La mise en oeuvre des pôles de compétitivité, dès 2006, fait partie d’une politique gouvernementale de soutien aux entreprises et aux territoires visant à mieux positionner la France dans la compétition économique internationale. L’objectif est de renforcer le tissu industriel de certaines régions par une forte injection d’investissements publics dans des projets liés à l’innovation et à l’internationalisation des entreprises. Cette thèse traite des effets de l’installation du pôle de compétitivité ‘Arve Industries’ et, en particulier, du degré d’implication des PME locales dans cette démarche collective d’innovation. Du point de vue théorique, nous avons fait appel, d’une part, aux approches sur l’économie territoriale car la notion de territoire fait partie intégrante de la logique des pôles de compétitivité et, d’autre part aux études portant sur les réseaux stratégiques. Dans ces deux perspectives, la proximité est présentée comme un facteur important à la base des rapports de coopération entre les acteurs concernés (entreprises, laboratoires et universités) dans le domaine technologique. Du point de vue empirique, ce travail combine une démarche qualitative exploratoire, basée sur une enquête menée à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs avec 22 patrons de PME et 6 organisations d’appui à l’industrie locale, et une démarche quantitative conduite auprès de 68 questionnaires exploitables. La nature des relations des PME au sein de pôle de compétitivité sont ainsi étudiés du point de vue de la coopération, la compétition et la diffusion de connaissances. / Competitiveness clusters have been established since 2006 and represent a political initiative by the French government to aid businesses and regions and thus improve France’s position in the realm of international economic competition. The goal is to reinforce the industrial fabric in certain regions via a substantial injection of public funds invested in projects linked with innovation and internationalization of enterprises. This dissertation studies the impact of the creation of the “Arve Industries” competitiveness cluster and in particular, the degree of implication of local SMEs in this collective, innovating activity. From a theoretical stand point, we call upon approaches addressing territorial economies due to the intrinsically territorial nature of competitiveness clusters, as well as studies focusing on strategic networks. Harnessing these two perspectives, proximity is presented as an important factor at the root of cooperative interactions between the involved actors (businesses, laboratories and universities) in the technological field. From a technological stand point, this work combines a qualitative exploratory approach based on semi-directive interviews with 22 SME owners and 6 organizations that support local industry, and a quantitative approach based on 68 usable questionnaires. The nature of relationships between SMEs in competitiveness clusters are also studied in terms of cooperation, competition and knowledge sharing.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes locais da inovação no Brasil e avaliar sua dinâmica espacial. Especificamente, avalia-se como a P&D das empresas locais, a pesquisa universitária da região, o nível de adensamento urbano e a relativa especialização ou diversificação do sistema produtivo local afetam a inovação regional. Para isso, foi realizada uma Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais e a estimação de um modelo econométrico utilizando como medida do resultado de inovação o número de patentes por habitante das microrregiões. É possível notar que a inovação está desigualmente distribuída pelo espaço geográfico e se concentra especialmente nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste, onde se encontram os principais clusters inovativos. O modelo empírico adotado se baseia na Função de Produção de Conhecimento aplicada às regiões e é estimado por meio de um Tobit Espacial Autorregressivo (SAR-Tobit). O uso de um modelo SAR-Tobit permite lidar de modo mais adequado com um grande número de regiões sem patentes, além disso, foram feitos diversos testes adicionais que buscam assegurar a qualidade dos resultados inferenciais. A estimação do modelo desse trabalho indica que maiores níveis regionais de P&D industrial e da pesquisa universitária implicam em maior inovação, medida pelas patentes. Ao mesmo tempo, as regiões adensadas e diversificadas tendem a apresentar um melhor desempenho inovativo, o que aponta para existência de vantagens de caráter jacobiano no país. Por fim, a inovação local é afetada positivamente pela proximidade de microrregiões mais inovadoras, o que corrobora a existência de transbordamentos de conhecimento inter-regionais da inovação. