multicriteria analysis. It has been tested 5 at the pilot site of the city of Bordeaux located upstream in the Gironde estuary, and the theoretical results were compared with historical floods of 1981 and 1999. A hypothetic flood scenario was also studied taking into account the potential climate change impact and the consequences of a 1 meter sea level rise during the 21st century. This method and prototype tool should help policymakers to better understand a complex situation in pre-alert phase and assess the real need for urban zones evacuation on the basis of a limited but representative set of criteria. The maps of the necessity to evacuate represents an innovative proposal which extend and complement the existing official maps of flood forecasting (vigicrue) and its implications in terms of local impacts and crisis management anticipation.

Contexte : Au cours des dernières décennies, les activités humaines ont entraîné l’apparition ou l’augmentation de certains polluants environnementaux. En parallèle une progression de l’incidence de certaines maladies chroniques comme des cancers, des maladies neurodégénératives ou encore des troubles de la reproduction a été observée. Dans ce contexte, de nouvelles disciplines telles que l’épidémiologie environnementale ou l’expologie se sont fortement développées afin d’analyser le lien entre les nuisances et les maladies dans les populations humaines. Le principal enjeu est d’estimer au mieux l’exposition des individus, et ceci de manière rétrospective. L’objectif de notre thèse était de contribuer au développement de méthodes pour la mesure des expositions aux pesticides et aux champs électromagnétiques, utilisables dans l’étude du lien avec des maladies chroniques. Méthode : Nous avons construit deux types d’outils d’estimation de l’exposition : i) deux matrices emploi-exposition concernant les expositions professionnelles aux pesticides, l’une spécifique en agriculture (PESTIMAT) et la seconde concernant la population générale (PESTIPOP). Pour cela, nous avons eu recours à de nombreuses sources de données comme l’expertise, des données de questionnaires (notamment celles d’une étude cas-témoins en population générale CERENAT) et des données bibliographiques. ii) des indicateurs géographiques d’exposition résidentielle aux champs électromagnétiques et aux pesticides, à l’aide d’un système d’information géographique et de cartes représentant les sources d’exposition et les domiciles des sujets. Nous avons ensuite appliqué ces indicateurs à l’étude des tumeurs cérébrales, dans le cadre de l’étude CERENAT. Résultats : Nous présentons dans le cadre de cette thèse les premières versions des matrices PESTIPOP et PESTIMAT auxquelles nous avons contribué, ainsi que les données d’exposition aux pesticides et champs électromagnétiques obtenues à l’aide de systèmes d’information géographique. De plus, nous présentons les résultats des analyses de risque concernant les tumeurs cérébrales en lien avec les expositions aux pesticides et champs électromagnétiques, menées à l’aide des outils développés. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence une augmentation significative du risque de tumeur cérébrale chez les sujets ayant vécu longtemps à proximité de céréales et chez ceux ayant vécu à moins de 50 mètres d’une ligne électrique haut voltage. Les résultats différaient selon la qualité des sources de données utilisées pour construire les indicateurs géographiques. Conclusion : Les outils que nous avons développés ont pu être utilisés et testés dans le cadre d’études épidémiologiques en cour:s l ’étude CERENAT et la cohorte ELFE. Ils ont montré leur capacité à discriminer les individus concernant leurs expositions, variable en fonction des paramètres retenus. Néanmoins, la mise en œuvre de ces méthodes s’est affrontée à plusieurs difficultés, notamment la disponibilité limitée des données anciennes pour la construction des indicateurs d’exposition. / Context: Over past decades, human activities have led to the emergence and the increaseof environmental pollutants. In parallel, a progression of the incidence of some chronic diseaseslike cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and reproductive issues was observed. In this context,new disciplines like environmental epidemiology or expology have developed greatly in order toanalyze the association between pollutants and diseases in human populations. The main challenge is to estimate at its best individual exposure to pollutants, particularly in a retrospective way. The objective of our thesis was to contribute to the development of newmethods for the assessment of exposures to pesticides and electromagnetic fields, usable in studies about the association with chronic diseases.Methods: We built two kinds of exposure assessment tools: i) two job-exposure matrices focusingon occupational exposure to pesticides, one specific to agriculture (PESTIMAT) and one usable inthe general population (PESTIPOP). For that purpose, we used various data sources likeexpert assessment and questionnaires (from a case-control study in the general populationCERENAT) and literature data. ii) geographic metrics estimating residential exposure topesticides and electromagnetic fields, with a geographic information system and mapsrepresenting exposure sources and places of residence. Then we applied these tools to braintumours in the case-control study CERENAT.Results: We present in this thesis, the initial version of the two job-exposure matrices PESTIPOPand PESTIMAT, focusing on occupational exposure to pesticides, to the building of which wecontributed, as well as exposure metrics to pesticides and electromagnetic fields obtained witha geographic information system. Furthermore, we present the results of risk analysis aboutbrain tumours and exposure to pesticides and electromagnetic fields, carried out using thedeveloped metrics. We found a significant increase of brain tumour risk when people lived a longtime near cereal crops and at less than 50 meters from high voltage electric lines. Results differedaccording to quality of data used to build the geographic metrics.Conclusion: The metrics we developed have been used and tested in current epidemiologicalstudies: the CERENAT study and the ELFE cohort study. They showed their ability to discriminateindividuals according to exposure, varying depending on the parameters used. However, theimplementation of these methods has encountered some difficulties, particularly the limitedavailability of historical data needed for the metrics’ construction.