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze determinants of local innovation in Brazil and assess their spatial dynamic. Specifically, it evaluates how the R&D of local firms, regional university research, urban density and specialization or diversification of local industrial system affects regional innovation. This purpose is achieved by means of an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and the estimation of an econometric model using the number of patents per capita as a measure of local innovative outputs. The results shows that innovation is not homogeneously distributed in the Brazilian geographic area and is especially concentrated in South and Southeast Regions, where the main innovation clusters are located. The empirical model adopted is based on the Knowledge Production Function applied to regions and is estimated using a Tobit Spatial Autoregressive (SAR-Tobit). The use of a SAR-Tobit model allows to deal more appropriately with a large number of regions without patents. Moreover, several additional tests were performed to ensure the quality of inferential results. The estimation of the model of this work indicates that higher levels of regional industrial R&D and university research imply greater innovation, measured by patents. At the same time, denser and diverse regions tend to present a better innovative performance, pointing to the existence of Jacobian advantages. Finally, local innovation is positively affected by the proximity of the most innovative micro-regions, which confirms the existence of interregional knowledge spillovers for innovation.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes locais da inovação no Brasil e avaliar sua dinâmica espacial. Especificamente, avalia-se como a P&D das empresas locais, a pesquisa universitária da região, o nível de adensamento urbano e a relativa especialização ou diversificação do sistema produtivo local afetam a inovação regional. Para isso, foi realizada uma Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais e a estimação de um modelo econométrico utilizando como medida do resultado de inovação o número de patentes por habitante das microrregiões. É possível notar que a inovação está desigualmente distribuída pelo espaço geográfico e se concentra especialmente nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste, onde se encontram os principais clusters inovativos. O modelo empírico adotado se baseia na Função de Produção de Conhecimento aplicada às regiões e é estimado por meio de um Tobit Espacial Autorregressivo (SAR-Tobit). O uso de um modelo SAR-Tobit permite lidar de modo mais adequado com um grande número de regiões sem patentes, além disso, foram feitos diversos testes adicionais que buscam assegurar a qualidade dos resultados inferenciais. A estimação do modelo desse trabalho indica que maiores níveis regionais de P&D industrial e da pesquisa universitária implicam em maior inovação, medida pelas patentes. Ao mesmo tempo, as regiões adensadas e diversificadas tendem a apresentar um melhor desempenho inovativo, o que aponta para existência de vantagens de caráter jacobiano no país. Por fim, a inovação local é afetada positivamente pela proximidade de microrregiões mais inovadoras, o que corrobora a existência de transbordamentos de conhecimento inter-regionais da inovação. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze determinants of local innovation in Brazil and assess their spatial dynamic. Specifically, it evaluates how the R&D of local firms, regional university research, urban density and specialization or diversification of local industrial system affects regional innovation. This purpose is achieved by means of an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and the estimation of an econometric model using the number of patents per capita as a measure of local innovative outputs. The results shows that innovation is not homogeneously distributed in the Brazilian geographic area and is especially concentrated in South and Southeast Regions, where the main innovation clusters are located. The empirical model adopted is based on the Knowledge Production Function applied to regions and is estimated using a Tobit Spatial Autoregressive (SAR-Tobit). The use of a SAR-Tobit model allows to deal more appropriately with a large number of regions without patents. Moreover, several additional tests were performed to ensure the quality of inferential results. The estimation of the model of this work indicates that higher levels of regional industrial R&D and university research imply greater innovation, measured by patents. At the same time, denser and diverse regions tend to present a better innovative performance, pointing to the existence of Jacobian advantages. Finally, local innovation is positively affected by the proximity of the most innovative micro-regions, which confirms the existence of interregional knowledge spillovers for innovation.

This thesis investigates the local innovation system of public research organisations in the Thai context, in which research centres and firms are co-located in a planned science park, with particular emphasis on the influence of co-location on interactions between research centres and local firms, and the research collaboration between the research centres and industrial firms. It aims to gain insight into the factors that influence the interaction of research centres and firms located in close proximity and the ways in which research centres and firms interrelate in relation to their research collaboration. This thesis draws upon three theoretical concepts: the concept of local innovation system, the concept of proximity, and the theories of inter-organisational relationships.The study suggests that co-location (i.e. physical proximity) to research centres does not normally lead to formal interaction between local firms and research centres in this context. Most of the interactions between them were found to be informal. Thus, the influence of physical proximity on the interactions and linkages of actors in this local innovation system is to some extent over-estimated. There is insufficient synergy to create an innovative surplus from co-location of firms and research centres in this context. The study also suggests that promoting social and technological proximity between research centres and local firms, by introducing institutional or organisational arrangements that would facilitate these two dimensions of proximity, encourages greater extent of formal interaction between them as well as facilitates benefits from spatial relation of these local actors. Despite the absence of formal interaction with local firms, research centres collaborate with firms located outside the science park. The study introduces a typology to understand how research centres work with firms and shows that most of the collaborative projects involved industrial application and utilisation of technological knowledge accumulated within the research centres, which applied to the firms' products or development processes. Many of these projects resulted from collective projects or partnering experience between the research centre and firm, and were likely to follow with subsequent collaborations. In addition, the study reveals that technological factors, i.e. technological relatedness between the knowledge base of firms and research centres and firm's technological capacity, influence the way in which research centres work with firms in collaborative projects. Organisational and institutional settings of research centres, as well as cultural factors are identified as barriers of research collaboration in this study.The thesis concludes by indicating that physical proximity alone cannot trigger interaction of actors, especially formal interaction such as research collaboration, bounded by spatial relation. Interaction between public research organisations and firms can take place without closeness in distance. Other dimensions of their relationship are important factors influencing their interaction. The research collaboration between research centres and firms is a complex process and requires supportive organisational and institutional arrangements and effective policy intervention.

The purpose of this thesis is to shed new light on the theorizations discussing the economic benefits of geographical clustering in a space economy increasingly characterized by globalization processes. This is made possible through the employment of a plant-perspective and a focus on how the relative fixity and mobility of labour influence plant performance throughout the entire Swedish economy.  By means of the longitudinal micro database ASTRID, connecting attributes of individuals to features of plants and localities for the whole Swedish economy, the empirical findings indicate that both localization and urbanization economies produce significant labour market externalities and that such inter-plant linkages positively affect plant performance as compared to the partial effects of relative regional specialization and diversification. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that it is necessary both to distinguish how well the external skills retrieved via labour mobility match the existing knowledge base of plants and to determine the geographical dimension of such flows to verify the relative effect of labour market-induced externalities. Finally, it is demonstrated that whereas general urbanization is beneficial within close distance to the plant, the composition of economic activities is more influential at greater distances. In such cases the geographical dimension influences whether plants benefit from being located in similar or different local settings.  In conclusion, it is argued that the circulation of labour skills, created and reproduced through the place-specific industrial setup, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms creating geographical variations in plant performance as compared to other regional conditions often proxied as relative specialization or diversification. This is because the relative fixity of labour tends to create place- and sector-specific skills which by means of their mobility in space are likely to facilitate the recombination of local skills, make the acquirement of non-local skills possible and secure sufficient affinity between economic actors by strengthening other dimensions of proximity – all aspects regarded as crucial to facilitate interactive learning processes and contribute to sustained regional growth.

在知識經濟時代中，經由知識的創造、傳遞與應用獲得創新、異質性的知識和技術，對於產業競爭力的提升具有關鍵影響力。而生物科技產業擁有知識密集、產學互動關係密切、重視創新研發活動的特性，亦與本研究關注知識創新活動相符。加上生物科技的發展，不僅是全球大力投入的新興高科技產業，同時也被定位成國家競爭力的新指標。 所以本文即以生物科技產業為對象，從創新系統脈絡所提及的地理鄰近性和網絡關係切入，透過因素分析及系統分析（SEM）方法分別建構出在生技產業中創新系統行動者--廠商、大學和研究機構的知識傳遞路徑模型。透過所建構出的知識傳遞路徑模型，觀察在廠商和學研機構的知識傳遞活動中，同時考量地理鄰近性與網絡因素前提下，兩者對於知識傳遞路徑的影響程度及其所產生直接或間接的影響、與彼此間的因果關係所形成影響路徑的先後順序，以及地理鄰近性和網絡關係間是否可能存有互補或替代關係。更進一步針對產學研三者間的知識傳遞連結關係進行整體性的結構分析。 研究結果發現： 1.知識傳遞路徑確實存在先後因果關係引發對知識取得直接或間接之影響。在廠商模型中只有廠商聚集直接影響知識取得；而學研機構模型中則是由廠商鄰近與產業網絡直接影響知識獲取。並且因為因果關係的存在而形成知識傳遞路徑的先後順序。 2.在兩個知識傳遞路徑模型中，大學與研究機構都扮演主導創新研發活動的重要角色。 3.在廠商模型中，地理鄰近性與網絡存有互補關係，學研機構模型中則否。 4.地理空間的聚集對於廠商和學研機構的知識取得都具有舉足輕重的地位。 / During the era of knowledge-based economy, acquirement of innovative and heterogeneous knowledge by knowledge and technology creating , transmitting and using has key influence to improvement of industry's competitiveness. Characteristics of Biotechnology industry, which conform to this research pays close attention to the knowledge innovation activity are knowledge -intensive , close interactions between industry – university and emphasizing innovative and research development .It is not merely a new developing Hi-Tech industry of global great input, but also the new index of national competitiveness at the same time . This thesis regards biotechnology industry as the research subject promptly, based on viewpoints of geographical proximity and networks to understand the relations between innovative actors -- firm, university and research institution -- and to construct out the route model of transmission through factor analysis and systematic analysis(SEM).According to route model , while observing in the activities of knowledge transmitting, find out the actors’ influence degree and exert a direct or indirect influence in the route model , and try to figure out geographical proximity may be complementary or substitute to the networks. Go still one step further to concern the structure analysis which among the firms, universities and research institutes. The result of study is found: 1.The causality of knowledge transmission exists positively in the route to cause direct or indirect influences on knowledge acquiring and form the priority order .Only it influences knowledge to be obtained directly that the firms gather in firm's model; geographical proximity and firm's network influencing knowledge acquisition directly while learning to university and research institution's model . 2.In both route model, the university and research institution all act as leading actor in innovative activities. 3.In firm's model, the geographical proximity has complementary relations with the network, which has opposite relation in university and research institution's model. 4.The gathering in the geographical space has a very important position in the process of knowledge acquiring to all innovative actors.

Essa pesquisa consiste emsistematizar, analisar e interpretar informações e dados capazes de integrar uma discussão teórico-empírica sobre as feiras e congressos médicos como círculos de cooperação no espaço do complexo industrial da saúde no Brasil. Para tanto propomos analisar o papel da proximidade geográfica temporária no período técnicocientífico informacional a fim de compreender as possíveis funções dessas densidades comunicacionais temporárias no atual contexto de fragmentação geográfica da produção, internacionalização da economia e ampla necessidade de circulação de informações e conhecimentos. Nesse sentido, a análise das feiras e congressos médicos associados a análise das transformações do conteúdo do espaço geográfico da formação socioespacial brasileira e do desenvolvimento do complexo industrial da saúde no Brasil permitiu compreendê-los como elementos que sustentam os atuais círculos de cooperação ao imbricarem o nível local e global do acontecer, constituindo o acontecer efêmero de uma solidariedade globalizada através da divisão internacional do trabalho. / This research consists in the organization, analysis and interpretation of information and data enough to sufficiently compose a theoretical and empirical framework about medical trade fairs and medical congresses as circles of cooperation in in space. As to follows the analysis of the current role of temporary geographical proximity in the technical-scientific and informational period in order to comprehend the possible roles of these temporary communicational densities in the current context of geographical fragmentation of production, economic internationalization, and the widespread need of information and knowledge circulation. In this sense, the study of medical trade fairs and medical congresses related to the study of the transformation of Brazil\'s geographical space intertwined with the study of the development of the Brazilian health industrial complex allowed us to understand those two phenomena as elements that sustain the contemporary circles of cooperation, by overlapping local and global and constituting ephemeral gathering of a globalized solidarity made possible through the international division of labor

知識經濟的時代，創新已成為廠商競爭優勢的主要來源。知識的創造、傳遞、轉化和應用，促成廠商創新活動的產生。同時，連結地域空間與廠商創新績效的研究，已成為近代區域經濟與產業發展的重要議題。又，研究者逐漸意識到廠商個體的異質性，進而探求個別廠商的內部能力，吸收能力即成為研究焦點之一。 基此，本研究以全台灣生物技術產業為研究對象，透過廠商問卷之發放，運用因素分析與結構方程模型為分析工具，探討鄰近性－地理鄰近性和組織鄰近性的內涵，以及吸收能力如何扮演外部知識與廠商內部能力的介面，並結合外部知識、內部吸收能力與創新績效之影響路徑。 所得結果如下： 1.從外部知識層面，地理鄰近性扮演重要角色。對於組織鄰近性、創新績效有正面影響效果。其中，組織鄰近性隱含了組織網絡與社會網絡的成分； 2.觀察外部知識與內部能力的連結，外部知識獲取對於吸收能力有正面影響效果； 3.吸收能力對於創新績效亦有正向影響關係； 4.然而，考量到外部知識因素時，吸收能力對於創新績效的效果轉為正向卻不顯著，外部知識直接影響創新績效。 關鍵字：地理鄰近性、組織鄰近性、產業網絡、吸收能力、創新績效 / In the knowledge-based economy, innovation has become a key source of firms’ competitive advantage.The process of knowledge creation, transmission, transformation and application promotes the innovative activities. Meanwhile, the link geographical proximity and innovation performance of firms has become a modern issue of regional economic and industrial study. Also, the researchers gradually realized that the heterogeneity of individual firms, and then pay more ateentionon the internal capabilities of individual firms, thence the absorptive capacity seems to be a decisive element. Our research regards bio-technology industry as the subject promptly.Through sending questionnaires and using factor analysis and structural equation modeling as analysis tool, we observe “proximity” – the nature of geographical proximity and organizational proximity, and how can absorptvie capacity play the interface role between external knowledge and internal capacity, and further connect the external knowledge with internal absorptive capacity and innovation performance. The major results of study were found: 1. In the respect of external knowledge, geography proximity plays a crucial role in affecting organizational proximity and innovation performance. 2. External knowledge has a positive influence on absorptive capacity. 3. On the other hand, absorptive capacity affects the innovation permance of firms. 4. However, concerning the external knowledge, absorptive capacity results to positive but not significant on innovation performance.It implies that external knowledge directly impacts on innovation performance. Keyword：Geographical proximity, Organizational proximity, Industerial network, Absorptive capacity, Innovation performance

Essa pesquisa consiste emsistematizar, analisar e interpretar informações e dados capazes de integrar uma discussão teórico-empírica sobre as feiras e congressos médicos como círculos de cooperação no espaço do complexo industrial da saúde no Brasil. Para tanto propomos analisar o papel da proximidade geográfica temporária no período técnicocientífico informacional a fim de compreender as possíveis funções dessas densidades comunicacionais temporárias no atual contexto de fragmentação geográfica da produção, internacionalização da economia e ampla necessidade de circulação de informações e conhecimentos. Nesse sentido, a análise das feiras e congressos médicos associados a análise das transformações do conteúdo do espaço geográfico da formação socioespacial brasileira e do desenvolvimento do complexo industrial da saúde no Brasil permitiu compreendê-los como elementos que sustentam os atuais círculos de cooperação ao imbricarem o nível local e global do acontecer, constituindo o acontecer efêmero de uma solidariedade globalizada através da divisão internacional do trabalho. / This research consists in the organization, analysis and interpretation of information and data enough to sufficiently compose a theoretical and empirical framework about medical trade fairs and medical congresses as circles of cooperation in in space. As to follows the analysis of the current role of temporary geographical proximity in the technical-scientific and informational period in order to comprehend the possible roles of these temporary communicational densities in the current context of geographical fragmentation of production, economic internationalization, and the widespread need of information and knowledge circulation. In this sense, the study of medical trade fairs and medical congresses related to the study of the transformation of Brazil\'s geographical space intertwined with the study of the development of the Brazilian health industrial complex allowed us to understand those two phenomena as elements that sustain the contemporary circles of cooperation, by overlapping local and global and constituting ephemeral gathering of a globalized solidarity made possible through the international division of labor